Gulf of Oman M5-422 Eolian Mineral Dust Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Gulf of Oman M5-422 Eolian Mineral Dust Data LAST UPDATE: 6/2008 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Peter deMenocal, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-058 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Cullen, H.M., et al. 2008. Gulf of Oman M5-422 Eolian Mineral Dust Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-058. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Cullen, H.M., P.B. deMenocal, S. Hemming, G. Hemming, F.H. Brown, T. Guilderson, and F. Sirocko. 2000. Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea. Geology, Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 379–382 (April 2000). ABSTRACT: The Akkadian empire ruled Mesopotamia from the headwaters of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers to the Persian Gulf during the late third millennium B.C. Archeological evidence has shown that this highly developed civilization collapsed abruptly near 4170 ± 150 calendar yr B.P., perhaps related to a shift to more arid conditions. Detailed paleoclimate records to test this assertion from Mesopotamia are rare, but changes in regional aridity are preserved in adjacent ocean basins. We document Holocene changes in regional aridity using mineralogic and geochemical analyses of a marine sediment core from the Gulf of Oman, which is directly downwind of Mesopotamian dust source areas and archeological sites. Our results document a very abrupt increase in eolian dust and Mesopotamian aridity, accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon dated to 4025 ± 125 calendar yr B.P., which persisted for ~300 yr. Radiogenic (Nd and Sr) isotope analyses confirm that the observed increase in mineral dust was derived from Mesopotamian source areas. Geochemical correlation of volcanic ash shards between the archeological site and marine sediment record establishes a direct temporal link between Mesopotamian aridification and social collapse, implicating a sudden shift to more arid conditions as a key factor contributing to the collapse of the Akkadian empire. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea PERIOD OF RECORD: 26 - 1 KYrBP DESCRIPTION: Core M5-422 from the Gulf of Oman was continuously subsampled at 2 cm intervals to reconstruct a marine sediment record of Holocene variations in regional aridity. Temporal resolution averages about 100 yr. A dramatic mid-Holocene increase in eolian dolomite and calcite deposition occurred between 70 and 56 cm in the core, corresponding to an ~400 yr period spanning 4025–3625 B.P. CaCO3 percent was measured by coulometry and the dolomite percent was measured by quantitative X-ray diffraction using calibrated equations derived from XRD analyses of known mineral admixture sample standards. Gulf of Oman core M5-422: 24°23.40'N, 59°2.50'E, 2732 m water depth. DATA: 1. M5-422 CaCO3 