# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nena-comp.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Northeast North Atlantic # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 69.48333 # Southernmost_Latitude: 60.86667 # Easternmost_Longitude: 18.36667 # Westernmost_Longitude: -18.19567 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: NENA-Comp-SST # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1974 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Composite SST record derived from all proxy records in this study, normalised for the period 1000 - 1974 AD. #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,,N ## SST-anom.recon sea surface temperature anomaly,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,period 1000-1974 AD,reconstruction,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST-anom.recon 1974 0.441 1973 0.493 1972 0.531 1971 0.561 1970 0.575 1969 0.587 1968 0.599 1967 0.618 1966 0.656 1965 0.715 1964 0.800 1963 0.903 1962 1.023 1961 1.143 1960 1.262 1959 1.350 1958 1.411 1957 1.433 1956 1.423 1955 1.369 1954 1.285 1953 1.183 1952 1.071 1951 0.954 1950 0.829 1949 0.696 1948 0.562 1947 0.425 1946 0.288 1945 0.142 1944 0.001 1943 -0.131 1942 -0.260 1941 -0.379 1940 -0.495 1939 -0.610 1938 -0.715 1937 -0.812 1936 -0.904 1935 -0.976 1934 -1.030 1933 -1.062 1932 -1.069 1931 -1.062 1930 -1.045 1929 -1.016 1928 -0.990 1927 -0.965 1926 -0.945 1925 -0.928 1924 -0.918 1923 -0.919 1922 -0.937 1921 -0.966 1920 -1.008 1919 -1.051 1918 -1.091 1917 -1.118 1916 -1.129 1915 -1.126 1914 -1.113 1913 -1.088 1912 -1.069 1911 -1.063 1910 -1.080 1909 -1.122 1908 -1.192 1907 -1.288 1906 -1.407 1905 -1.542 1904 -1.682 1903 -1.809 1902 -1.921 1901 -2.001 1900 -2.042 1899 -2.041 1898 -1.999 1897 -1.915 1896 -1.801 1895 -1.663 1894 -1.513 1893 -1.355 1892 -1.205 1891 -1.062 1890 -0.937 1889 -0.820 1888 -0.719 1887 -0.632 1886 -0.560 1885 -0.504 1884 -0.464 1883 -0.429 1882 -0.409 1881 -0.392 1880 -0.374 1879 -0.366 1878 -0.348 1877 -0.330 1876 -0.312 1875 -0.293 1874 -0.281 1873 -0.277 1872 -0.278 1871 -0.288 1870 -0.313 1869 -0.350 1868 -0.400 1867 -0.467 1866 -0.547 1865 -0.631 1864 -0.718 1863 -0.801 1862 -0.870 1861 -0.916 1860 -0.940 1859 -0.938 1858 -0.910 1857 -0.878 1856 -0.828 1855 -0.788 1854 -0.751 1853 -0.722 1852 -0.706 1851 -0.702 1850 -0.709 1849 -0.716 1848 -0.723 1847 -0.719 1846 -0.707 1845 -0.677 1844 -0.639 1843 -0.595 1842 -0.545 1841 -0.500 1840 -0.473 1839 -0.467 1838 -0.483 1837 -0.523 1836 -0.586 1835 -0.665 1834 -0.753 1833 -0.838 1832 -0.910 1831 -0.964 1830 -0.997 1829 -1.002 1828 -0.989 1827 -0.960 1826 -0.922 1825 -0.882 1824 -0.845 1823 -0.822 1822 -0.815 1821 -0.831 1820 -0.873 1819 -0.927 1818 -1.004 1817 -1.092 1816 -1.199 1815 -1.309 1814 -1.409 1813 -1.499 1812 -1.566 1811 -1.618 1810 -1.642 1809 -1.643 1808 -1.628 1807 -1.596 1806 -1.558 1805 -1.517 1804 -1.475 1803 -1.432 1802 -1.397 1801 -1.359 1800 -1.314 1799 -1.261 1798 -1.195 1797 -1.113 1796 -1.013 1795 -0.893 1794 -0.766 1793 -0.634 1792 -0.500 1791 -0.372 1790 -0.260 1789 -0.169 1788 -0.099 1787 -0.053 1786 -0.039 1785 -0.051 1784 -0.098 1783 -0.175 1782 -0.277 1781 -0.390 1780 -0.520 1779 -0.642 1778 -0.748 1777 -0.827 1776 -0.869 1775 -0.874 1774 -0.843 1773 -0.779 1772 -0.686 1771 -0.581 1770 -0.477 1769 -0.383 