# Paleo-pCO2 Database Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24330 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/foster2012boron.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-05-30 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-05-30 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Foster, G.L.; Lear, C.H.; Rae, J.W.B. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on planktonic foraminifera samples # from two Ocean Drilling Program cores, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Gavin L. Foster, Caroline H. Lear, James W.B. Rae # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012-08-01 # Published_Title: The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 341-344 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 243-254 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 # Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X12002919 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17-15 Ma; MCO) is a period of global warmth and relatively high CO2 and is thought to be associated with a significant retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). We present here a new planktic foraminiferal d11B record from 16.6 to 11.8 Ma from two deep ocean sites currently in equilibrium with the atmosphere with respect to CO2. These new data demonstrate that the evolution of global climate during the middle Miocene (as reflected by changes in the cyrosphere) was well correlated to variations in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. What is more, within our sampling resolution (~1 sample per 300 kyr) there is no evidence of hysteresis in the response of ice volume to CO2 forcing during the middle Miocene, contrary to what is understood about the Antarctic Ice Sheet from ice sheet modelling studies. In agreement with previous data, we show that absolute levels of CO2 during the MCO were relatively modest (350-400 ppm) and levels either side of the MCO are similar or lower than the pre-industrial (200-260 ppm). These new data imply the presence of either a very dynamic AIS at relatively low CO2 during the middle Miocene or the advance and retreat of significant northern hemisphere ice. Recent drilling on the Antarctic margin and shore based studies indicate significant retreat and advance beyond the modern limits of the AIS did occur during the middle Miocene, but the complete loss of the AIS was unlikely. Consequently, it seems that ice volume and climate variations during the middle Miocene probably involved a more dynamic AIS than the modern but also some component of land-based ice in the northern hemisphere. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Natural Environment Research Council # Grant: NE/D00876X/2, NE/I006176/1, NE/D008654/1 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP761 # Location: Ocean>Indian Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: -16.7372 # Southernmost_Latitude: -16.7372 # Easternmost_Longitude: 115.535 # Westernmost_Longitude: 115.535 # Elevation: -2179 m #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP926 # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 3.7191 # Southernmost_Latitude: 3.7191 # Easternmost_Longitude: -42.90845 # Westernmost_Longitude: -42.90845 # Elevation: -3598 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Foster2012boron # Earliest_Year: 16380000 # Most_Recent_Year: 12280000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Specifications: "afor definitions of CSF-A, CSF-B and CCSF, please see: https://www.iodp.org/policies-and-guidelines/142-iodp-depth-scales-terminology-april-2011/file" "bthis spreadsheet is specifically designed for boron isotope records aimed at paleo-pCO2 reconstructions, but it is equally useful for other boron isotope records collected, e.g., in upwelling areas. Such studies should leave the atmospheric pCO2 column (ER) blank, but may want to report the air-sea disequilibrium in column EP" "cbecause minor alkalinity contributors like NH3, H3PO4, HPO4, PO4, HSiO3, HS- and S2- are not included in these calculations, the alkalinity estimate reported in column EW includes only carbon and boron alkalinity, and should therefore be considered an approximation to total alkalinity" Contributors: "Rae, Greenop, Henehan, Foster, Lear, Anagnostou, Misra, Hönisch" REFERENCE AND CONTACT INFORMATION SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AGE CONSTRAINTS ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS VITAL EFFECT CALCULATED d11Bborate ACCESSORY INPUTS METHOD OF TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION SEAWATER COMPOSITION AQUEOUS BORON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION PARAMETERIZATION OF CO2 CALCULATION SECOND PARAMETER OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM CALCULATED PARAMETERS OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM alternative Age (in case different models are available) d11B (relative to SRM 951) d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration slope d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration intercept pressure (i.e. depth of foraminifer habitat) Temperature Mg/Ca "e.g., Alkenone UK'37, TEX 86" Salinity [Ca] of seawater at S=35 [Mg] of seawater at S=35 [SO4] of seawater at S=35 [B]T of seawater at S=35 d11Bsw pKB aB3-B4 if applicable Name of individual entering the data Contact email Reference of the data product DOI link to reference Site (DSDP/ODP/IODP or other site number) Hole Core Section top cm bottom cm "core depth below seafloor (meters, specify CSF-A or CSF-B where applicable, original IODP record)a" "core composite depth below seafloor (meters, CCSF)a" reference for composite depth "Location (e.g., Atlantic, Carribbean, South China Sea etc.)" "Modern Latitude (decimal degree, south negative)" "Modern Longitude (decimal degree, west negative)" "Paleo Latitude (decimal degree, south negative)" "Paleo Longitude (decimal degree, west negative)" "Modern elevation (m), below sea level negative" "Paleo elevation (m), below sea level negative" reference and Method to determine Paleo position notes about any flags in the studied core section Age (yr BP) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" Age Scale (GTS 20XX) "age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.)" "reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set" Age (yr BP) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" Age Scale (GTS 