Antarctic Last Millennium 10Be Stack and Solar Irradiance Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Antarctic Last Millennium 10Be Stack and Solar Irradiance Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 5/2010 (correction of the year used to scale the Maunder Minimum 0.08% decrease in Total Solar Irradiance, from 1456AD to 1692AD. TSI values recalculated and archived here average ~0.06W/m2 lower than data originally archived at WDC Paleo 4/2010) CONTRIBUTORS: Delaygue, G. and E. Bard. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-035 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Delaygue, G. and E. Bard. 2010. Antarctic Last Millennium 10Be Stack and Solar Irradiance Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-035. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Delaygue, G. and E. Bard. 2010. An Antarctic view of Beryllium-10 and solar activity for the past millennium. Climate Dynamics, Published online 1 April 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0795-1 ABSTRACT: Beryllium-10 in ice provides a valuable proxy of solar activity. However, complex production pathways, atmospheric transport, and deposition processes impede its quantitative interpretation. Here, we examine the influence of deposition processes on two Be-10 ice core records from Central Antarctica (South Pole and Dome Fuji stations), covering the last millennium. We try to quantify how Be-10 variations in ice relate to variations in Be-10 production, and the bias associated to this relationship. An independent bias estimation is provided by comparing atmospheric radiocarbon variations reconstructed from tree rings and deduced from Be-10 variations. Both techniques suggest an uncertainty of the order of 10% in Be-10 production. This uncertainty estimate does not account for the geographical origin of Be-10, which remains a major issue. Because both Be-10 records are so similar, we propose to average them as a means to decrease the unshared (non solar) variability. This average record provides a new reconstruction of solar modulation parameter PHI and total solar irradiance over the last ~1,300 years. The lowest solar activity is found during the so-called Spörer Minimum (around AD 1450). The highest activities are found during the 8th century and over the last decades: as shown in previous studies, our results suggest that the recent solar activity is not exceptionally high for the last millennium. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Raisbeck, G.M., et al. 1990. 10Be and d2H in polar ice cores as a probe of the solar variability's influence on climate. Philos Trans Royal Soc London. doi:10.1098/rsta.1990.0027 Horiuchi, K. et al. 2008. Ice core record of 10Be over the past millennium from Dome Fuji, Antarctica: a new proxy record of past solar activity and a powerful tool for stratigraphic dating. Quatern Geochronol. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2008.01.003 Korte, M., F. Donadini, and C.G. Constable. 2009. Geomagnetic field for 0–3 ka: 2. A new series of time-varying global models. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. doi:10.1029/2008GC002297 Wagner, G. et al. 2000. Reconstruction of the geomagnetic field between 20 and 60 kyr BP from cosmogenic radionuclides in the GRIP ice core. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. doi:10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00285-8 McCracken, K.G., et al. 2004. A phenomenological study of the longterm cosmic ray modulation, 850–1958 AD. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010685 Webber, W.R. and P.R. Higbie. 2003. Production of cosmogenic Be nuclei in the Earth’s atmosphere by cosmic rays: its dependence on solar modulation and the interstellar cosmic ray spectrum. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA009863 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: East Antarctica PERIOD OF RECORD: 695 - 1982 AD FUNDING SOURCE: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France) [ANR-09-BLAN-0003-01] DESCRIPTION: Two Antarctic records of Be-10 concentrations covering the last millennium are normalized and averaged in order to smooth out non-forced variability. This stack is corrected for geomagnetic variations and converted into solar modulation parameter PHI and total solar irradiance (TSI) over the period of years 695-1982 AD. Stack of Be-10 Antarctic records published by Raisbeck et al. 1990 and Horiuchi et al. 2008, using the C-14 adjusted timescale for the latter. The stack is corrected for geomagnetic variations reconstructed by Korte et al. 2009 with the production sensitivity of Wagner et al. 2000. The solar modulation parameter PHI is calculated following McCracken et al. 2004 method, i.e. by calibrating the stack to an average level of 645 MV over the period 1944-1966 AD. The sensitivity of the Be-10 production to PHI is from Webber and Higbie 2003, assuming that Be-10 is produced at 70% in mid-latitudes and 30% locally ("mix" case) or purely locally ("local" case). Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is calculated from either of the PHI time series, assuming an average modern maximum of 1365.5 W/m**2 (year 1969 AD) and a 0.08% decrease at the Maunder Minimum (year 1692 AD) (most likely value of IPCC AR4 p.192). Dome Fuji station DF2001 ice core, central Antarctica: 77°19'S, 39°42'E, 3,810m elev. South Pole station PS1 ice core, elevation 2,835 m. DATA: Column 1: years AD Column 2: 10Be stack (variations relative to the 843-1876 AD average) Column 3: solar modulation parameter PHI (in MV) assuming a 70% contribution of the mid-latitudes to Be-10 production Column 4: solar modulation parameter PHI (in MV) assuming all Be-10 produced at high latitudes Column 5: TSI in W/m**2 assuming a 0.08% decrease at the Maunder Minimum YearAD 10Be stack PHI mix PHI local TSI 1982 0.87 486 526 1365.13 1975 1.1 195 307 1364.72 1969 0.73 748 722 1365.5 1961 0.82 567 586 1365.24 1950 0.8 608 617 1365.3 1944 0.77 669 663 1365.39 1935 0.93 401 462 1365.01 1928 0.83 554 577 1365.23 1920 0.95 365 435 1364.96 1912 0.97 345 420 1364.93 1906 0.96 350 424 1364.94 1899 1.1 196 308 1364.72 1892 0.98 334 411 1364.92 1885 0.86 493 531 1365.14 1875 0.95 364 434 1364.96 1869 0.86 503 538 1365.15 1862 0.84 540 566 1365.21 1855 0.89 457 504 1365.09 1847 0.92 413 471 1365.03 1839 0.93 399 460 1365.01 1830 1.07 224 329 1364.76 1823 1.07 228 332 1364.77 1815 1.12 171 289 1364.69 1805 1.18 118 250 1364.61 1795 1.08 218 324 1364.75 1785 0.8 607 616 1365.3 1778 0.87 481 522 1365.12 1770 0.83 543 569 1365.21 1763 0.93 399 460 1365.01 1755 1.02 281 372 1364.84 1747 0.83 556 579 1365.23 1739 0.83 551 574 1365.22 1731 0.95 370 438 1364.97 1722 1.01 291 379 1364.86 1714 1.21 96 233 1364.58 1705 1.29 33 186 1364.49 1698 1.06 236 338 1364.78 1692 1.37 -27 140 1364.41 1685 1.27 43 193 1364.51 1673 1.26 54 201 1364.52 1661 1.11 180 296 1364.7 1649 1.18 120 251 1364.62 1638 1.03 271 364 1364.83 1626 0.97 337 414 1364.92 1615 0.91 426 480 1365.05 1605 0.89 455 502 1365.09 1596 1.09 203 313 1364.73 1586 1.13 167 286 1364.68 1577 1.12 178 294 1364.7 1567 1.1 189 302 1364.71 1555 1.08 212 320 1364.75 1544 1.17 130 258 1364.63 1533 1.22 88 227 1364.57 1523 1.29 33 186 1364.49 1512 1.13 160 281 1364.67 1502 1.2 103 239 1364.59 1490 1.21 94 231 1364.58 1479 1.4 -41 130 1364.39 1468 1.29 34 186 1364.49 1456 1.51 -105 82 1364.3 1445 1.4 -42 129 1364.39 1435 1.24 67 211 1364.54 1425 1.24 67 211 1364.54 1416 1.26 51 199 1364.52 1406 1.1 192 305 1364.72 1396 1.03 265 360 1364.82 1388 1.03 266 360 1364.82 1379 0.98 329 408 1364.91 1371 0.84 538 565 1365.2 1363 0.91 425 480 1365.04 1354 0.91 422 478 1365.04 1345 1.03 264 359 1364.82 1337 1.2 100 236 1364.59 1330 1.34 -2 159 1364.44 1322 1.16 135 262 1364.64 1313 1.18 115 247 1364.61 1305 1.26 55 202 1364.52 1296 1.02 279 370 1364.84 1286 1.06 239 341 1364.78 1276 1.14 156 278 1364.67 1267 1.16 140 266 1364.64 1259 0.98 322 403 1364.9 1249 0.9 440 491 1365.07 1238 1.07 224 329 1364.76 1228 1.02 285 375 1364.85 1218 0.98 322 403 1364.9 1209 0.99 318 400 1364.89 1199 0.97 337 414 1364.92 1188 0.94 382 448 1364.98 1177 0.97 347 421 1364.93 1167 1.01 294 382 1364.86 1156 0.88 469 513 1365.11 1145 0.85 522 553 1365.18 1132 0.83 560 581 1365.24 1121 1.07 227 331 1364.77 1110 0.93 392 455 1365 1096 0.94 387 451 1364.99 1082 0.94 382 448 1364.98 1070 1.08 209 318 1364.74 1058 1.17 130 258 1364.63 1045 1.29 31 184 1364.49 1035 1.1 191 304 1364.71 1025 0.97 337 414 1364.92 1015 0.94 379 445 1364.98 1005 1.11 181 297 1364.7 995 1.02 275 367 1364.83 985 0.92 403 463 1365.01 974 1.04 260 356 1364.81 964 0.92 415 472 1365.03 954 0.96 356 428 1364.95 943 0.82 567 586 1365.24 933 0.95 361 432 1364.95 924 0.97 336 413 1364.92 914 0.92 413 471 1365.03 905 1.03 263 358 1364.82 895 0.98 334 412 1364.92 884 1.01 289 378 1364.85 874 0.95 363 433 1364.96 864 0.94 382 447 1364.98 854 0.99 314 397 1364.89 843 0.93 395 458 1365 831 0.91 425 480 1365.04 819 0.99 317 399 1364.89 809 0.98 333 411 1364.92 797 0.96 347 422 1364.94 785 1.33 6 165 1364.45 770 0.87 481 522 1365.12 755 0.78 650 649 1365.36 746 0.77 660 656 1365.38 738 0.85 510 544 1365.16 730 0.94 386 451 1364.99 721 0.87 480 521 1365.12 712 1.04 257 354 1364.81 704 1.08 211 319 1364.74 695 1.14 157 279 1364.67