Southern Ocean Late Quaternary Diatom SST and Sea Ice Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Southern Ocean Late Quaternary Diatom SST and Sea Ice Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 9/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Xavier Crosta, UMR-CNRS EPOC IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-100 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Crosta, X., et al. 2009. Southern Ocean Late Quaternary Diatom SST and Sea Ice Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-100. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Crosta, X., A. Sturm, L. Armand, and J.-J. Pichon. 2004. Late Quaternary sea ice history in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded by diatom assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology, Vol. 50, pp. 209-223. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00072-0 ABSTRACT: A Modern Analog Technique (MAT5201/31) has been applied to fossil diatom assemblages to provide down-core estimates of February sea- surface temperatures (SSTs) and of sea ice duration over the past 220,000 years at 56°40'S, 160°14'E. At the core location, sea ice progression lagged the SST drop by ~1 ka at interglacial-glacial transitions, and sea ice retreat was almost synchronous to the SST increase at glacial-interglacial terminations. Sea ice increased continuously during glacial periods to reach its maximum extent at the end of glacial times, although SSTs were almost constant during glacials. This indicates that SSTs are the major parameter determining the advance and retreat of sea ice at transitions, but that the sea ice advance during glacial conditions may be related to positive feedbacks of the ice on albedo, air temperature and meridional wind stress. The strong correlation (r=0.75) between sea ice duration at the core location and the Vostok CO2 record argues for a control of Antarctic sea ice extent on atmospheric CO2 concentration via the modification of the ocean-to-atmosphere gas balance. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Crosta, X., J.J. Pichon, and L.H. Burckle. 1998. Application of modern analog technique to marine Antarctic diatoms: Reconstruction of the maximum sea ice extent at the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 13, 284-297. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Southern Ocean, Indian sector PERIOD OF RECORD: 288 KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), PNEDC (Programme National d' Etude de la Dynamique du Climat), and Missions Scientifiques des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises (IPEV-TAAF). DESCRIPTION: Diatom-based SSTs and Sea Ice Extent for the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. February SSTs and sea ice cover were estimated by applying an evolution (MAT5 201/31, Crosta et al. 2004) of the Modern Analog Technique described by Crosta et al. 1998 (MAT5 195/33) to fossil diatom assemblages. Diatom taxa are divided into 4 groups by similar environmental preference: SIZ (Sea Ice Zone) Group, POOZ (Permanent Open Ocean Zone) Group, Strat (Water Stratification) Group, and SAZ (Subantarctic Zone) Group. Individual taxa contained in each group can be found in Appendix Table 2 of Crosta et al. 2004. Core location: Gravity core SO136-111, Emerald Basin, East Indian sector, Southern Ocean: 56°40'S, 160°14'E, water depth 3912 m. DATA: 1. Core SO136-111 d18O data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (Cal KYrBP) Column 3: d18O (per mil SMOW) Depth Age d18O 1 3.22 3.16 6 4.37 3.05 11 5.58 3.17 16 6.79 3.12 21 8.00 3.3 26 9.21 3.23 31 10.43 3.6 36 12.14 3.62 41 13.87 3.79 46 15.59 3.81 51 17.32 4.03 56 19.06 4.2 61 21.23 4.36 66 23.42 4.52 71 25.61 4.39 76 27.80 4.42 81 29.99 4.33 86 32.18 4.3 91 34.37 4.29 96 36.55 101 38.74 4.15 106 40.93 4.28 111 43.12 4.19 116 45.33 4.15 121 47.54 4.24 126 49.75 4.27 131 51.96 4.24 136 54.17 4.17 141 56.38 4.3 146 58.59 4.14 151 60.80 4.2 156 63.01 4.2 161 65.20 4.29 166 66.78 4.21 171 68.33 4.16 176 69.89 3.99 181 71.44 4.04 186 73.00 3.86 191 74.55 3.9 196 76.11 3.73 201 77.66 3.88 206 79.22 3.81 211 80.77 3.81 216 82.33 3.58 221 83.88 3.73 226 85.44 3.69 231 86.99 3.81 236 88.55 3.98 241 90.08 4.17 246 90.93 3.89 251 91.76 3.8 256 92.58 3.93 261 93.41 3.82 266 94.24 3.83 271 95.07 3.8 276 95.89 3.83 281 96.72 3.72 286 97.55 3.79 291 98.38 3.84 296 99.20 3.88 301 100.03 3.85 306 100.86 3.68 311 101.69 316 102.51 321 103.34 3.73 326 104.17 3.76 331 105.00 3.65 336 105.82 3.7 341 106.65 3.82 346 107.48 3.94 351 108.31 3.9 356 109.13 4 361 109.96 4 366 110.79 4.08 371 111.50 4.05 376 112.21 3.98 381 112.92 3.85 386 113.63 