# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-n-comp.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Norwegian Margin # Location: Norwegian Sea # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 69.48333 # Southernmost_Latitude: 60.86667 # Easternmost_Longitude: 18.36667 # Westernmost_Longitude: 3.73333 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: Norwegian-composite-SST # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1974 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Composite record derived from records N1-N6 in this study, normalised for the period 1000 - 1974 AD. #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,,N ## SST-anom.recon sea surface temperature anomaly,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,period 1000-1974 AD,reconstruction,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST-anom.recon 1974 1.489 1973 1.545 1972 1.585 1971 1.615 1970 1.630 1969 1.637 1968 1.646 1967 1.657 1966 1.682 1965 1.720 1964 1.777 1963 1.847 1962 1.935 1961 2.023 1960 2.114 1959 2.183 1958 2.234 1957 2.249 1956 2.238 1955 2.192 1954 2.116 1953 2.021 1952 1.913 1951 1.801 1950 1.679 1949 1.548 1948 1.422 1947 1.289 1946 1.158 1945 1.014 1944 0.870 1943 0.726 1942 0.578 1941 0.433 1940 0.284 1939 0.133 1938 -0.010 1937 -0.145 1936 -0.273 1935 -0.389 1934 -0.490 1933 -0.577 1932 -0.643 1931 -0.700 1930 -0.741 1929 -0.765 1928 -0.777 1927 -0.771 1926 -0.746 1925 -0.697 1924 -0.631 1923 -0.560 1922 -0.493 1921 -0.431 1920 -0.379 1919 -0.339 1918 -0.311 1917 -0.289 1916 -0.269 1915 -0.266 1914 -0.269 1913 -0.279 1912 -0.310 1911 -0.360 1910 -0.432 1909 -0.527 1908 -0.635 1907 -0.756 1906 -0.883 1905 -1.008 1904 -1.121 1903 -1.213 1902 -1.276 1901 -1.307 1900 -1.310 1899 -1.281 1898 -1.228 1897 -1.148 1896 -1.057 1895 -0.964 1894 -0.872 1893 -0.782 1892 -0.705 1891 -0.633 1890 -0.571 1889 -0.508 1888 -0.451 1887 -0.395 1886 -0.348 1885 -0.301 1884 -0.264 1883 -0.229 1882 -0.206 1881 -0.188 1880 -0.166 1879 -0.153 1878 -0.131 1877 -0.102 1876 -0.072 1875 -0.038 1874 0.002 1873 0.035 1872 0.061 1871 0.072 1870 0.060 1869 0.031 1868 -0.015 1867 -0.078 1866 -0.153 1865 -0.229 1864 -0.310 1863 -0.383 1862 -0.441 1861 -0.484 1860 -0.509 1859 -0.517 1858 -0.511 1857 -0.508 1856 -0.504 1855 -0.513 1854 -0.536 1853 -0.576 1852 -0.625 1851 -0.685 1850 -0.751 1849 -0.812 1848 -0.868 1847 -0.902 1846 -0.925 1845 -0.927 1844 -0.911 1843 -0.889 1842 -0.850 1841 -0.807 1840 -0.766 1839 -0.723 1838 -0.681 1837 -0.636 1836 -0.596 1835 -0.556 1834 -0.517 1833 -0.474 1832 -0.430 1831 -0.390 1830 -0.356 1829 -0.322 1828 -0.302 1827 -0.294 1826 -0.303 1825 -0.325 1824 -0.360 1823 -0.409 1822 -0.470 1821 -0.540 1820 -0.622 1819 -0.703 1818 -0.792 1817 -0.879 1816 -0.970 1815 -1.062 1814 -1.146 1813 -1.228 1812 -1.293 1811 -1.351 1810 -1.394 1809 -1.426 1808 -1.439 1807 -1.441 1806 -1.443 1805 -1.435 1804 -1.430 1803 -1.425 1802 -1.425 1801 -1.423 1800 -1.418 1799 -1.406 1798 -1.374 1797 -1.329 1796 -1.261 1795 -1.175 1794 -1.071 1793 -0.954 1792 -0.829 1791 -0.707 