data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Age (yr BP) Column 3: %CaCO3 Depth Age %CaCO3 2 1388.5 13.36 4 1471.4 13.27 6 1554.3 13.83 8 1637.1 13.45 10 1720 13.79 12 1802.9 13.71 14 1885.7 14.04 16 1968.6 14.04 18 2051.5 13.92 20 2134.3 13.82 22 2217.2 14.19 24 2300.1 14.69 26 2383 14.2 28 2465.8 14.9 30 2548.7 14.96 32 2631.6 15.31 34 2714.4 15.35 36 2797.3 16.42 38 2880.2 16.14 40 2963 16.31 42 3045.9 17.9 44 3128.8 18.76 46 3211.7 20.36 48 3294.5 20.99 50 3377.4 21.2 52 3460.3 21.78 54 3543.1 18.86 56 3626 19.57 58 3697.7 21.09 60 3769.3 22.2 62 3841 27.49 64 3905.3 25.15 66 3969.7 34.86 68 4034 38.81 70 4087.3 18.74 72 4140.7 19.72 74 4194 19.01 76 4407.7 21 78 4621.3 20.25 80 4835 20.67 82 5064.9 22.31 84 5294.8 22.29 86 5524.7 26.23 88 5754.5 26.21 90 5984.4 22.72 92 6214.3 21.69 94 6444.2 20.18 96 6674.1 20.87 98 6904 21.34 100 7133.8 21.61 102 7363.7 21.96 104 7593.6 22.84 106 7823.5 21.84 108 8053.4 20.71 110 8283.3 22.5 112 8513.1 23.47 114 8743 23.15 116 8972.9 23.13 118 9202.8 22.15 120 9432.7 22.3 122 9662.6 22.64 124 9892.4 22.44 126 10122.3 21.84 128 10352.2 22.44 130 10582.1 23.15 132 10812 22.98 134 11041.9 23.62 136 11271.8 23.59 138 11501.6 23.32 140 11731.5 25.5 142 11961.4 26.82 144 12191.3 28.98 146 12421.2 30.52 148 12651.1 36.54 149 12766 33.38 150 12880.9 33.12 152 13110.8 33.1 154 13340.7 32.42 156 13570.6 32.5 158 13800.5 31.91 160 14030.4 32.76 162 14260.2 31.89 164 14490.1 31.67 166 14720 30.34 168 14950 30.16 170 15179.8 31.05 172 15409.7 30.95 174 15639.6 31.44 176 15869.4 30.98 178 16099.3 30.69 180 16329.2 31.32 182 16559.1 30.96 184 16789 30.73 186 17018.9 31.06 188 17248.7 31.58 190 17478.6 31.2 192 17708.5 31.12 194 17938.4 31.61 196 18168.3 31.87 198 18398.2 32.85 200 18628 33.29 2. M5-422 Dolomite Data Column 1: Depth (cm) Column 2: Cal. Age (yrs BP) Column 3: Avg. Dolo %wt Column 4: Sample %wt Dolo Depth Age Avg.Dolo%wt %wt Dolo 2 1388.5 1.3596 1.3094 2 1388.5 1.4097 4 1471.4 1.4906 1.4174 4 1471.4 1.5639 6 1554.3 1.6577 1.7926 6 1554.3 1.5228 8 1637.1 1.9018 1.7566 8 1637.1 2.047 10 1720 1.7284 1.6667 10 1720 1.79 12 1802.9 1.5073 1.4508 12 1802.9 1.5639 14 1885.7 1.5163 1.1732 14 1885.7 1.8594 16 1968.6 1.7772 1.6307 16 1968.6 1.9237 18 2051.5 1.5639 1.4456 18 2051.5 1.6821 20 2134.3 1.7116 1.7206 20 2134.3 1.7026 22 2217.2 1.5729 1.7515 22 2217.2 1.3943 24 2300.1 1.8903 1.9597 24 2300.1 1.8209 26 2383 1.6615 1.9622 26 2383 1.3608 28 2465.8 1.632 1.6538 28 2465.8 1.6101 30 2548.7 1.6088 1.3737 30 2548.7 1.844 32 2631.6 1.3621 1.4148 32 2631.6 1.3094 34 2714.4 1.7887 1.8774 34 2714.4 1.7001 36 2797.3 1.6371 1.7026 36 2797.3 1.5716 38 2880.2 2.0188 1.9828 38 2880.2 2.0547 40 2963 1.8363 1.9494 40 2963 1.7232 42 3045.9 1.4289 1.276 42 3045.9 1.5819 44 3128.8 1.7245 2.0522 44 3128.8 1.3968 46 3211.7 2.1177 2.0573 46 3211.7 2.1781 48 3294.5 2.0008 2.1807 48 3294.5 1.8209 50 3377.4 2.0457 2.0959 50 3377.4 1.9956 52 3460.3 2.2051 2.1575 52 3460.3 2.2526 54 3543.1 1.8144 1.7797 54 3543.1 1.8491 