# Equatorial Pacific Ocean Alkenone and Radiogenic Isotope Data covering the last 40,000 years #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/25630 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/anderson2018/anderson2018-pc72.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Data_Type: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: biomarkers, radiogenic isotope #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-11-27 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-11-27 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Equatorial Pacific Ocean Alkenone and Radiogenic Isotope Data covering the last 40,000 years #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Anderson, R.F.; Sachs, J.P.; Fleisher, M.Q.; Allen, K.A.; Yu, J.; Koutavas, A.; Jaccard, S.L. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Combination of data from previous publications and new data # Provided Keywords: Pacific Ocean, deglacial, last ice age #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Anderson R.F., J.P. Sachs, M.Q. Fleisher, K.A. Allen, J. Yu, A. Koutavas, S.L. Jaccard # Published_Date_or_Year: # Published_Title: Deep-sea oxygen depletion and ocean carbon sequestration during the last ice age # Journal_Name: Global Biogeochemical Cycles # Volume: under review # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Enhanced ocean carbon storage during the Pleistocene ice ages lowered atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 80 to 100 ppm relative to interglacial levels. Leading hypotheses to explain this phenomenon invoke a greater efficiency of the ocean’s biological pump, in which case carbon storage in the deep sea would have been accompanied by a corresponding reduction in dissolved oxygen. We exploit the sensitivity of organic matter preservation in marine sediments to bottom water oxygen concentration to constrain the level of dissolved oxygen in the deep central equatorial Pacific Ocean during the last glacial period (18,000 – 28,000 years BP) to have been within the range of 20 - 50 µmol/kg, much less than modern value of ca. 168 µmol/kg. We further demonstrate that reduced oxygen levels characterized the water column below a depth of ~1000 m. Converting the ice-age oxygen level to an equivalent concentration of respiratory CO2, and extrapolating globally, we estimate that deep-sea CO2 storage during the last ice age exceeded modern values by as much as 850 PgC, sufficient to balance the loss of carbon from the atmosphere (ca. 200 PgC) and from the terrestrial biosphere (ca. 300 - 600 PgC). In addition, recognizing the enhanced preservation of organic matter in ice-age sediments of the deep Pacific Ocean helps reconcile previously unexplained inconsistencies among different geochemical proxy records used to assess past changes in biological productivity of the ocean. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Murray, R. W., C. Knowlton, M. Leinen, A. C. Mix, and C. H. Polsky # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000 # Published_Title: Export production and carbonate dissolution in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean over the past 1 Myr # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 15 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 570-592 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/1999PA000457 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: In order to quantify changes in export production and carbonate dissolution over the past 1 Myr in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean we analyzed Ba, P, Al Ti, and Ca in 1106 samples from five piston cores gathered from 5°S to 4°N at 140°W. We focused on Ba/Ti, Al/Ti, and P/Ti ratios as export proxies and employed areally integrated time slice as well as time series strategies. Carbonate maxima from 0–560 kyr are characterized by 15–30% greater export than carbonate minima. The increases in export fall on glacial δ18O transitions rather than glacial maxima. From 560–800 kyr, overlapping with the mid‐Pleistocene transition, there is a very large increase in total export yet no glacial‐interglacial variability. The highest latitudes (5°S and 4°N) record minimal absolute export change from glacials to interglacials and yet record the most extreme minima in percent CaCO3, indicating that carbonate records there are dominated by dissolution, whereas near the equator they are more influenced by changes in export. