# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-diatom.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: MD99-2275 # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 66.55167 # Southernmost_Latitude: 66.55167 # Easternmost_Longitude: -17.69983 # Westernmost_Longitude: -17.69983 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: MD99-2275-diatoms # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1996 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Original data from Ran et al., 2011. #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,N ## SST-diat sea surface temperature,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,,from diatoms,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST-diat 1996 7.088 1995 7.070 1994 7.069 1993 7.079 1992 7.095 1991 7.117 1990 7.142 1989 7.165 1988 7.186 1987 7.202 1986 7.213 1985 7.218 1984 7.218 1983 7.213 1982 7.204 1981 7.191 1980 7.177 1979 7.161 1978 7.144 1977 7.125 1976 7.104 1975 7.083 1974 7.060 1973 7.038 1972 7.017 1971 7.000 1970 6.988 1969 6.985 1968 6.994 1967 7.015 1966 7.051 1965 7.099 1964 7.157 1963 7.222 1962 7.290 1961 7.355 1960 7.414 1959 7.463 1958 7.500 1957 7.525 1956 7.537 1955 7.536 1954 7.525 1953 7.505 1952 7.477 1951 7.445 1950 7.409 1949 7.370 1948 7.330 1947 7.290 1946 7.250 1945 7.210 1944 7.173 1943 7.139 1942 7.107 1941 7.080 1940 7.057 1939 7.038 1938 7.025 1937 7.017 1936 7.014 1935 7.016 1934 7.022 1933 7.032 1932 7.044 1931 7.057 1930 7.070 1929 7.082 1928 7.090 1927 7.093 1926 7.090 1925 7.081 1924 7.065 1923 7.044 1922 7.018 1921 6.991 1920 6.965 1919 6.944 1918 6.931 1917 6.928 1916 6.935 1915 6.952 1914 6.975 1913 7.000 1912 7.023 1911 7.038 1910 7.041 1909 7.029 1908 7.002 1907 6.961 1906 6.908 1905 6.849 1904 6.788 1903 6.731 1902 6.683 1901 6.647 1900 6.628 1899 6.627 1898 6.643 1897 6.675 1896 6.718 1895 6.769 1894 6.824 1893 6.881 1892 6.939 1891 6.996 1890 7.053 1889 7.111 1888 7.168 1887 7.224 1886 7.276 1885 7.319 1884 7.349 1883 7.361 1882 7.355 1881 7.330 1880 7.290 1879 7.238 1878 7.181 1877 7.124 1876 7.068 1875 7.019 1874 6.977 1873 6.945 1872 6.925 1871 6.917 1870 6.922 1869 6.934 1868 6.949 1867 6.961 1866 6.968 1865 6.970 1864 6.968 1863 6.968 1862 6.974 1861 6.987 1860 7.010 1859 7.041 1858 7.077 1857 7.114 1856 7.151 1855 7.186 1854 7.217 1853 7.245 1852 7.268 1851 7.287 1850 7.301 1849 7.312 1848 7.320 1847 7.326 1846 7.328 1845 7.328 1844 7.324 1843 7.316 1842 7.302 1841 7.280 1840 7.247 1839 7.200 1838 7.138 1837 7.062 1836 6.973 1835 6.874 1834 6.773 1833 6.676 1832 6.592 1831 6.528 1830 6.490 1829 6.479 1828 6.494 1827 6.528 1826 6.576 1825 6.629 1824 6.686 1823 6.742 1822 6.798 1821 6.854 1820 6.908 1819 6.957 1818 6.999 1817 7.031 1816 7.054 1815 7.068 1814 7.080 1813 7.092 1812 7.106 1811 7.125 1810 7.145 1809 7.165 1808 7.183 1807 7.196 1806 7.205 1805 7.208 1804 7.205 1803 7.195 1802 7.180 1801 7.161 1800 7.140 1799 7.119 1798 7.099 