3.83 391 114.34 3.12 396 115.05 3.81 401 115.76 2.9 406 116.47 3.06 411 117.18 2.75 416 117.90 2.62 421 118.61 2.65 426 119.32 2.69 431 120.03 2.66 436 120.74 2.77 441 121.45 2.66 446 122.16 2.81 451 122.87 2.77 456 123.58 2.84 461 124.29 2.81 466 125.02 2.87 471 126.48 3.13 476 127.95 3.19 481 129.43 3.72 486 130.91 491 132.39 4.14 496 133.86 4.33 501 135.45 4.52 506 141.27 4.32 511 144.91 4.43 516 148.48 4.39 521 152.06 4.36 526 155.64 4.26 531 159.21 4.33 536 162.81 3.98 541 167.12 4.19 546 171.44 4.13 551 175.77 4.03 556 180.09 4.33 561 184.42 4.24 566 188.74 3.96 571 192.99 3.78 576 194.09 3.89 581 195.11 3.9 586 196.13 3.39 591 197.16 3.62 596 198.18 3.54 601 199.20 3.7 606 200.22 3.31 611 201.24 3.38 616 202.26 3.07 621 203.28 3.3 626 204.31 3.2 631 205.33 3.09 636 206.35 3.31 641 207.37 3.51 646 208.39 3.09 651 209.41 3.29 656 210.43 3.17 661 211.45 3.33 666 212.48 3.14 671 213.50 3.21 676 214.52 3.31 681 215.56 3.09 686 217.18 3.17 691 218.83 3.52 696 220.47 701 222.11 3.85 706 223.76 3.87 711 225.40 3.93 716 227.04 3.45 721 228.69 3.34 726 230.33 3.27 731 231.97 3.39 736 233.62 3.36 741 235.26 746 236.90 751 238.55 3.3 756 240.20 2.9 761 242.12 3.34 766 244.06 3.34 771 245.99 3.9 776 247.93 3.38 781 249.86 3.37 786 251.79 4.25 791 253.73 4.3 796 255.66 4.28 801 257.60 806 259.53 811 261.46 816 263.40 821 265.33 826 267.27 831 269.20 836 271.13 2.94 841 273.07 3.44 846 275.00 3.69 851 276.94 3.41 856 278.87 861 280.80 866 282.74 3.07 871 284.67 2.98 876 286.61 3.06 881 288.44 2.71 2. Diatom, SST, and Sea Ice Reconstructions Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (Cal KYrBP) Column 3: February Sea Surface Temperature (SST, °C) Column 4: Sea Ice Presence (SIP, months per year) Column 5: Diatom SIZ (Sea Ice Zone) Group (%) Column 6: Diatom POOZ (Permanent Open Ocean Zone) Group (%) Column 7: Diatom Strat (Water Stratification) Group (%) Column 8: Diatom SAZ (Subantarctic Zone) Group (%) Column 9: Eucampia antarctica (%) Column 10: Extinct diatoms (%) Column 11: Hemidiscus karstenii (%) Depth Age FebSST SIP SIZ% POOZ% Strat% SAZ% E.ant.% Ext.% H.kar.