# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-iceland-shelf.txt # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: North Icelandic Shelf # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 66.5265 # Southernmost_Latitude: 66.5265 # Easternmost_Longitude: -18.19567 # Westernmost_Longitude: -18.19567 # Elevation: -83 #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: B05AD03-SST13 # First_Year: 1185 # Last_Year: 1995 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Original data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013 #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,N ## SSTa.island sea surface temperature,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,,from Arctica islandica shell growth increments,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SSTa.island 1995 3.309 1994 3.319 1993 3.335 1992 3.346 1991 3.353 1990 3.356 1989 3.351 1988 3.335 1987 3.305 1986 3.269 1985 3.211 1984 3.138 1983 3.062 1982 2.980 1981 2.896 1980 2.840 1979 2.807 1978 2.799 1977 2.821 1976 2.871 1975 2.933 1974 3.011 1973 3.085 1972 3.154 1971 3.202 1970 3.225 1969 3.225 1968 3.197 1967 3.153 1966 3.108 1965 3.072 1964 3.059 1963 3.067 1962 3.095 1961 3.139 1960 3.206 1959 3.267 1958 3.329 1957 3.391 1956 3.445 1955 3.480 1954 3.507 1953 3.519 1952 3.532 1951 3.538 1950 3.535 1949 3.523 1948 3.496 1947 3.471 1946 3.434 1945 3.385 1944 3.338 1943 3.303 1942 3.274 1941 3.254 1940 3.237 1939 3.219 1938 3.200 1937 3.174 1936 3.135 1935 3.107 1934 3.091 1933 3.089 1932 3.111 1931 3.157 1930 3.216 1929 3.293 1928 3.369 1927 3.436 1926 3.481 1925 3.493 1924 3.473 1923 3.423 1922 3.339 1921 3.234 1920 3.110 1919 2.988 1918 2.879 1917 2.787 1916 2.721 1915 2.692 1914 2.685 1913 2.711 1912 2.761 1911 2.823 1910 2.883 1909 2.947 1908 2.990 1907 3.009 1906 3.003 1905 2.962 1904 2.894 1903 2.809 1902 2.703 1901 2.607 1900 2.530 1899 2.473 1898 2.452 1897 2.460 1896 2.508 1895 2.596 1894 2.710 1893 2.843 1892 2.980 1891 3.113 1890 3.224 1889 3.315 1888 3.377 1887 3.404 1886 3.408 1885 3.379 1884 3.342 1883 3.317 1882 3.297 1881 3.307 1880 3.337 1879 3.384 1878 3.454 1877 3.507 1876 3.555 1875 3.577 1874 3.558 1873 3.509 1872 3.431 1871 3.328 1870 3.197 1869 3.055 1868 2.911 1867 2.776 1866 2.656 1865 2.563 1864 2.503 1863 2.462 1862 2.437 1861 2.442 1860 2.469 1859 2.512 1858 2.581 1857 2.657 1856 2.761 1855 2.864 1854 2.976 1853 3.088 1852 3.190 1851 3.280 1850 3.363 1849 3.441 1848 3.512 1847 3.576 1846 3.646 1845 3.726 1844 3.801 1843 3.884 1842 3.967 1841 4.044 1840 4.093 1839 4.110 1838 4.095 1837 4.040 1836 3.944 1835 3.814 1834 3.654 1833 3.474 1832 3.296 1831 3.129 1830 2.976 1829 2.856 1828 2.764 1827 2.707 1826 2.686 1825 2.686 1824 2.700 1823 2.711 1822 2.705 1821 2.667 1820 2.598 1819 2.518 1818 2.422 1817 2.319 1816 2.209 1815 2.121 1814 2.062 1813 2.030 1812 2.023 1811 2.031 1810 2.069 1809 2.129 1808 2.184 1807 2.258 1806 2.337 1805 2.413 1804 2.502 1803 2.596 1802 2.693 1801 2.793 1800 2.903 1799 3.007 1798 3.101 1797 3.195 1796 3.289 1795 3.387 1794 3.475 1793 3.551 1792 3.630 1791 3.706 1790 3.767 1789 3.808 1788 3.829 1787 3.827 1786 3.788 1785 3.721 1784 3.631 1783 3.516 1782 3.391 1781 3.264 1780 3.132 1779 3.005 1778 2.900 1777 2.821 1776 2.777 