20XX) "age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.)" "reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set" foraminifer species analyzed foraminifer size class (µm) number of foraminifera shells per sample total sample weight (mg) Reference for sample cleaning procedure "Boron separation method (e.g., column chemistry, microsublimation)" "analytical Method (e.g., MC-ICP-MS, P-TIMS, N-TIMS etc)" "d11B of individual replicate measurements of the same solution; insert rows as needed below, do not fill out other columns for each replicate" "d11B of individual replicate measurements of the same solution; insert rows as needed below, do not fill out other columns for each replicate" "d11B (‰, average of replicates)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, specify whether uncertainty is presented as standard deviation or standard error)" "2s uncertainty (report internal or external reproducibility, whichever is larger)" slope value "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution)" 2s uncertainty intercept value "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution)" 2s uncertainty Reference for calibration slope "Notes (e.g., shell size corrected?)" d11Bborate (‰) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution)" 2s uncertainty "notes about uncertainty estimate: e.g., included T, S, d11Bsw, calibration slope and intercept" Error propagation method depth habitat (m) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" temperature (°C) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "Mg/Ca of individual replicate measurements; insert rows as needed below, do not fill out other columns for each replicate" "Mg/Ca (mmol/mol, average of replicates)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation Mg/Casw correction (list reference if applied) ref Mg/Ca sw salinity correction (list reference if applied) dissolution correction (list reference if applied) pH correction (list reference if applied) "proxy value of individual replicate measurements; insert rows as needed below, do not fill out other columns for each replicate" average proxy value (please specify units) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation "used same sample material as for d11B analyses? If not, provide details" Salinity (unit-less) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" method of salinity estimation (list reference if applicable) [Ca] (mol/kg) "log [Ca], mol/kg (do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log [Ca] uncertainty (do not change, calculated automatically)" reference for [Ca] of seawater value [Mg] (mol/kg) "log [Mg], mol/kg (do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log [Mg] uncertainty (do not change, calculated automatically)" reference for [Mg] of seawater value [SO4] (mol/kg) "log [SO4], mol/kg (do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log [SO4] uncertainty (do not change, calculated automatically)" reference for [SO4] of seawater value [B]T (mol/kg) "log [B]T, mol/kg (do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log [B]T uncertainty (do not change, calculated automatically)" reference for [B]T value d11Bsw (‰) "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" reference for d11Bsw "reference for pKB and for correction of major ion composition, if applied" reference for pressure effect on pKB value for aB3-B4 "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" equation for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) reference for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) "CO2 calculation program and version, e.g. CO2SYS, seacarb, other (please specify)" "reference for pK0 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied" "reference for pK1 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied" "reference for pK2 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied" reference for pKHSO4 "reference for pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite and for correction of major ion composition, if applied" reference for pressure effect on pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite "Parameter used (e.g., alkalinity, DIC, [CO32-]" "Method for deriving 2nd parameter (e.g., CCD, W, LOSCAR, GENIE, code can be submitted as supplement)" Reference for second parameter (if not primary reference of data set) central value (mol/kg) "log central value (mol/kg, do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log 2s uncertainty (do not change, calculated automatically)" Wcalcite (if used as a constraint) "log Wcalcite (do not change, calculated automatically)" "type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range)" "2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii)" "log uncertainty Wcalcite (do not change, calculated automatically)" pH "pH scale reported (e.g., total scale, seawater scale)" + pH uncertainty (2s) - pH uncertainty (2s) Aqueous pCO2 (µatm) Air-sea pCO2 disequilibrium (µatm) Notes about air-sea disequilibrium: what is the estimate based on; are there assumptions on seasonality? "bAtmospheric pCO2 (i.e. after correction for any modern air-sea disequilibrium, µatm)" + pCO2 uncertainty (2s) - pCO2 uncertainty (2s) Error propagation method (code can be provided in supplement) "parameters included in the error propagation (e.g., calibration uncertainty, d11Bsw, T, S, second parameter of the carbonate system)" "cAlkalinity (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter)" 2s uncertainty in alkalinity (µmol/kg) "DIC (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter" 2s uncertainty in DIC (µmol/kg) "Wcalcite, if not used as an input parameter" 2s uncertainty in Wcalcite "Waragonite, if not used as an input parameter" 2s uncertainty in Waragonite Additional Notes 1st measurement 2nd measurement "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-4,13-15" 13 15 37.3 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 12280 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 17.14 17.15 17.14 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30 normal 3.89 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8.09 0.02 8.11 8.07 <25ppm 190 36 36 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-4,123-125" 123 125 38.4 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 12720 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.5 16.73 16.62 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.4 normal 4 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8.03 