% 1 3.22 5.03 0 0 94.8 0 3.3 0.3 0 0 3 3.65 4.65 0 0.3 90 0.6 4.8 0.6 0.3 0 5 4.13 4.61 0 0.6 91.4 0.3 5.1 0.3 0 0 7 4.61 5.13 0 0.3 92.7 0.3 4 0.3 0 0 9 5.10 5.05 0 0.3 90.6 1.2 4.2 0.3 0.3 0 11 5.58 5.33 0 0.3 91.2 0.3 5.5 0.3 0 0 13 6.06 5.24 0 0 91.7 0 4.9 0 0 0 15 6.55 5.44 0 0.6 92.2 0 3.3 0.3 0 0 17 7.03 5.13 0 0.6 92.9 0 4.8 0 0 0 19 7.51 5 0 0 90.7 0 3.3 0.3 0 0 21 8.00 4.55 0 0.6 88.3 1.2 4.5 0.9 0.3 0 23 8.48 5.19 0 0.3 91.7 0 5.2 0.6 0 0 25 8.96 5.71 0 0.3 89.3 0 6.2 1.2 0.3 0 27 9.45 5.05 0 0.9 91 0.3 4.6 0.3 0.3 0 29 9.93 5.76 0 0.3 89.9 0 5.6 0.7 0.3 0 31 10.43 5.79 0 0.3 89.6 0.3 6.2 1.6 0 0 33 11.10 4.63 0 0.6 88.7 0.6 6.9 0.3 0.3 0 35 11.79 4.76 0 0.9 89.1 1.2 5.1 0.3 0 0 37 12.49 5.54 0 0.3 84.8 0.9 10 1.3 0.3 0 39 13.18 5.28 0 0.6 88.3 1.6 5.9 0.3 0 0 41 13.87 6.09 0 1.5 84 1.2 6.7 2.3 0 0 43 14.56 4.95 0 0.3 87 0.3 6.6 1.6 0 0 45 15.25 5.23 0 0.6 89 1.5 5.1 1.2 0.3 0 47 15.94 5.51 0.4 0.6 85.5 3 5.1 2.4 0 0 49 16.63 4.67 1 1.2 86.2 2.2 4.4 1.6 0.3 0 51 17.32 4.97 0.4 0.6 86.4 2.4 5.1 0.9 0.6 0 53 18.01 5.15 0.4 0.3 86.2 2.1 4 1.8 0.3 0 55 18.70 6.4 0.4 1.2 78.4 4.5 6.4 4.6 0.9 0.3 57 19.48 3.87 0.4 0.9 81.8 3.1 3.4 4 1.2 0 59 20.36 3.86 1 2.4 80 5.8 2.7 4 0.9 0 61 21.23 2.84 2 2.4 73.4 5.7 4.1 7.6 1.5 0 63 22.11 3.41 1 3.4 78.7 6 2.8 6.9 0.9 0 65 22.98 3.34 1.4 4 79.3 7.7 1.5 6.8 0.3 0 67 23.86 3.34 1.4 3.7 78.3 5.3 1.6 5.6 0.9 0 69 24.74 3.36 1 3.9 74.9 4.8 1.5 5.7 1.8 0.6 71 25.61 3.37 1.6 3 73.4 6.3 1.2 9.6 0.9 0 73 26.49 1.98 1.9 3.6 76.2 3.6 2.1 7.8 0.9 0 75 27.36 2.82 1.9 3 78.8 4.2 1.7 6.9 1.5 0.3 77 28.24 3.1 1.3 3.2 77.1 5.5 2.5 5.8 1.5 0.3 79 29.11 3.02 2 3.8 80.1 4.4 2.5 4.6 1.2 0.3 81 29.99 3.36 1 2.6 79.8 5 1.6 5.6 0 0 83 30.86 2.65 1.7 3.3 79 2.7 3 5.8 0.9 0 85 31.74 2.84 2 3.1 78.8 2.2 3.1 8.6 0.6 0 87 32.61 2.29 1.8 2.4 78.4 3.6 2.1 7.6 0.9 0 89 33.49 3.3 1.3 2.4 84.4 2.2 2.2 4.3 1.2 0 91 34.37 2.46 1.2 2.7 87.7 0.9 1.8 3.5 0.6 0 93 35.24 2.34 1.5 2.1 86.8 1.2 2.4 2.1 0 0 95 36.12 3.28 1 2.4 85.7 1.9 4 1.9 0 0 97 36.99 2.76 1.3 1.2 87.9 0.9 2.7 2.4 0.6 0 99 37.87 2.97 1.5 2.1 87.2 2.4 2.4 2.1 0.3 0 101 38.74 5.51 1 3.4 76.3 5.9 6.5 4 0.3 0 105 40.49 3.61 1 2.7 83.5 2.7 2.1 4.2 0 0 110 42.68 2.7 1.3 2.4 86.1 2.1 2.3 0.5 0.3 0 115 44.89 2.8 1.2 1.5 84.3 3.1 4.9 1.6 0.3 0 120 47.10 3.54 1.3 2.1 83.6 3.9 3 2.7 0.3 0 125 49.31 2.76 0 2.1 84.9 1.2 2.4 2.7 0.3 0 130 51.52 3.26 1.7 1.5 84.9 3.7 3.1 1.9 0 0 135 53.73 3.62 1 2.4 85.3 3.3 2.4 1.5 0.3 0 140 55.94 2.2 1.4 2.1 85.8 1.9 4.5 2.8 0 0 145 58.15 3.38 0.9 0.9 89.6 2.8 4.3 1.6 0 0 150 60.36 3.31 1.4 1.8 84.8 4.3 4 0.9 0.3 0 155 62.57 3.89 0.44 