1775 2.773 1774 2.809 1773 2.893 1772 3.010 1771 3.158 1770 3.301 1769 3.438 1768 3.553 1767 3.632 1766 3.682 1765 3.700 1764 3.691 1763 3.658 1762 3.633 1761 3.610 1760 3.590 1759 3.587 1758 3.591 1757 3.593 1756 3.589 1755 3.577 1754 3.553 1753 3.517 1752 3.468 1751 3.401 1750 3.317 1749 3.232 1748 3.151 1747 3.085 1746 3.032 1745 2.998 1744 2.999 1743 3.024 1742 3.072 1741 3.126 1740 3.194 1739 3.273 1738 3.354 1737 3.448 1736 3.547 1735 3.653 1734 3.774 1733 3.896 1732 4.028 1731 4.151 1730 4.268 1729 4.360 1728 4.421 1727 4.429 1726 4.379 1725 4.290 1724 4.158 1723 3.996 1722 3.834 1721 3.679 1720 3.552 1719 3.467 1718 3.424 1717 3.416 1716 3.443 1715 3.498 1714 3.571 1713 3.633 1712 3.683 1711 3.705 1710 3.691 1709 3.645 1708 3.562 1707 3.450 1706 3.330 1705 3.206 1704 3.076 1703 2.961 1702 2.856 1701 2.766 1700 2.695 1699 2.632 1698 2.599 1697 2.576 1696 2.577 1695 2.589 1694 2.616 1693 2.643 1692 2.682 1691 2.730 1690 2.775 1689 2.831 1688 2.883 1687 2.945 1686 3.002 1685 3.057 1684 3.102 1683 3.138 1682 3.142 1681 3.126 1680 3.096 1679 3.053 1678 3.005 1677 2.958 1676 2.944 1675 2.953 1674 2.983 1673 3.030 1672 3.102 1671 3.169 1670 3.235 1669 3.294 1668 3.337 1667 3.363 1666 3.375 1665 3.373 1664 3.362 1663 3.341 1662 3.331 1661 3.336 1660 3.354 1659 3.393 1658 3.455 1657 3.529 1656 3.607 1655 3.666 1654 3.708 1653 3.728 1652 3.723 1651 3.684 1650 3.632 1649 3.567 1648 3.500 1647 3.447 1646 3.408 1645 3.385 1644 3.381 1643 3.392 1642 3.423 1641 3.460 1640 3.501 1639 3.560 1638 3.618 1637 3.674 1636 3.735 1635 3.783 1634 3.833 1633 3.860 1632 3.869 1631 3.858 1630 3.832 1629 3.788 1628 3.728 1627 3.660 1626 3.588 1625 3.517 1624 3.462 1623 3.420 1622 3.408 1621 3.426 1620 3.468 1619 3.540 1618 3.636 1617 3.754 1616 3.872 1615 3.985 1614 4.088 1613 4.159 1612 4.212 1611 4.231 1610 4.236 1609 4.215 1608 4.188 1607 4.150 1606 4.117 1605 4.094 1604 4.086 1603 4.087 1602 4.103 1601 4.125 1600 4.143 1599 4.179 1598 4.212 1597 4.227 1596 4.234 1595 4.229 1594 4.190 1593 4.125 1592 4.035 1591 3.906 1590 3.766 1589 3.610 1588 3.479 1587 3.378 1586 3.313 1585 3.281 1584 3.272 1583 3.290 1582 3.318 1581 3.365 1580 3.404 1579 3.454 1578 3.483 1577 3.524 1576 3.563 1575 3.599 1574 3.625 1573 3.636 1572 3.624 1571 3.580 1570 3.508 1569 3.403 1568 3.288 1567 3.168 1566 3.063 1565 3.010 1564 3.009 1563 3.056 1562 3.147 1561 3.274 1560 3.413 1559 3.560 1558 3.681 1557 3.770 1556 3.808 1555 3.801 1554 3.762 1553 3.693 1552 3.602 1551 3.492 1550 3.378 1549 3.262 1548 3.147 1547 3.021 1546 2.903 1545 2.782 1544 2.656 1543 2.530 1542 2.416 1541 2.313 1540 2.213 1539 2.130 1538 2.067 1537 2.022 1536 2.021 1535 2.043 1534 2.101 1533 2.178 1532 2.286 1531 2.417 1530 2.556 1529 2.686 1528 2.800 1527 2.884 1526 2.952 1525 2.972 1524 2.961 1523 2.928 1522 2.868 1521 2.789 1520 2.698 1519 2.623 1518 2.560 1517 2.527 1516 2.523 1515 2.536 1514 2.576 1513 2.648 1512 2.735 1511 2.838 1510 2.949 1509 3.079 1508 3.210 1507 3.347 1506 3.475 1505 3.590 1504 3.692 1503 3.770 1502 3.825 1501 3.864 1500 3.880 1499 3.881 1498 3.860 1497 3.833 1496 3.797 1495 3.759 1494 3.720 1493 3.683 1492 3.650 1491 3.633 1490 3.642 1489 3.676 1488 3.718 1487 3.788 1486 3.855 1485 3.933 1484 4.002 1483 4.066 1482 4.123 1481 4.163 1480 