0.02 8.05 8.01 <25ppm 223 42 41 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-5,103-105" 103 105 39.7 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 13250 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.32 16.33 16.33 normal 0.26 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.5 normal 4.06 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8 0.03 8.03 7.97 <25ppm 244 47 46 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-6,8-10" 8 10 40.3 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 13480 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.3 16.42 16.36 normal 0.27 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.7 normal 4.12 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8 0.03 8.03 7.97 <25ppm 243 47 46 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-6,68-70" 68 70 40.9 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 13720 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.42 16.43 16.43 normal 0.27 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.9 normal 4.2 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8.01 0.03 8.04 7.98 <25ppm 240 46 45 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-6,98-100" 98 100 41.2 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 13830 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.26 16.25 16.25 normal 0.28 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 31.5 normal 4.44 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.98 0.03 8.01 7.95 <25ppm 257 50 49 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-7,38-40" 38 40 42.1 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 14170 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.22 15.95 16.09 normal 0.32 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 31.2 normal 4.3 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.97 0.03 8 7.94 <25ppm 268 54 52 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-cc,23-25" 23 25 42.5 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 14310 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.85 16.07 15.96 normal 0.27 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.4 normal 4.01 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.96 0.03 7.99 7.93 <25ppm 272 52 51 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-6H-1,133-135" 133 135 43.5 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 14800 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 14.91 15.18 15.04 normal 0.37 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.8 normal 4.17 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.85 0.05 7.9 7.8 <25ppm 374 82 76 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-6H-2,63-65" 63 65 44.3 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 15040 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.05 15.62 15.34 normal 0.4 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.2 normal 3.94 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.89 0.05 7.94 7.84 <25ppm 332 75 69 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-6H-3,103-105" 103 105 46.2 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 15560 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.75 15.93 15.84 normal 0.29 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 32.1 normal 4.69 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.93 0.03 7.96 7.9 <25ppm 298 59 57 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-6H-4,68-70" 68 70 47.4 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 15870 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 14.63 15.37 15 normal 0.41 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 31.9 normal 4.59 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.83 0.05 7.88 7.78 <25ppm 392 92 84 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-6H-5,93-95" 93 95 49.1 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 16380 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.47 16.81 16.64 normal 0.26 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.9 normal 4.19 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8.03 0.03 8.06 8 <25ppm 225 43 42 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-4,123-125" 123 125 38.4 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 12720 Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi >250 010-15 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 13.18 13.37 13.28 normal 0.27 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 8.1 normal 2.01 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.8 0.05 7.85 7.75 <25ppm 390 71 66 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B "122-761B-5H-4,123-125" 123 125 38.4 Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) 16°44.23'S 115°32.10'E 12720 Cibicidoides mundulus >250 010-15 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 12.93 13.09 13.01 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 8.5 normal 2.12 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.75 0.04 7.79 7.71 <25ppm 446 78 73 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A "154-926A-26H-5,30-32" 30 32 238.3 Ceara Rise (Atlantic) 3°43.148'N 42°54.507'W 11800 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.02 16.16 16.09 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 28.5 normal 3.39 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8 0.02 8.02 7.98 <25ppm 247 46 46 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A "154-926A-29H-5,31-33" 31 33 266.8 Ceara Rise (Atlantic) 3°43.148'N 42°54.507'W 13600 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.32 16.51 16.42 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 29.7 normal 3.77 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 8.02 0.02 8.04 8 <25ppm 232 43 43 "Foster et al., 2012" http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A "154-926A-32H-2,30-32" 30 32 290.8 Ceara Rise (Atlantic) 3°43.148'N 42°54.507'W 14940 Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 "Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007" ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.18 15.31 15.24 normal 0.23 0.88 normal -1.85 normal "modified after Sanyal et al., 2001 and Foster, 2008" 30.5 normal 4.05 normal 1.5% "Annand and Ederfield, 2003" 3.43 "Horita et al., 2002" 35 normal 37.82 normal 0.35 this study 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Alkalinity CCD depth This study 0.001293 normal 0.0002 7.88 0.03 7.91 7.85 <25ppm 346 65 63