1.8 81.3 3.4 7.4 2.8 0.3 0 160 64.78 2.19 1.5 2.4 80.9 3.4 3.3 3.4 1.5 0 165 66.46 3.34 1.2 3.1 78.7 7.1 2.2 4 0.3 0 170 68.02 3.31 0.84 2.1 80.3 4.7 3.1 3.1 2.1 0 174 69.26 2.65 0.8 2.1 87.6 0.9 1.2 5.2 0.6 0 180 71.13 3.36 0.8 1.5 88 2.7 0.6 2.7 0.9 0 184 72.37 3.92 0.44 2.1 86.8 2.4 1.8 1.2 0 0 190 74.24 3.37 0.7 1.8 83.5 2.4 3.6 4 0.3 0 194 75.48 2.61 0.8 1.8 87.8 1.2 2.4 1.8 0 0 200 77.35 2.24 0.8 1.8 84.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 0.6 0 204 78.59 5.7 0 0.9 86.2 1.5 3.3 3.6 0 0 210 80.46 4.23 0.04 0.9 87.3 0.6 3 1.8 0 0 215 82.01 4 0.1 1.6 88 1.6 2.2 1.9 0 0 220 83.57 4.87 0 0.9 89.3 1.2 3 0.9 0 0 225 85.12 4.96 0 0.6 88.5 1.8 4.5 2.4 0 0 230 86.68 5.71 0 0.3 86.7 3.8 3.5 1.3 0 0 235 88.23 3.73 0.04 0.6 84.7 1.2 3.6 2.7 0.9 0 240 89.79 3.46 0.4 0.9 87.9 1.2 3.3 2.1 0 0 245 90.76 3.23 0.4 1.8 87.8 0.3 1.8 1.9 1.2 0 250 91.59 2.42 0.9 2.8 86 1 2.8 1 0.3 0 255 92.42 2.8 0.5 1.5 80.6 0.6 0.6 5.6 0.6 0 260 93.24 3.38 0.4 1.2 89.4 1 0.6 1.3 0 0 265 94.07 4.28 0 1.2 87.4 1.5 2.1 3.3 0 0 270 94.90 4.89 0 1.2 85.2 1.2 1.2 2.1 0.3 0 275 95.73 3.5 0 2.1 86.2 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.3 0 280 96.56 4.1 0 1.8 86.6 0.6 3 2.4 0 0 285 97.38 3.21 0.04 0.9 88.3 1.5 2.7 2.1 0 0 290 98.21 3.43 0.04 0.9 87.7 0.6 1.5 1.9 0.3 0 295 99.04 3.9 0.34 1.8 85.8 0.6 0.9 3 0 0 300 99.87 4.22 0 1.2 88 0.9 1.8 2.7 0 0 305 100.69 3.58 0.04 1.5 86.9 1.5 1.5 3.3 0 0 310 101.52 3.23 0.04 1.5 88.2 0.6 0.9 2.7 0 0 315 102.35 4.19 0.04 1.5 87.8 1.2 1.8 2.4 0 0 320 103.18 4.3 0.04 0.3 91.5 2.2 0.6 2.1 0 0 325 104.00 4.13 0.04 1.2 90.2 0.9 1.5 1.5 0 0 330 104.83 4.09 0 1.2 91.5 0.9 2.4 0.9 0 0 340 106.49 4.21 0.04 0.3 89.2 0.6 2.7 2.4 0.3 0 345 107.31 4.54 0.04 1.2 86.6 1.2 1.8 3.6 0 0 350 108.14 4.78 0.04 1.8 85.3 1.5 3.3 3 0.3 0 355 108.97 3.34 0.14 0.9 89.1 0.6 2.1 2.9 0.6 0 360 109.80 3.58 0 0.7 89.5 0.7 2.9 1.9 0 0 365 110.62 4.28 0 0.6 90.3 0 1.9 3.8 0 0 370 111.36 3.7 0.04 0.9 85 0.9 3.7 5.6 0 0 375 112.07 2.88 0.4 2.8 86.4 0.9 2.2 3.7 0.6 0 380 112.78 3.46 0.4 0.9 90.3 0.9 2.7 1.5 0.9 0 385 113.49 3.82 0 1.2 89.9 0.3 3 1.5 0 0 390 114.20 3.12 0.1 1.2 85.4 0.6 2.4 2.1 1.2 0 395 114.91 3.31 0.2 0.9 86.5 1.6 2.5 1.6 0 0 402 115.91 5.46 0 0 91.9 0 3.5 0.6 0.3 0 406 116.47 5.03 0 0 90.7 0 4.2 0.9 0 0 410 117.04 5.7 0 0.3 90.9 0.3 3.6 0.6 0 0 414 117.61 5.24 0 0.3 90 0 4.9 0.8 0 