Last Glacial Maximum Carbonate Ion Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Last Glacial Maximum Carbonate Ion Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 2/2008 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: David M. Anderson, NOAA NCDC Paleoclimatology Branch IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-019 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Anderson, D.M., and D. Archer. 2008. Last Glacial Maximum Carbonate Ion Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-019. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Anderson, D.M., and D. Archer. 2002. Glacial-interglacial stability of ocean pH inferred from foraminifer dissolution rates. Nature, Vol. 416, No. 6876, pp. 70-73, 7 March 2002. doi:10.1038/416070a ABSTRACT: The pH of the ocean is controlled by the chemistry of calcium carbonate. This system in turn plays a large role in regulating the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere on timescales of thousands of years and longer. Reconstructions of ocean pH and carbonate ion concentration are therefore needed to understand the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle. During the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM), the pH of the whole ocean is thought to have been significantly more basic, as inferred from the isotopic composition of boron incorporated into calcium carbonate shells, which would partially explain the lower atmospheric CO2 concentration at that time. Here we reconstruct carbonate-ion concentration - and hence pH - of the glacial oceans, using the extent of calcium carbonate dissolution observed in foraminifer faunal assemblages as compiled in the extensive global CLIMAP data sets. We observe decreased carbonate-ion concentrations in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, by roughly 20 umol kg-1, while little change occurred in the Indian and Pacific oceans relative to today. In the Pacific Ocean, a small (5umol kg-1) increase occurred below 3,000 m. This rearrangement of ocean pH may be due to changing ocean circulation from glacial to present times, but overall we see no evidence for a shift in the whole-ocean pH as previously inferred from boron isotopes. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global PERIOD OF RECORD: 18KYrBP - present DESCRIPTION: Carbonate ion reconstructions based on calcium carbonate dissolution observed in foraminifer faunal assemblages for the modern and the last glacial maximum. LGM assemblages as compiled in the global CLIMAP data set, modern core top profiles are also included. DATA: 1. Carbonate ion reconstructions for the last glacial maximum, 18,000 years bp, for a North Atlantic region. Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. is the standard deviation of the pool of modern analogs core lat lon depth delta-co3 s.d. co3-sat co3 RC_11_26__30 -28.58 -30.06 2349 -10 8 72.83 62.83 V_26_82__20 -27.75 -40.38 2807 -8 10 78.94 70.94 V_26107_100 4.68 -46.87 3224 -1 9 84.84 83.84 V_25_56__99 -3.55 -35.23 3512 -6 6 89.12 83.12 V_26_63__30 -23.95 -37.95 3619 -8 9 90.74 82.74 V_20228__61 -2.48 -36.42 3676 -1 8 91.62 90.62 V_22_26__40 8.72 -41.25 3720 -3 5 92.30 89.30 V_25_60__40 3.27 -34.82 3749 -4 6 92.75 88.75 V_22_38__40 -9.55 -34.25 3797 16 31 93.50 109.50 V_20227__80 -4.23 -34.63 3812 -3 13 93.73 90.73 V_25_59__71 1.37 -33.48 3824 -5 5 93.92 88.92 V_26104_150 -0.08 -41.78 3864 -8 7 94.55 86.55 V_26104_155 -0.08 -41.78 3864 -8 7 94.55 86.55 RC8-94___16 -17.26 -35.97 4021 -8 6 97.05 89.05 RC_11_21__30 -17.26 -35.97 4021 -5 5 97.05 92.05 V_15168_160 0.2 -39.9 4219 -7 11 100.27 93.27 V_15168_163 0.2 -39.9 4219 33 49 100.27 133.27 V_16_25__53 5.07 -36.8 4254 12 34 100.84 112.84 V_16_25__55 5.07 -36.8 4254 -4 9 100.84 96.84 2. Carbonate ion reconstructions for the last glacial maximum, 18,000 years bp, for a southern Indian Ocean region. Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. is the standard deviation of the pool of modern analogs core lat lon depth delta-co3 s.d. co3-sat co3 E0480230032 -39.52 83.72 192 1 11 49.38 50.38 E0480270062 -38.55 79.9 1795 1 11 65.97 66.97 E_48_22__82 -39.9 85.42 1847 2 11 66.58 68.58 E_48_11__32 -29.67 97.53 1892 -15 9 67.12 52.12 E0450270030 -43.32 105.55 2065 -4 9 69.24 65.24 E0480030022 -41.02 100.02 2149 -8 9 70.28 62.28 E_45_78__31 -45.03 114.35 2250 -3 10 71.56 68.56 RC0091500060 -31.28 114.55 2703 2 7 77.51 79.51 RC0111210040 -39.72 82.25 3426 1 10 87.82 88.82 E45-29__0039 -44.88 106.52 3821 -4 9 93.87 89.87 RC_11145__50 -25.48 110.02 3869 -5 4 94.63 89.63 RC__9_49__70 -51.07 81.55 3908 -4 6 95.25 91.25 RC0111200084 -43.52 79.87 3913 0 8 95.32 95.32 3. Carbonate ion reconstructions for the last glacial maximum, 18,000 years bp, for a northwest Pacific region Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. is the standard deviation of the pool of modern analogs core lat lon depth delta-co3 s.d. co3-sat co3 V_28-310_40 25.42 125.63 1579 23 48 63.45 86.45 V_28-243_20 11.07 138.53 2129 -5 4 70.03 65.03 V_28-294__4 28.43 139.97 2308 -5 1 72.30 67.30 V_20-119_20 47.95 168.78 2736 6 18 77.96 83.96 V_28-304_45 28.53 134.13 2942 -5 1 80.81 75.81 V_28-230_20 -5.5 166.75 2992 -4 6 81.52 77.52 V_28-238_35 1.02 160.48 3120 -5 3 83.34 78.34 V_28-201_20 2.77 -173.93 3217 -3 7 84.74 81.74 V_28-203_40 0.95 -179.42 3243 -9 6 85.12 76.12 RC13-17__30 19.08 -170.07 3374 -21 4 87.05 66.05 V_28-239_30 3.25 159.18 3490 -6 8 88.78 82.78 RC12-361_20 15.1 124.13 3528 -6 7 89.36 83.36 RC10-161__9 33.08 158 3587 -18 4 90.25 72.25 V_32-128_32 36.47 177.17 3623 -17 1 90.80 73.80 V_32-126_25 35.32 177.9 3780 -17 3 93.23 76.23 V_21-146_70 37.68 163.03 3968 -16 3 96.20 80.20 V_19-96__15 -0.87 172 4252 -11 5 100.81 89.81 4. Modern carbonate ion concentration for a region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d., min, and max refer to all gridpoints within the region depth CO3 s.d. CO3-sat delta-CO3-n d-co3-min d-co3-max 250 193.66 50.11 49.81 143.86 93.75 193.96 750 82.44 16.81 54.70 27.74 10.93 44.55 1250 84.61 7.67 59.99 24.62 16.95 32.28 1750 99.80 7.55 65.11 34.70 27.15 42.25 2250 104.54 4.08 71.84 32.70 28.62 36.77 2750 104.62 2.50 77.77 26.85 24.35 29.34 3250 103.53 2.27 85.55 17.99 15.71 20.26 3750 102.64 2.62 92.36 10.28 7.66 12.90 4250 97.98 4.23 101.27 -3.29 -7.53 0.94 4750 91.35 4.97 109.06 -17.71 -22.68 -12.74 5. Modern carbonate ion concentration for a region of the southern Indian Ocean Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d., min, and max refer to all gridpoints within the region depth CO3 s.d. CO3-sat delta-CO3-n d-co3-min d-co3-max 250 159.17 43.91 49.81 109.37 65.46 153.27 750 108.21 24.42 54.70 53.51 29.09 77.93 1250 80.44 6.94 59.99 20.45 13.51 27.39 1750 78.33 6.31 65.11 13.22 6.91 19.53 2250 81.21 4.71 71.84 9.37 4.65 14.08 2750 84.90 3.81 77.77 7.13 3.32 10.94 3250 86.54 3.94 85.55 0.99 -2.95 4.93 3750 87.43 5.22 92.36 -4.94 -10.15 0.28 4250 86.37 