4.191 1479 4.208 1478 4.198 1477 4.163 1476 4.092 1475 3.990 1474 3.867 1473 3.724 1472 3.581 1471 3.441 1470 3.326 1469 3.238 1468 3.187 1467 3.185 1466 3.216 1465 3.287 1464 3.368 1463 3.465 1462 3.562 1461 3.648 1460 3.716 1459 3.766 1458 3.798 1457 3.820 1456 3.834 1455 3.841 1454 3.848 1453 3.847 1452 3.841 1451 3.821 1450 3.801 1449 3.774 1448 3.743 1447 3.723 1446 3.704 1445 3.693 1444 3.687 1443 3.689 1442 3.690 1441 3.697 1440 3.701 1439 3.701 1438 3.699 1437 3.690 1436 3.671 1435 3.631 1434 3.578 1433 3.506 1432 3.423 1431 3.336 1430 3.247 1429 3.164 1428 3.097 1427 3.054 1426 3.032 1425 3.043 1424 3.069 1423 3.128 1422 3.200 1421 3.281 1420 3.357 1419 3.426 1418 3.477 1417 3.497 1416 3.494 1415 3.466 1414 3.426 1413 3.376 1412 3.329 1411 3.278 1410 3.227 1409 3.174 1408 3.109 1407 3.047 1406 2.990 1405 2.941 1404 2.906 1403 2.897 1402 2.893 1401 2.923 1400 2.951 1399 2.997 1398 3.035 1397 3.079 1396 3.123 1395 3.165 1394 3.212 1393 3.280 1392 3.349 1391 3.422 1390 3.495 1389 3.558 1388 3.602 1387 3.620 1386 3.601 1385 3.555 1384 3.493 1383 3.426 1382 3.365 1381 3.322 1380 3.294 1379 3.309 1378 3.346 1377 3.411 1376 3.489 1375 3.576 1374 3.654 1373 3.706 1372 3.727 1371 3.729 1370 3.698 1369 3.639 1368 3.559 1367 3.472 1366 3.389 1365 3.317 1364 3.257 1363 3.212 1362 3.185 1361 3.177 1360 3.184 1359 3.201 1358 3.225 1357 3.245 1356 3.270 1355 3.278 1354 3.271 1353 3.249 1352 3.219 1351 3.168 1350 3.116 1349 3.078 1348 3.057 1347 3.058 1346 3.094 1345 3.152 1344 3.239 1343 3.344 1342 3.446 1341 3.544 1340 3.614 1339 3.636 1338 3.610 1337 3.542 1336 3.437 1335 3.297 1334 3.145 1333 2.988 1332 2.839 1331 2.700 1330 2.587 1329 2.496 1328 2.423 1327 2.378 1326 2.353 1325 2.333 1324 2.327 1323 2.325 1322 2.323 1321 2.338 1320 2.340 1319 2.354 1318 2.377 1317 2.395 1316 2.398 1315 2.400 1314 2.393 1313 2.382 1312 2.378 1311 2.373 1310 2.375 1309 2.388 1308 2.423 1307 2.483 1306 2.556 1305 2.650 1304 2.766 1303 2.893 1302 3.028 1301 3.164 1300 3.284 1299 3.397 1298 3.492 1297 3.575 1296 3.647 1295 3.717 1294 3.776 1293 3.839 1292 3.888 1291 3.931 1290 3.957 1289 3.963 1288 3.945 1287 3.911 1286 3.860 1285 3.811 1284 3.757 1283 3.712 1282 3.687 1281 3.684 1280 3.688 1279 3.703 1278 3.721 1277 3.728 1276 3.716 1275 3.685 1274 3.624 1273 3.544 1272 3.449 1271 3.358 1270 3.270 1269 3.209 1268 3.171 1267 3.159 1266 3.169 1265 3.195 1264 3.228 1263 3.266 1262 3.292 1261 3.298 1260 3.280 1259 3.254 1258 3.212 1257 3.158 1256 3.111 1255 3.083 1254 3.080 1253 3.121 1252 3.204 1251 3.322 1250 3.474 1249 3.647 1248 3.820 1247 3.981 1246 4.113 1245 4.208 1244 4.281 1243 4.316 1242 4.331 1241 4.333 1240 4.343 1239 4.360 1238 4.386 1237 4.421 1236 4.463 1235 4.488 1234 4.486 1233 4.435 1232 4.335 1231 4.190 1230 4.000 1229 3.775 1228 3.537 1227 3.300 1226 3.076 1225 2.890 1224 2.734 1223 2.610 1222 2.535 1221 2.494 1220 2.488 1219 2.501 1218 2.528 1217 2.553 1216 2.565 1215 2.558 1214 2.543 1213 2.516 1212 2.493 1211 2.474 1210 2.472 1209 2.494 1208 2.551 1207 2.652 1206 2.782 1205 2.941 1204 3.105 1203 3.281 1202 3.452 1201 3.600 1200 3.716 1199 3.804 1198 3.854 1197 3.872 1196 3.869 1195 3.845 1194 3.805 1193 3.761 1192 3.715 1191 3.679 1190 3.651 1189 3.618 1188 3.598 1187 3.572 1186 3.533 1185 3.497