1797 7.081 1796 7.065 1795 7.051 1794 7.036 1793 7.021 1792 7.004 1791 6.987 1790 6.972 1789 6.962 1788 6.957 1787 6.958 1786 6.965 1785 6.975 1784 6.984 1783 6.991 1782 6.995 1781 6.997 1780 7.000 1779 7.008 1778 7.026 1777 7.055 1776 7.096 1775 7.145 1774 7.199 1773 7.252 1772 7.300 1771 7.338 1770 7.364 1769 7.378 1768 7.380 1767 7.374 1766 7.362 1765 7.349 1764 7.339 1763 7.333 1762 7.335 1761 7.344 1760 7.359 1759 7.380 1758 7.404 1757 7.429 1756 7.454 1755 7.477 1754 7.497 1753 7.513 1752 7.523 1751 7.527 1750 7.523 1749 7.512 1748 7.493 1747 7.466 1746 7.432 1745 7.393 1744 7.351 1743 7.309 1742 7.270 1741 7.240 1740 7.221 1739 7.218 1738 7.231 1737 7.262 1736 7.311 1735 7.374 1734 7.447 1733 7.523 1732 7.595 1731 7.657 1730 7.702 1729 7.727 1728 7.730 1727 7.712 1726 7.677 1725 7.631 1724 7.580 1723 7.528 1722 7.479 1721 7.438 1720 7.404 1719 7.377 1718 7.354 1717 7.332 1716 7.306 1715 7.273 1714 7.231 1713 7.177 1712 7.114 1711 7.045 1710 6.975 1709 6.912 1708 6.861 1707 6.830 1706 6.822 1705 6.839 1704 6.882 1703 6.946 1702 7.027 1701 7.116 1700 7.207 1699 7.291 1698 7.365 1697 7.423 1696 7.464 1695 7.488 1694 7.497 1693 7.493 1692 7.480 1691 7.462 1690 7.442 1689 7.421 1688 7.402 1687 7.386 1686 7.372 1685 7.361 1684 7.352 1683 7.345 1682 7.337 1681 7.330 1680 7.322 1679 7.311 1678 7.299 1677 7.285 1676 7.267 1675 7.247 1674 7.226 1673 7.202 1672 7.178 1671 7.155 1670 7.133 1669 7.114 1668 7.098 1667 7.087 1666 7.081 1665 7.078 1664 7.080 1663 7.084 1662 7.090 1661 7.098 1660 7.105 1659 7.111 1658 7.116 1657 7.117 1656 7.116 1655 7.110 1654 7.101 1653 7.087 1652 7.070 1651 7.048 1650 7.025 1649 6.999 1648 6.974 1647 6.949 1646 6.927 1645 6.908 1644 6.894 1643 6.884 1642 6.879 1641 6.876 1640 6.874 1639 6.873 1638 6.869 1637 6.863 1636 6.854 1635 6.841 1634 6.826 1633 6.811 1632 6.796 1631 6.785 1630 6.778 1629 6.778 1628 6.786 1627 6.799 1626 6.819 1625 6.842 1624 6.868 1623 6.893 1622 6.915 1621 6.934 1620 6.949 1619 6.959 1618 6.967 1617 6.973 1616 6.980 1615 6.989 1614 7.002 1613 7.019 1612 7.041 1611 7.066 1610 7.093 1609 7.119 1608 7.141 1607 7.158 1606 7.166 1605 7.166 1604 7.158 1603 7.144 1602 7.126 1601 7.107 1600 7.091 1599 7.082 1598 7.080 1597 7.089 1596 7.107 1595 7.132 1594 7.162 1593 7.194 1592 7.225 1591 7.250 1590 7.269 1589 7.280 1588 7.284 1587 7.283 1586 7.279 1585 7.274 1584 7.272 1583 7.274 1582 7.283 1581 7.297 1580 7.317 1579 7.340 1578 7.364 1577 7.386 1576 7.405 1575 7.416 1574 7.419 1573 7.413 1572 7.398 1571 7.374 1570 7.344 1569 7.308 1568 7.269 1567 7.228 1566 7.186 1565 7.146 1564 7.108 1563 7.073 1562 7.042 1561 7.016 1560 6.994 1559 6.978 1558 6.968 1557 6.965 1556 6.969 1555 6.982 1554 7.002 1553 7.030 1552 7.067 1551 7.110 1550 7.159 1549 7.211 1548 7.264 1547 7.316 1546 7.363 1545 7.405 1544 7.438 1543 7.461 1542 7.474 1541 7.477 1540 7.469 1539 7.451 1538 7.425 1537 7.391 1536 7.350 1535 7.304 1534 7.253 1533 7.199 1532 7.143 