1790 -0.596 1789 -0.498 1788 -0.420 1787 -0.363 1786 -0.331 1785 -0.319 1784 -0.336 1783 -0.373 1782 -0.428 1781 -0.493 1780 -0.572 1779 -0.646 1778 -0.714 1777 -0.768 1776 -0.805 1775 -0.823 1774 -0.822 1773 -0.803 1772 -0.772 1771 -0.737 1770 -0.706 1769 -0.682 1768 -0.672 1767 -0.673 1766 -0.688 1765 -0.717 1764 -0.751 1763 -0.795 1762 -0.846 1761 -0.895 1760 -0.944 1759 -0.990 1758 -1.029 1757 -1.059 1756 -1.073 1755 -1.080 1754 -1.071 1753 -1.053 1752 -1.017 1751 -0.968 1750 -0.901 1749 -0.824 1748 -0.730 1747 -0.626 1746 -0.516 1745 -0.405 1744 -0.297 1743 -0.202 1742 -0.122 1741 -0.054 1740 -0.017 1739 -0.001 1738 -0.005 1737 -0.033 1736 -0.084 1735 -0.149 1734 -0.220 1733 -0.300 1732 -0.386 1731 -0.481 1730 -0.577 1729 -0.673 1728 -0.771 1727 -0.870 1726 -0.963 1725 -1.054 1724 -1.136 1723 -1.211 1722 -1.269 1721 -1.320 1720 -1.351 1719 -1.371 1718 -1.377 1717 -1.372 1716 -1.364 1715 -1.350 1714 -1.343 1713 -1.342 1712 -1.343 1711 -1.357 1710 -1.381 1709 -1.412 1708 -1.450 1707 -1.495 1706 -1.545 1705 -1.593 1704 -1.645 1703 -1.693 1702 -1.740 1701 -1.775 1700 -1.812 1699 -1.824 1698 -1.831 1697 -1.818 1696 -1.785 1695 -1.738 1694 -1.673 1693 -1.590 1692 -1.503 1691 -1.408 1690 -1.312 1689 -1.216 1688 -1.136 1687 -1.060 1686 -1.003 1685 -0.958 1684 -0.931 1683 -0.912 1682 -0.905 1681 -0.904 1680 -0.908 1679 -0.913 1678 -0.923 1677 -0.924 1676 -0.921 1675 -0.923 1674 -0.916 1673 -0.913 1672 -0.906 1671 -0.908 1670 -0.920 1669 -0.948 1668 -0.998 1667 -1.074 1666 -1.173 1665 -1.289 1664 -1.417 1663 -1.538 1662 -1.655 1661 -1.752 1660 -1.826 1659 -1.860 1658 -1.876 1657 -1.851 1656 -1.807 1655 -1.746 1654 -1.656 1653 -1.561 1652 -1.455 1651 -1.351 1650 -1.246 1649 -1.145 1648 -1.048 1647 -0.953 1646 -0.870 1645 -0.787 1644 -0.711 1643 -0.647 1642 -0.586 1641 -0.534 1640 -0.497 1639 -0.454 1638 -0.422 1637 -0.389 1636 -0.356 1635 -0.319 1634 -0.281 1633 -0.244 1632 -0.215 1631 -0.190 1630 -0.187 1629 -0.196 1628 -0.223 1627 -0.275 1626 -0.341 1625 -0.423 1624 -0.508 1623 -0.595 1622 -0.674 1621 -0.740 1620 -0.791 1619 -0.830 1618 -0.847 1617 -0.855 1616 -0.845 1615 -0.842 1614 -0.834 1613 -0.832 1612 -0.837 1611 -0.845 1610 -0.872 1609 -0.898 1608 -0.932 1607 -0.969 1606 -1.008 1605 -1.038 1604 -1.063 1603 -1.084 1602 -1.095 1601 -1.097 1600 -1.106 1599 -1.112 1598 -1.121 1597 -1.139 1596 -1.160 1595 -1.188 1594 -1.228 1593 -1.272 1592 -1.326 1591 -1.382 1590 -1.447 1589 -1.513 1588 -1.575 1587 -1.633 1586 -1.676 1585 -1.709 1584 -1.726 1583 -1.729 1582 -1.711 1581 -1.679 1580 -1.627 1579 -1.563 1578 -1.482 1577 -1.393 1576 -1.298 1575 -1.200 1574 -1.104 1573 -1.011 1572 -0.921 1571 -0.846 1570 -0.775 1569 -0.713 1568 -0.663 1567 -0.623 1566 -0.596 1565 -0.579 1564 -0.572 1563 -0.570 1562 -0.572 1561 -0.573 1560 -0.581 1559 -0.581 1558 -0.572 1557 -0.554 1556 -0.524 1555 -0.478 1554 -0.424 1553 -0.364 1552 -0.305 1551 -0.250 1550 -0.208 1549 -0.182 1548 -0.173 1547 -0.183 1546 -0.217 1545 -0.263 1544 -0.321 1543 -0.390 1542 -0.460 1541 -0.535 1540 -0.602 1539 -0.659 1538 -0.711 1537 -0.754 