56 3626 1.4803 1.3737 56 3626 1.587 58 3697.7 3.1547 3.8563 58 3697.7 2.4531 60 3769.3 2.4184 2.3092 60 3769.3 2.5276 62 3841 2.9093 3.165 62 3841 2.6535 64 3905.3 2.4544 2.0804 64 3905.3 2.8283 66 3969.7 5.5345 4.9768 66 3969.7 6.0922 68 4034 9.369 11.399 68 4034 7.3387 70 4087.3 1.8209 1.7849 70 4087.3 1.8569 72 4140.7 1.9442 2.0419 72 4140.7 1.8466 74 4194 1.5099 1.402 74 4194 1.6178 76 4407.7 2.2616 1.9956 76 4407.7 2.5276 78 4621.3 1.8761 2.0882 78 4621.3 1.6641 80 4835 1.8157 1.8312 80 4835 1.8003 82 4900.3 1.5292 1.4919 82 4900.3 1.5664 84 4965.6 2.4647 2.3169 84 4965.6 2.6124 86 5030.8 2.5495 2.6021 86 5030.8 2.4968 88 5096.1 2.3927 2.286 88 5096.1 2.4994 90 5161.4 3.6314 3.8049 90 5161.4 3.458 92 5226.7 1.8003 2.0265 92 5226.7 1.5741 94 5292 1.3878 1.4302 94 5292 1.3454 96 5357.2 1.33 1.4122 96 5357.2 1.2478 98 5422.5 0.82885 1.6127 98 5422.5 100 5487.8 1.4803 1.659 100 5487.8 1.3017 102 5553.1 1.348 1.3249 102 5553.1 1.3711 104 5618.4 1.6243 1.7258 104 5618.4 1.5228 106 5812.7 1.7823 1.9854 106 5812.7 1.5793 108 6136.1 1.6423 1.4122 108 6136.1 1.8723 110 6459.5 0.74404 110 6459.5 1.4431 112 6782.9 1.5176 1.5433 112 6782.9 1.4919 114 7106.3 1.6628 1.7335 114 7106.3 1.5921 116 7429.8 1.5819 1.42 116 7429.8 1.7438 118 7753.2 2.1228 1.6898 118 7753.2 2.5559 120 8076.6 1.5253 1.6281 120 8076.6 1.4225 122 8400 1.4495 1.5741 122 8400 1.3249 124 8723.4 1.2259 1.1861 124 8723.4 1.2658 126 9046.8 1.7476 2.0907 126 9046.8 1.4045 128 9370.2 1.7026 1.6847 128 9370.2 1.7206 130 9693.6 1.2812 1.3943 130 9693.6 1.1681 132 10017 1.3287 1.312 132 10017 1.3454 134 10340.4 1.7836 1.916 134 10340.4 1.6513 136 10663.8 1.7065 1.6692 136 10663.8 1.7438 138 10987.2 1.6268 1.7206 138 10987.2 1.533 140 11310.7 2.0098 2.1241 140 11310.7 1.8954 142 11634.1 2.8309 3.0725 142 11634.1 2.5893 144 11957.5 2.9594 2.8335 144 11957.5 3.0853 146 12280.9 2.2051 2.358 146 12280.9 2.0522 148 12604.3 5.0758 5.0976 148 12604.3 5.0539 149 12766 5.5384 4.9974 149 12766 6.0794 150 13024.8 4.5297 4.8997 150 13024.8 4.1596 152 13542.4 4.8753 4.0979 152 13542.4 5.6527 154 14060 4.0799 4.2778 154 14060 3.882 156 14577.6 3.5222 3.9154 156 14577.6 3.129 158 15095.2 5.3546 4.5348 158 15095.2 6.1744 160 15612.8 4.8278 3.9694 160 15612.8 5.6862 162 16130.5 4.8792 4.8098 162 16130.5 4.9486 164 16648.1 4.1763 4.5476 164 16648.1 3.8049 170 18200.9 4.9164 5.6039 170 18200.9 4.229 174 19236.1 3.0159 3.0673 174 19236.1 2.962 176 19753.7 4.5245 4.5245 176 19753.7 178 20271.3 3.4027 3.6533 178 20271.3 3.1521 180 20788.9 3.7073 180 20788.9 3.7073 182 21306.5 4.8817 4.3009 182 21306.5 5.4626 184 21824.2 3.9488 184 21824.2 3.9488 186 22341.8 3.2652 4.2829 186 22341.8 2.2475 188 22859.4 4.0131 4.486 188 22859.4 3.5402 190 23377 3.2703 3.2369 190 23377 3.3038 192 23894.6 4.5322 4.3009 192 23894.6 4.7635 194 24412.2 3.3038 3.4168 194 24412.2 3.1907 196 24929.8 4.6838 3.7355 196 24929.8 5.6322 198 25447.4 3.9514 4.5194 198 25447.4 3.3834 200 25965 4.9614 4.3575 200 25965 5.5654