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Anderson, R.F., M.Q. Fleisher, and Y. Lao # Published_Date_or_Year: 2006 # Published_Title: Glacial-Interglacial variability in the delivery of dust to the central equatorial Pacific Ocean # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 242 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 406-414 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.061 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Fluxes of continental mineral aerosols (dust) were greater during glacial periods than during interglacials throughout most regions of the Earth. The equatorial Pacific Ocean was a possible exception to this pattern in that previous studies have reported either greater dust fluxes during interglacials or no consistent glacial-interglacial pattern of dust flux. We have applied the 230Thnormalization technique to derive five new records of dust flux from central equatorial Pacific Ocean sediments. In contrast to previous studies, which relied on stratigraphic accumulation rates, the 230Th-normalization technique produces internally consistent results, revealing fluxes to this region of continental lithogenic material that were positively correlated with global ice volume throughout the past 300,000 yr. Maximum glacial fluxes of continental mineral aerosols exceed minimum interglacial fluxes by about a factor of 2, similar to changes found elsewhere at low and mid-latitudes. This amplitude of variability is substantially smaller than that seen in some recent models, and these observations provide a calibration point for future model development. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Bradtmiller, L.I., R.F. Anderson, M.Q. Fleisher, and L.H. Burckle # Published_Date_or_Year: 2006 # Published_Title: Diatom productivity in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the Last Glacial Period to the Present: A Test of the Silicic Acid Leakage Hypothesis # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 21 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: PA4201 # DOI: 10.1029/2006PA001282 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) suggests that during glacial periods, unused silicic acid escaped the Southern Ocean into the equatorial oceans, causing an ecological shift favoring diatoms relative to coccolithophorids and a drawdown of CO2. The 230Th normalized opal fluxes and 231Pa/230Th ratios were measured in eleven equatorial Pacific cores to reconstruct diatom productivity over the past 30 kyr and to test the SALH. Holocene spatial patterns of opal flux are strongly correlated with 231Pa/230Th ratios and with satellite estimates of primary productivity. Down-core opal flux records do not support the SALH but show Holocene opal burial to exceed that of the late glacial period by 35%, or 2.8 Gt opal/kyr, across the equatorial Pacific. This suggests that the SALH may not account for lower atmospheric CO2 levels during the late glacial. However, the data do support results from previous studies that invoke increased El Nino-like conditions during this time. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Anderson, R.F., M.Q. Fleisher, Y. Lao, and G. Winckler # Published_Date_or_Year: 2008 # Published_Title: Modern CaCO3 preservation in equatorial Pacific sediments in the context of recent glacial cycles # Journal_Name: Marine Chemistry # Volume: 111 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 30-46 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2007.11.011. # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The CaCO3 content of marine sediments in many regions of the ocean has varied systematically with climate throughout the late- Pleistocene glacial cycles. Both biological productivity and carbonate preservation have been proposed to be the master variable regulating this variability. We have evaluated the preserved flux of CaCO3 in cores from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean (~140°W) using the 230Th-normalization technique. Neither barite fluxes nor 10Be/230Th ratios, both geochemical proxies for export production, correlate with CaCO3 fluxes, indicating that productivity is not the principal factor controlling CaCO3 accumulation in these sediments. Preserved fluxes of CaCO3 in central equatorial Pacific sediments correlate in time with the benchmark CaCO3 record from the Cape Basin (South Atlantic Ocean), supporting the view that changes in ocean chemistry (carbonate ion concentration) have controlled the pattern of CaCO3 preservation and accumulation at these sites. Modern CaCO3 preservation in equatorial Pacific sediments has dropped to levels nearly as low as those experienced at any time in the late Pleistocene. Similar changes occurred at the end of each of the late-Pleistocene interglacial periods, from which we infer that ocean carbonate chemistry has already undergone changes that are expected to precede the transition into the next ice age. However, during the late Pleistocene, the time interval between the decrease in CaCO3 preservation and the end of the interglacial has varied substantially from one interglacial to another (from ~2000 to ~15,000 years), so the late-Holocene decrease in CaCO3 preservation cannot be used to predict the end of the Holocene interglacial period. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Hayes, C.T., R.F. Anderson, and M.Q. Fleisher # Published_Date_or_Year: 2011 # Published_Title: Opal accumulation rates in the equatorial Pacific and mechanisms of deglaciation # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 21 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2010pa002008. # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A possible imprint on equatorial Pacific sediments of a deglacial reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean overturning is increased opal accumulation rate. This would arise from the transmission of silica-rich deep water to the equatorial thermocline via Subantarctic Mode Water and an associated increase in diatom productivity. In search of this imprint, sediment cores from the central (TT013-PC72) and eastern (V19-30) equatorial Pacific have been analyzed for 230Th-normalized opal accumulation rates over the past five and three glacial terminations, respectively. Equatorial opal accumulation rates sustained relatively low values over much of the records and were punctuated by large increases centered on some terminations, but not all. Furthermore, two periods of increased opal flux were observed that do not coincide with terminations. Sources other than the Southern Ocean may need to be considered in the silica budget of the equatorial Pacific, but the d13C of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei can be used to support the presence of a deepwater nutrient signal in each case. Although a common deglacial mechanism, or a common imprint thereof, for each of the late Pleistocene glaciations remains elusive, the combination of opal flux and d13C of N. dutertrei provides a diagnostic for past injection of deepwater nutrients into the Equatorial Undercurrent. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Winckler, G., R.F. Anderson, S.L. Jaccard, and F. Marcantonio # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Published_Title: Ocean dynamics, not dust, have controlled equatorial Pacific productivity over the past 500,000 years # Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences # Volume: 113 # Edition: # Issue: 22 # Pages: 6119-6124 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600616113. # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Biological productivity in the equatorial Pacific is relatively high compared with other low-latitude regimes, especially east of the dateline, where divergence driven by the trade winds brings nutrient-rich waters of the Equatorial Undercurrent to the surface. The equatorial Pacific is one of the three principal high-nutrient low-chlorophyll ocean regimes where biological utilization of nitrate and phosphate is limited, in part, by the availability of iron. Throughout most of the equatorial Pacific, upwelling of water from the Equatorial Undercurrent supplies far more dissolved iron than is delivered by dust, by as much as two orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, recent studies have inferred that the greater supply of dust during ice ages stimulated greater utilization of nutrients within the region of upwelling on the equator, thereby contributing to the sequestration of carbon in the ocean interior. Here we present proxy records for dust and for biological productivity over the past 500 ky at three sites spanning the breadth of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to test the dust fertilization hypothesis. Dust supply peaked under glacial conditions, consistent with previous studies, whereas proxies of export production exhibit maxima during ice age terminations. Temporal decoupling between dust supply and biological productivity indicates that other factors, likely involving ocean dynamics, played a greater role than dust in regulating equatorial Pacific productivity. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation # Grant: PP00P2-144811, PP00P2-172915 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: TT013-PC72 # Location: Pacific Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 0.1137 # Southernmost_Latitude: 0.1137 # Easternmost_Longitude: -139.4015 # Westernmost_Longitude: -139.4015 # Elevation: -4298 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: TT013-PC72 radiogenic Anderson2018 # First_Year: 40000 # Last_Year: 0 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## depth_cm depth,sediment,,centimeter,,Paleoceanography,,,N, ## age_BP age,sediment,,calendar kiloyear before present,,Paleoceanography,,,N,age from published age models, see metadata for publications ## 238U 238U,sediment,,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 238U_error 238U,sediment,one standard deviation,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 232Th 232Th,sediment,,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 232Th_error 232Th,sediment,one standard deviation,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 230Th 230Th,sediment,,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 230Th_error 230Th,sediment,one standard deviation,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,units - decays per minute per gram, a standard for sediment radiochemistry ## 230Th_excess_init 230Th excess,sediment,,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,,N,derived as described in text; 230Th excess initial ## 230Th_excess_init_error 230Th excess,sediment,one standard deviation,disintegration per minute per gram,,Paleoceanography,,,N,derived as described in text; 230Th excess initial ## 230Th_normalized_accum_rate 230Th,sediment,,gram per square centimeter per kiloyear,,Paleoceanography,,,N,derived as described in text; 230Th-normalized accumulation rate ## 230Th_normalized_accum_rate_error 230Th,sediment,one standard deviation,gram per square centimeter per kiloyear,,Paleoceanography,,,N,derived as described in text; 230Th-normalized accumulation rate ## barium_excess barium excess,sediment,,parts per million,,Paleoceanography,,,N,derived as described in text ## opal biogenic silica,sediment,,percent,,Paleoceanography,,spectrophotometry,N, ## C37_alkenone C37 alkenone,sediment,,nanogram per gram,,Paleoceanography,,gas chromatography - flame ionization detection,N, ## brassicasterol brassicasterol,sediment,,nanogram per gram,,Paleoceanography,,gas chromatography - flame ionization