1531 7.086 1530 7.030 1529 6.976 1528 6.926 1527 6.882 1526 6.844 1525 6.817 1524 6.800 1523 6.795 1522 6.803 1521 6.824 1520 6.856 1519 6.899 1518 6.949 1517 7.003 1516 7.056 1515 7.105 1514 7.147 1513 7.179 1512 7.199 1511 7.207 1510 7.203 1509 7.189 1508 7.167 1507 7.137 1506 7.102 1505 7.063 1504 7.019 1503 6.972 1502 6.921 1501 6.865 1500 6.804 1499 6.737 1498 6.665 1497 6.590 1496 6.515 1495 6.442 1494 6.376 1493 6.321 1492 6.280 1491 6.256 1490 6.252 1489 6.267 1488 6.300 1487 6.348 1486 6.406 1485 6.471 1484 6.537 1483 6.601 1482 6.659 1481 6.711 1480 6.755 1479 6.794 1478 6.828 1477 6.858 1476 6.887 1475 6.913 1474 6.937 1473 6.957 1472 6.971 1471 6.978 1470 6.975 1469 6.963 1468 6.944 1467 6.918 1466 6.891 1465 6.867 1464 6.848 1463 6.840 1462 6.843 1461 6.861 1460 6.893 1459 6.940 1458 6.999 1457 7.070 1456 7.149 1455 7.234 1454 7.321 1453 7.407 1452 7.489 1451 7.564 1450 7.629 1449 7.682 1448 7.718 1447 7.738 1446 7.741 1445 7.726 1444 7.694 1443 7.649 1442 7.593 1441 7.530 1440 7.465 1439 7.403 1438 7.348 1437 7.304 1436 7.272 1435 7.254 1434 7.247 1433 7.248 1432 7.253 1431 7.259 1430 7.260 1429 7.254 1428 7.239 1427 7.217 1426 7.187 1425 7.152 1424 7.116 1423 7.082 1422 7.054 1421 7.036 1420 7.030 1419 7.036 1418 7.053 1417 7.079 1416 7.110 1415 7.143 1414 7.172 1413 7.196 1412 7.211 1411 7.218 1410 7.216 1409 7.207 1408 7.194 1407 7.177 1406 7.160 1405 7.143 1404 7.129 1403 7.117 1402 7.109 1401 7.103 1400 7.100 1399 7.099 1398 7.099 1397 7.101 1396 7.106 1395 7.112 1394 7.121 1393 7.134 1392 7.150 1391 7.172 1390 7.198 1389 7.227 1388 7.260 1387 7.293 1386 7.324 1385 7.350 1384 7.366 1383 7.368 1382 7.353 1381 7.319 1380 7.264 1379 7.190 1378 7.099 1377 6.995 1376 6.886 1375 6.777 1374 6.676 1373 6.590 1372 6.525 1371 6.485 1370 6.473 1369 6.487 1368 6.527 1367 6.586 1366 6.660 1365 6.740 1364 6.821 1363 6.895 1362 6.958 1361 7.007 1360 7.041 1359 7.059 1358 7.064 1357 7.061 1356 7.052 1355 7.043 1354 7.038 1353 7.041 1352 7.053 1351 7.076 1350 7.107 1349 7.144 1348 7.183 1347 7.218 1346 7.243 1345 7.255 1344 7.248 1343 7.221 1342 7.174 1341 7.108 1340 7.028 1339 6.939 1338 6.848 1337 6.762 1336 6.688 1335 6.630 1334 6.594 1333 6.581 1332 6.591 1331 6.623 1330 6.672 1329 6.734 1328 6.803 1327 6.874 1326 6.942 1325 7.005 1324 7.059 1323 7.104 1322 7.142 1321 7.172 1320 7.197 1319 7.220 1318 7.243 1317 7.268 1316 7.296 1315 7.328 1314 7.366 1313 7.407 1312 7.450 1311 7.495 1310 7.539 1309 7.579 1308 7.614 1307 7.643 1306 7.665 1305 7.679 1304 7.685 1303 7.684 1302 7.677 1301 7.665 1300 7.651 1299 7.635 1298 7.618 1297 7.603 1296 7.590 1295 7.580 1294 7.573 1293 7.569 1292 7.567 1291 7.569 1290 7.572 1289 7.576 1288 7.582 1287 7.587 1286 7.593 1285 7.597 1284 7.601 1283 7.603 1282 7.605 1281 7.605 1280 7.604 1279 7.602 1278 7.598 1277 7.594 1276 7.590 1275 7.584 1274 7.578 1273 7.572 1272 7.565 1271 7.557 1270 7.549 1269 7.540 1268 7.531 1267 7.521 1266 7.511 