0 420 118.46 5.01 0 0 91.8 0 4.5 0.6 0 0 424 119.03 5.13 0 0.6 89.8 0 3.7 0.3 0.3 0 430 119.88 5.55 0 0.6 88.2 0 5.3 0.6 0 0 434 120.45 5.17 0 0.3 89.3 0.3 4.8 0.6 0 0 440 121.31 4.87 0 0.3 90.7 0 5.3 0.9 0 0 444 121.87 5.24 0 0.3 90.4 0 5.7 0.6 0 0 450 122.73 4.98 0 0 89.5 0.3 6.1 0.3 0 0 454 123.29 4.4 0 0.3 90.9 0.6 4.2 0.9 0 0 460 124.15 4.25 0 0.6 86.1 0.9 6.8 0.3 0.9 0 464 124.72 6.07 0 0 85.9 0.3 9.1 0.9 0.6 0 470 126.18 5.36 0 0 83.7 0.9 10 1.2 0.6 0 474 127.36 5.84 0 0.3 80.4 3 9.7 1.5 0 0 480 129.14 5.81 0.04 0.3 77.2 2.1 8.4 5.1 1.5 0 484 130.32 3.84 0.4 2.1 79.1 2.7 3.9 6.9 1.2 0.3 490 132.09 3.34 1.2 2.4 79.7 3.6 1.8 7.3 2.4 0.3 494 133.27 2.78 0.8 1.8 83.1 2.7 0.6 6.3 1.5 0 500 135.04 3.62 0.8 3 79.6 3.7 1.5 6.1 0.3 0.3 504 138.93 1.76 1.08 2.4 81.9 0.9 1.2 6.4 0.9 0 510 144.19 3.34 1.2 2.6 77.3 4.9 2.6 4.9 0.9 0 514 147.05 3.91 0.74 1.8 76.7 3.7 4 6.3 1.2 0.3 520 151.34 3.52 0.84 1.5 79.3 5.9 2 5.1 1.5 1.2 524 154.21 3.08 1.5 1.8 81.5 3 0.9 5.2 2.4 0.9 530 158.50 3.25 0.84 3 80 5.2 0.9 5.5 0.9 0.3 534 161.36 2.24 1.74 1.5 80.1 5.7 1.5 3.3 1.8 0.6 540 166.25 3.46 0.8 2.4 76.3 3.6 0.3 6.5 1.2 0 544 169.71 2.61 0.8 3 83 1.2 1.5 3.6 2.4 1.2 550 174.90 3.3 0.8 2.4 81.7 3 1.8 3.6 2.1 1.8 554 178.36 2.78 0.8 3.3 86 1.5 0.9 2.7 1.8 2.7 560 183.55 2.6 0.34 0.9 87.1 0.6 2.2 1.6 0.3 0.9 565 187.88 2.88 0 2.1 87.3 0.6 0.9 1.8 0.3 1.5 570 192.20 2.57 0.74 1.8 83.2 0.9 3.2 4.4 0.3 2.5 575 193.89 4.77 0 0.6 87 0 4.5 1.2 0.6 4.8 580 194.91 4.66 0.04 0 76.8 0.3 4.5 1.5 0.3 7.2 585 195.93 2.62 0.44 1.2 82.1 1.5 1.8 1.2 0 5.7 590 196.95 3.58 0.04 0.6 85 0.9 1.8 1.9 0.6 2.1 595 197.97 4.3 0 0.6 92.6 0 1.5 0.6 0 0.6 600 198.99 5.28 0.1 0.3 87.3 0 2.1 2.7 0.9 2.7 605 200.02 4.65 0 0.6 88.5 0.3 2.1 1.5 0.3 2.4 610 201.04 4.07 0.2 0.6 86.2 0.3 1.7 1 0 3.5 615 202.06 3.48 0.04 0.3 83.6 1.3 2.6 1.6 0 4.1 620 203.08 4.25 0 0.3 88.5 0 2.5 1.9 0 2.5 625 204.10 3.47 0.14 0.3 86.2 0.6 2.4 1.8 0 3.7 630 205.12 4.51 0.1 0.3 91.9 0.3 2.1 0.6 0 1.5 635 206.14 3.81 0.04 0.3 87.5 0.6 2.1 1.5 0 4.7 640 207.16 3.2 0.42 0 95.4 0.9 1.5 1.5 0 4.8 645 208.19 4.97 0.04 0 87.9 0.6 2.7 2.6 0.3 3.2 650 209.21 5.44 0 0 82.5 0 2.1 3.1 0 6.1 655 210.23 3.58 0.04 0 87.2 1.2 1.8 2.1 0 2.7 660 211.25 5.4 0.04 0 76.6 1.2 2.4 1.8 0.3 13.1 665 212.27 4.94 0.04 0.3 74.8 0.6 4.2 1.8 0.3 15.1 670 213.29 3.53 0.34 0 73.1 1.9 4.1 3.4 0.3 10.6