detection,N, #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NaN depth_cm age_BP 238U 238U_error 232Th 232Th_error 230Th 230Th_error 230Th_excess_init 230Th_excess_init_error 230Th_normalized_accum_rate 230Th_normalized_accum_rate_error barium_excess opal C37_alkenone brassicasterol 5.5 5.00 0.387 0.014 0.081 0.008 16.00 0.22 16.68 0.23 0.678 0.009 1545 NaN NaN NaN 7.5 5.57 0.148 0.009 0.060 0.004 16.21 0.11 17.01 0.11 0.665 0.004 1526 8.05 NaN NaN 8.0 5.60 0.146 0.002 0.063 0.001 15.66 0.36 16.43 0.38 0.688 0.016 1522 8.68 18.04 3.77 10.5 5.66 0.370 0.013 0.070 0.008 14.65 0.21 15.36 0.22 0.736 0.011 1499 NaN NaN NaN 12.5 5.72 0.186 0.007 0.059 0.006 15.63 0.10 16.42 0.11 0.688 0.005 1481 8.55 NaN NaN 13.0 5.80 0.166 0.002 0.063 0.001 15.81 0.17 16.62 0.18 0.680 0.007 1476 9.88 12.59 1.50 15.5 5.81 0.397 0.014 0.054 0.007 12.63 0.15 13.26 0.16 0.853 0.010 1453 NaN NaN NaN 19.0 7.37 0.169 0.007 0.051 0.004 11.53 0.08 12.29 0.08 0.920 0.006 1421 8.98 NaN NaN 20.5 8.31 0.354 0.012 0.049 0.006 10.89 0.19 11.69 0.20 0.967 0.017 1375 NaN NaN NaN 22.5 9.57 0.155 0.006 0.049 0.004 10.84 0.08 11.79 0.08 0.959 0.007 1313 7.13 NaN NaN 23.0 9.90 0.154 0.002 0.051 0.001 11.01 0.21 12.01 0.23 0.941 0.018 1298 8.20 4.96 1.08 24.0 10.52 0.151 0.002 0.041 0.001 10.30 0.12 11.30 0.13 1.001 0.011 1267 6.94 NaN NaN 25.5 11.47 0.365 0.016 0.065 0.006 10.13 0.14 11.16 0.15 1.013 0.014 1252 NaN NaN NaN 27.5 12.73 0.173 0.007 0.056 0.005 9.73 0.07 10.87 0.08 1.040 0.008 1231 6.40 NaN NaN 30.5 13.56 0.331 0.013 0.057 0.007 9.22 0.14 10.35 0.16 1.092 0.017 1207 NaN NaN NaN 32.0 14.00 0.140 0.002 0.054 0.001 9.03 0.13 10.21 0.14 1.107 0.016 1199 7.16 4.47 0.57 32.5 14.12 0.156 0.008 0.102 0.017 9.10 0.26 10.27 0.29 1.101 0.031 1196 6.63 NaN NaN 32.5 14.12 0.150 0.003 0.052 0.001 8.67 0.12 9.80 0.13 1.153 0.016 1196 6.63 NaN NaN 35.5 14.96 0.366 0.016 0.063 0.006 8.85 0.13 10.04 0.15 1.126 0.017 1206 NaN NaN NaN 39.5 16.44 0.155 0.006 0.086 0.004 10.17 0.07 11.74 0.08 0.963 0.007 1252 4.79 NaN NaN 39.5 16.44 0.126 0.004 0.079 0.001 9.34 0.13 10.78 0.15 1.048 0.014 1252 4.79 NaN NaN 40.5 16.81 0.306 0.012 0.100 0.009 9.43 0.15 10.87 0.17 1.040 0.016 1263 NaN NaN NaN 42.0 17.40 0.128 0.001 0.082 0.001 9.56 0.17 11.13 0.20 1.016 0.018 1280 5.38 10.07 0.53 42.5 17.55 0.129 0.006 0.081 0.005 8.75 0.07 10.19 0.08 1.109 0.009 1285 4.65 NaN NaN 45.5 18.66 0.338 0.014 0.082 0.009 9.05 0.15 10.61 0.18 1.065 0.018 1258 4.17 NaN NaN 47.5 19.40 0.127 0.006 0.089 0.007 9.27 0.07 10.98 0.09 1.029 0.008 1200 4.12 NaN NaN 49.0 20.40 0.105 0.001 0.091 0.001 9.67 0.14 11.58 0.17 0.976 0.015 1156 3.81 94.97 10.33 50.5 21.36 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1137 2.82 NaN NaN 52.5 22.67 0.122 0.008 0.111 0.005 9.75 0.08 11.90 0.10 0.950 0.008 1113 3.45 NaN NaN 52.5 22.67 0.100 0.002 0.081 0.003 9.25 0.13 11.30 0.16 1.000 0.014 1113 3.45 NaN NaN 54.0 23.65 0.108 0.001 0.088 0.001 10.16 0.12 12.53 0.16 0.902 0.011 1094 3.36 NaN NaN 55.5 24.64 0.333 0.012 0.091 0.010 10.16 0.15 12.57 0.19 0.899 0.014 1094 3.24 NaN NaN 56.0 24.80 0.108 0.002 0.097 0.001 9.94 0.20 12.38 0.25 0.913 0.018 1093 4.12 86.09 10.44 60.5 25.85 0.104 0.002 0.083 0.003 9.48 0.14 11.93 0.18 0.948 0.015 1068 3.47 NaN NaN 64.0 26.70 0.116 0.001 0.098 0.001 10.09 0.18 12.78 0.23 0.884 0.016 1011 4.07 45.48 2.41 65.5 27.06 0.122 0.004 0.084 0.002 9.76 0.15 12.41 0.19 0.911 0.014 1035 3.47 NaN NaN 70.5 28.27 0.342 0.012 0.063 0.005 7.08 0.10 9.01 0.13 1.254 0.018 1065 2.49 NaN NaN 72.0 28.60 0.120 0.001 0.087 0.001 9.52 0.16 12.27 0.21 0.921 0.016 1040 4.12 35.45 1.40 75.5 29.49 0.125 0.007 0.083 0.004 7.79 0.06 10.11 0.08 1.118 0.009 967 3.04 NaN NaN 79.0 30.30 0.112 0.001 0.066 0.001 7.38 0.09 9.66 0.12 1.170 0.014 876 3.22 25.78 1.07 80.5 30.70 0.120 0.002 0.080 0.004 9.03 0.20 11.86 0.26 0.953 0.021 865 3.49 NaN NaN 85.5 32.67 0.135 0.007 0.066 0.004 6.89 0.05 9.20 0.07 1.228 0.010 831 3.00 NaN NaN 95.5 36.60 0.130 0.007 0.064 0.005 7.02 0.06 9.72 0.08 1.163 0.010 802 3.60 NaN NaN 100.5 37.72 0.259 0.010 0.069 0.007 6.47 0.10 8.97 0.14 1.260 0.020 829 2.71 NaN NaN