1536 -0.789 1535 -0.822 1534 -0.846 1533 -0.863 1532 -0.882 1531 -0.893 1530 -0.890 1529 -0.888 1528 -0.877 1527 -0.859 1526 -0.828 1525 -0.789 1524 -0.741 1523 -0.685 1522 -0.618 1521 -0.547 1520 -0.467 1519 -0.391 1518 -0.318 1517 -0.250 1516 -0.191 1515 -0.143 1514 -0.111 1513 -0.097 1512 -0.094 1511 -0.111 1510 -0.138 1509 -0.175 1508 -0.223 1507 -0.269 1506 -0.319 1505 -0.362 1504 -0.397 1503 -0.425 1502 -0.442 1501 -0.447 1500 -0.437 1499 -0.411 1498 -0.373 1497 -0.321 1496 -0.258 1495 -0.193 1494 -0.134 1493 -0.075 1492 -0.030 1491 0.001 1490 0.017 1489 0.021 1488 0.016 1487 0.004 1486 -0.010 1485 -0.023 1484 -0.041 1483 -0.050 1482 -0.064 1481 -0.073 1480 -0.090 1479 -0.118 1478 -0.153 1477 -0.200 1476 -0.264 1475 -0.339 1474 -0.425 1473 -0.515 1472 -0.608 1471 -0.691 1470 -0.766 1469 -0.820 1468 -0.856 1467 -0.875 1466 -0.858 1465 -0.817 1464 -0.750 1463 -0.655 1462 -0.543 1461 -0.421 1460 -0.286 1459 -0.146 1458 -0.008 1457 0.120 1456 0.230 1455 0.324 1454 0.395 1453 0.440 1452 0.456 1451 0.449 1450 0.411 1449 0.359 1448 0.287 1447 0.199 1446 0.104 1445 0.009 1444 -0.080 1443 -0.167 1442 -0.238 1441 -0.300 1440 -0.354 1439 -0.395 1438 -0.423 1437 -0.437 1436 -0.435 1435 -0.425 1434 -0.403 1433 -0.374 1432 -0.331 1431 -0.288 1430 -0.240 1429 -0.191 1428 -0.141 1427 -0.081 1426 -0.029 1425 0.026 1424 0.084 1423 0.142 1422 0.199 1421 0.251 1420 0.292 1419 0.314 1418 0.312 1417 0.280 1416 0.206 1415 0.098 1414 -0.036 1413 -0.201 1412 -0.378 1411 -0.554 1410 -0.709 1409 -0.836 1408 -0.913 1407 -0.936 1406 -0.900 1405 -0.801 1404 -0.650 1403 -0.459 1402 -0.235 1401 0.007 1400 0.250 1399 0.483 1398 0.696 1397 0.875 1396 1.016 1395 1.116 1394 1.181 1393 1.202 1392 1.196 1391 1.160 1390 1.101 1389 1.039 1388 0.967 1387 0.901 1386 0.840 1385 0.784 1384 0.739 1383 0.703 1382 0.669 1381 0.637 1380 0.595 1379 0.551 1378 0.487 1377 0.420 1376 0.335 1375 0.241 1374 0.139 1373 0.046 1372 -0.050 1371 -0.126 1370 -0.185 1369 -0.225 1368 -0.240 1367 -0.237 1366 -0.220 1365 -0.200 1364 -0.171 1363 -0.150 1362 -0.137 1361 -0.122 1360 -0.106 1359 -0.085 1358 -0.064 1357 -0.028 1356 0.018 1355 0.069 1354 0.124 1353 0.187 1352 0.237 1351 0.279 1350 0.306 1349 0.310 1348 0.296 1347 0.261 1346 0.212 1345 0.152 1344 0.080 1343 0.009 1342 -0.060 1341 -0.121 1340 -0.162 1339 -0.191 1338 -0.198 1337 -0.181 1336 -0.146 1335 -0.094 1334 -0.029 1333 0.048 1332 0.132 1331 0.211 1330 0.288 1329 0.351 1328 0.396 1327 0.430 1326 0.454 1325 0.466 1324 0.470 1323 0.469 1322 0.466 1321 0.464 1320 0.464 1319 0.466 1318 0.467 1317 0.464 1316 0.462 1315 0.449 1314 0.431 1313 0.403 1312 0.359 1311 0.310 1310 0.249 1309 0.175 1308 0.097 1307 0.018 1306 -0.062 1305 -0.139 1304 -0.209 1303 -0.260 1302 -0.298 1301 -0.314 1300 -0.308 1299 -0.284 1298 -0.248 1297 -0.207 1296 -0.161 1295 -0.127 1294 -0.104 1293 -0.096 1292 -0.094 1291 -0.108 1290 -0.133 1289 -0.159 1288 -0.185 1287 -0.216 1286 -0.242 1285 -0.263 1284 -0.284 1283 -0.301 1282 -0.311 1281 -0.324 1280 -0.335 1279 -0.340 1278 -0.340 1277 -0.332 1276 -0.320 1275 -0.300 