3.43 101.27 -14.91 -18.34 -11.48 4750 87.98 3.95 109.06 -21.09 -25.03 -17.14 6. Modern carbonate ion concentration for a region of the northwest Pacific Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d., min, and max refer to all gridpoints within the region depth CO3 s.d. CO3-sat delta-CO3-n d-co3-min d-co3-max 250 180.43 51.45 49.81 130.62 79.18 182.07 750 62.04 22.30 54.70 7.34 -14.96 29.64 1250 50.38 9.10 59.99 -9.61 -18.71 -0.51 1750 57.01 8.53 65.11 -8.09 -16.63 0.44 2250 63.00 6.48 71.84 -8.84 -15.32 -2.36 2750 69.30 4.08 77.77 -8.47 -12.55 -4.39 3250 73.50 3.19 85.55 -12.04 -15.23 -8.85 3750 76.79 2.68 92.36 -15.57 -18.26 -12.89 4250 78.50 2.67 101.27 -22.77 -25.44 -20.10 4750 79.68 3.21 109.06 -29.38 -32.59 -26.17 7. Data from Anderson and Archer 2002, figure 2, Atlantic 18K carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth-a co3-sat 18k-d-co3 18k-co3 s.d. n 250 49.8063 750 54.7014 1250 59.99 1.00 60.99 15 20 1750 65.11 -3.00 62.11 10 45 2250 71.84 -1.00 70.84 18 90 2750 77.77 -4.00 73.77 9 90 3250 85.55 -3.00 82.55 11 210 3750 92.36 -2.00 90.36 12 200 4250 101.27 -2.00 99.27 16 155 4750 109.06 -5.00 104.06 14 55 8. Data from Anderson and Archer 2002, figure 2, IO-Pacific 18K carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth-a co3-sat 18k-d-co3 18k-co3 s.d. n 250 49.8063 750 54.7014 1250 59.99 6 65.9911 30 15 1750 65.11 5 70.1077 25 20 2250 71.84 -3 68.844 18 50 2750 77.77 -6 71.7698 10 70 3250 85.55 -7 78.545 9 95 3750 92.36 -10 82.3614 9 70 4250 101.27 -15 86.274 10 25 4750 109.06 -25 84.061 5 9. Data from Anderson and Archer 2002, figure 2, IO-Pacific Mod carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans (atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth-amod-co3-sat mod-d-co3 mod-co3 s.d. n 250 49.8063 750 54.7014 1250 59.99 -3.5663 56.4249 14 40 1750 65.11 0.1306 65.2383 18 160 2250 71.84 -5.9836 65.8604 7 221 2750 77.77 -5.6807 72.0891 11 340 3250 85.55 -9.2855 76.2595 10 555 3750 92.36 -13.7195 78.6419 7 549 4250 101.27 -21.0938 80.1802 7 626 4750 109.06 -25.9634 83.0976 6 276 10. Data from Anderson and Archer 2002, figure 2, Atlantic Mod carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans (atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth-amod-co3-sat mod-d-co3 mod-co3 s.d. n 250 49.8063 31 750 54.7014 38 1250 59.99 36.6750 96.6661 16 50 1750 65.11 19.7240 84.8317 16 75 2250 71.84 18.1305 89.9745 14 105 2750 77.77 17.7146 95.4844 14 231 3250 85.55 9.4545 94.9995 12 220 3750 92.36 5.6757 98.0371 13 280 4250 101.27 -0.1135 101.1605 12 282 4750 109.06 -2.8694 106.1916 14 234 11. Data from anderson and archer 2002, figure 2, IOPacific Mod Grid carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans (atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth CO3-iopac-grid 250 179.67 750 76.549 1250 61.979 1750 64.744 2250 69.029 2750 73.419 3250 75.878 3750 78.254 4250 80.031 4750 81.366 12. Data from anderson and archer 2002, figure 2, Atlantic Mod Grid carbonate ion reconstuctions for whole-oceans (atl is Atlantic, iopac is Indian plus Pacific Mod is modern coretop reconstruction, 18k is the last glacial maximum reconstruction mod-grid is the modern gridded water column data Units are micromoles per kilogram, s.d. and n refers to the pool of modern analogs found within the 500 m-thick depth bin depth CO3-atl-grid 250 179.32 750 90.122 1250 85.505 1750 93.334 2250 96.614 2750 97.628 3250 96.616 3750 95.719 4250 94.644 4750 94.594