1265 7.501 1264 7.491 1263 7.482 1262 7.474 1261 7.467 1260 7.463 1259 7.462 1258 7.465 1257 7.473 1256 7.485 1255 7.502 1254 7.525 1253 7.552 1252 7.585 1251 7.621 1250 7.660 1249 7.702 1248 7.744 1247 7.787 1246 7.828 1245 7.868 1244 7.904 1243 7.936 1242 7.963 1241 7.986 1240 8.003 1239 8.015 1238 8.023 1237 8.025 1236 8.024 1235 8.020 1234 8.013 1233 8.004 1232 7.994 1231 7.983 1230 7.972 1229 7.960 1228 7.949 1227 7.938 1226 7.928 1225 7.917 1224 7.907 1223 7.897 1222 7.888 1221 7.879 1220 7.871 1219 7.864 1218 7.858 1217 7.852 1216 7.848 1215 7.845 1214 7.843 1213 7.843 1212 7.844 1211 7.846 1210 7.849 1209 7.853 1208 7.857 1207 7.861 1206 7.866 1205 7.869 1204 7.872 1203 7.874 1202 7.874 1201 7.873 1200 7.870 1199 7.866 1198 7.860 1197 7.854 1196 7.847 1195 7.840 1194 7.834 1193 7.829 1192 7.826 1191 7.826 1190 7.829 1189 7.836 1188 7.847 1187 7.862 1186 7.882 1185 7.906 1184 7.934 1183 7.964 1182 7.997 1181 8.030 1180 8.062 1179 8.092 1178 8.117 1177 8.136 1176 8.149 1175 8.153 1174 8.149 1173 8.136 1172 8.114 1171 8.084 1170 8.047 1169 8.004 1168 7.957 1167 7.906 1166 7.854 1165 7.803 1164 7.754 1163 7.708 1162 7.667 1161 7.633 1160 7.605 1159 7.586 1158 7.574 1157 7.569 1156 7.571 1155 7.579 1154 7.591 1153 7.606 1152 7.622 1151 7.637 1150 7.651 1149 7.662 1148 7.669 1147 7.670 1146 7.667 1145 7.658 1144 7.645 1143 7.628 1142 7.608 1141 7.587 1140 7.565 1139 7.545 1138 7.527 1137 7.514 1136 7.506 1135 7.506 1134 7.514 1133 7.532 1132 7.560 1131 7.598 1130 7.645 1129 7.701 1128 7.763 1127 7.830 1126 7.899 1125 7.965 1124 8.027 1123 8.081 1122 8.123 1121 8.151 1120 8.164 1119 8.159 1118 8.137 1117 8.099 1116 8.045 1115 7.977 1114 7.900 1113 7.815 1112 7.727 1111 7.639 1110 7.555 1109 7.479 1108 7.414 1107 7.363 1106 7.328 1105 7.309 1104 7.309 1103 7.325 1102 7.357 1101 7.403 1100 7.459 1099 7.523 1098 7.592 1097 7.662 1096 7.731 1095 7.797 1094 7.856 1093 7.909 1092 7.954 1091 7.992 1090 8.022 1089 8.046 1088 8.063 1087 8.074 1086 8.080 1085 8.083 1084 8.081 1083 8.077 1082 8.070 1081 8.061 1080 8.050 1079 8.037 1078 8.022 1077 8.006 1076 7.988 1075 7.968 1074 7.947 1073 7.924 1072 7.899 1071 7.872 1070 7.844 1069 7.814 1068 7.782 1067 7.748 1066 7.713 1065 7.677 1064 7.640 1063 7.604 1062 7.568 1061 7.535 1060 7.505 1059 7.479 1058 7.458 1057 7.445 1056 7.438 1055 7.440 1054 7.450 1053 7.468 1052 7.494 1051 7.528 1050 7.567 1049 7.610 1048 7.655 1047 7.699 1046 7.740 1045 7.777 1044 7.806 1043 7.828 1042 7.840 1041 7.843 1040 7.836 1039 7.822 1038 7.800 1037 7.773 1036 7.742 1035 7.710 1034 7.679 1033 7.651 1032 7.628 1031 7.611 1030 7.601 1029 7.600 1028 7.609 1027 7.625 1026 7.650 1025 7.682 1024 7.719 1023 7.760 1022 7.803 1021 7.846 1020 7.888 1019 7.928 1018 7.964 1017 7.996 1016 8.023 1015 8.046 1014 8.065 1013 8.079 1012 8.091 1011 8.100 1010 8.107 1009 8.112 1008 8.117 1007 8.121 1006 8.125 1005 8.129 1004 8.133 1003 8.137 1002 8.141 1001 8.145 1000 8.148