1274 -0.275 1273 -0.242 1272 -0.203 1271 -0.160 1270 -0.115 1269 -0.071 1268 -0.022 1267 0.026 1266 0.071 1265 0.116 1264 0.157 1263 0.193 1262 0.221 1261 0.239 1260 0.241 1259 0.232 1258 0.212 1257 0.175 1256 0.130 1255 0.074 1254 0.018 1253 -0.036 1252 -0.147 1251 -0.179 1250 -0.199 1249 -0.199 1248 -0.176 1247 -0.137 1246 -0.070 1245 0.003 1244 0.093 1243 0.193 1242 0.288 1241 0.376 1240 0.459 1239 0.516 1238 0.559 1237 0.578 1236 0.577 1235 0.561 1234 0.544 1233 0.520 1232 0.505 1231 0.499 1230 0.510 1229 0.540 1228 0.583 1227 0.638 1226 0.700 1225 0.757 1224 0.806 1223 0.848 1222 0.869 1221 0.876 1220 0.866 1219 0.847 1218 0.821 1217 0.806 1216 0.798 1215 0.811 1214 0.845 1213 0.908 1212 0.992 1211 1.099 1210 1.228 1209 1.365 1208 1.510 1207 1.654 1206 1.787 1205 1.905 1204 2.002 1203 2.074 1202 2.123 1201 2.155 1200 2.167 1199 2.172 1198 2.163 1197 2.160 1196 2.155 1195 2.150 1194 2.156 1193 2.158 1192 2.166 1191 2.173 1190 2.182 1189 2.186 1188 2.192 1187 2.193 1186 2.201 1185 2.208 1184 2.214 1183 2.232 1182 2.254 1181 2.280 1180 2.312 1179 2.349 1178 2.386 1177 2.538 1176 2.575 1175 2.600 1174 2.620 1173 2.625 1172 2.624 1171 2.607 1170 2.569 1169 2.519 1168 2.455 1167 2.381 1166 2.301 1165 2.219 1164 2.141 1163 2.072 1162 2.020 1161 1.972 1160 1.936 1159 1.912 1158 1.888 1157 1.866 1156 1.836 1155 1.808 1154 1.768 1153 1.727 1152 1.685 1151 1.646 1150 1.610 1149 1.584 1148 1.567 1147 1.562 1146 1.561 1145 1.571 1144 1.586 1143 1.606 1142 1.630 1141 1.655 1140 1.678 1139 1.699 1138 1.708 1137 1.709 1136 1.694 1135 1.668 1134 1.619 1133 1.561 1132 1.489 1131 1.417 1130 1.336 1129 1.265 1128 1.193 1127 1.137 1126 1.088 1125 1.054 1124 1.024 1123 1.006 1122 0.990 1121 0.971 1120 0.957 1119 0.940 1118 0.911 1117 0.885 1116 0.857 1115 0.825 1114 0.801 1113 0.782 1112 0.769 1111 0.766 1110 0.766 1109 0.776 1108 0.792 1107 0.816 1106 0.848 1105 0.880 1104 0.919 1103 0.962 1102 1.011 1101 1.065 1100 1.115 1099 1.169 1098 1.218 1097 1.262 1096 1.300 1095 1.333 1094 1.362 1093 1.389 1092 1.415 1091 1.439 1090 1.465 1089 1.493 1088 1.516 1087 1.544 1086 1.563 1085 1.576 1084 1.582 1083 1.579 1082 1.556 1081 1.531 1080 1.491 1079 1.439 1078 1.377 1077 1.317 1076 1.250 1075 1.188 1074 1.132 1073 1.084 1072 1.045 1071 1.015 1070 0.996 1069 0.991 1068 1.000 1067 1.011 1066 1.030 1065 1.045 1064 1.060 1063 1.062 1062 1.048 1061 1.012 1060 0.958 1059 0.875 1058 0.770 1057 0.650 1056 0.512 1055 0.374 1054 0.243 1053 0.128 1052 0.035 1051 -0.031 1050 -0.061 1049 -0.059 1048 -0.035 1047 0.019 1046 0.086 1045 0.167 1044 0.249 1043 0.330 1042 0.406 1041 0.476 1040 0.528 1039 0.569 1038 0.589 1037 0.589 1036 0.572 1035 0.536 1034 0.490 1033 0.428 1032 0.364 1031 0.302 1030 0.248 1029 0.209 1028 0.193 1027 0.201 1026 0.232 1025 0.296 1024 0.377 1023 0.484 1022 0.598 1021 0.726 1020 0.837 1019 0.944 1018 1.025 1017 1.084 1016 1.106 1015 1.103 1014 1.064 1013 1.004 1012 0.921 1011 0.821 1010 0.728 1009 0.632 1008 0.552 1007 0.495 1006 0.465 1005 0.461 1004 0.473 1003 0.500 1002 0.538 1001 0.575 1000 0.607