1768 -0.314 1767 -0.273 1766 -0.259 1765 -0.270 1764 -0.297 1763 -0.341 1762 -0.385 1761 -0.427 1760 -0.471 1759 -0.508 1758 -0.540 1757 -0.568 1756 -0.588 1755 -0.606 1754 -0.618 1753 -0.629 1752 -0.637 1751 -0.651 1750 -0.667 1749 -0.684 1748 -0.690 1747 -0.687 1746 -0.678 1745 -0.659 1744 -0.627 1743 -0.589 1742 -0.545 1741 -0.496 1740 -0.451 1739 -0.402 1738 -0.354 1737 -0.302 1736 -0.252 1735 -0.199 1734 -0.138 1733 -0.083 1732 -0.031 1731 0.002 1730 0.019 1729 0.009 1728 -0.034 1727 -0.115 1726 -0.231 1725 -0.370 1724 -0.524 1723 -0.686 1722 -0.834 1721 -0.967 1720 -1.067 1719 -1.135 1718 -1.170 1717 -1.181 1716 -1.176 1715 -1.156 1714 -1.134 1713 -1.123 1712 -1.118 1711 -1.132 1710 -1.168 1709 -1.219 1708 -1.289 1707 -1.373 1706 -1.461 1705 -1.545 1704 -1.628 1703 -1.695 1702 -1.749 1701 -1.779 1700 -1.799 1699 -1.797 1698 -1.779 1697 -1.748 1696 -1.698 1695 -1.637 1694 -1.562 1693 -1.477 1692 -1.389 1691 -1.291 1690 -1.195 1689 -1.097 1688 -1.011 1687 -0.928 1686 -0.865 1685 -0.820 1684 -0.799 1683 -0.800 1682 -0.830 1681 -0.876 1680 -0.934 1679 -0.995 1678 -1.056 1677 -1.101 1676 -1.120 1675 -1.127 1674 -1.114 1673 -1.094 1672 -1.062 1671 -1.039 1670 -1.030 1669 -1.041 1668 -1.080 1667 -1.145 1666 -1.231 1665 -1.327 1664 -1.424 1663 -1.510 1662 -1.574 1661 -1.609 1660 -1.616 1659 -1.586 1658 -1.539 1657 -1.469 1656 -1.394 1655 -1.329 1654 -1.261 1653 -1.209 1652 -1.165 1651 -1.143 1650 -1.125 1649 -1.119 1648 -1.112 1647 -1.104 1646 -1.094 1645 -1.076 1644 -1.051 1643 -1.021 1642 -0.975 1641 -0.923 1640 -0.869 1639 -0.793 1638 -0.717 1637 -0.637 1636 -0.550 1635 -0.468 1634 -0.387 1633 -0.321 1632 -0.272 1631 -0.235 1630 -0.224 1629 -0.230 1628 -0.256 1627 -0.305 1626 -0.366 1625 -0.438 1624 -0.506 1623 -0.570 1622 -0.616 1621 -0.639 1620 -0.637 1619 -0.615 1618 -0.565 1617 -0.496 1616 -0.412 1615 -0.331 1614 -0.249 1613 -0.183 1612 -0.128 1611 -0.088 1610 -0.064 1609 -0.047 1608 -0.035 1607 -0.029 1606 -0.027 1605 -0.022 1604 -0.018 1603 -0.022 1602 -0.024 1601 -0.029 1600 -0.048 1599 -0.063 1598 -0.087 1597 -0.125 1596 -0.173 1595 -0.234 1594 -0.318 1593 -0.416 1592 -0.530 1591 -0.659 1590 -0.795 1589 -0.935 1588 -1.059 1587 -1.162 1586 -1.233 1585 -1.279 1584 -1.294 1583 -1.280 1582 -1.237 1581 -1.166 1580 -1.070 1579 -0.952 1578 -0.821 1577 -0.675 1576 -0.525 1575 -0.381 1574 -0.250 1573 -0.142 1572 -0.062 1571 -0.023 1570 -0.016 1569 -0.047 1568 -0.104 1567 -0.181 1566 -0.266 1565 -0.335 1564 -0.382 1563 -0.399 1562 -0.386 1561 -0.338 1560 -0.271 1559 -0.179 1558 -0.079 1557 0.026 1556 0.122 1555 0.211 1554 0.288 1553 0.347 1552 0.384 1551 0.394 1550 0.372 1549 0.322 1548 0.240 1547 0.123 1546 -0.021 1545 -0.180 1544 -0.350 1543 -0.521 1542 -0.678 1541 -0.820 1540 -0.945 1539 -1.047 1538 -1.132 1537 -1.201 1536 -1.251 1535 -1.293 1534 -1.318 1533 -1.333 1532 -1.336 1531 -1.325 1530 -1.294 1529 -1.264 1528 -1.227 1527 -1.190 1526 -1.148 1525 -1.113 1524 -1.082 1523 -1.052 1522 -1.023 1521 -0.996 1520 -0.964 1519 -0.925 1518 -0.879 1517 -0.818 1516 -0.745 1515 -0.667 1514 -0.588 1513 -0.511 1512 -0.443 1511 -0.393 1510 -0.364 1509 -0.352 1508 -0.365 1507 -0.392 1506 -0.435 1505 -0.488 1504 -0.546 1503 -0.610 1502 -0.673 1501 -0.733 1500 -0.791 1499 -0.845 1498 -0.901 1497 -0.953 1496 -1.002 1495 -1.050 1494 -1.096 1493 -1.132 1492 -1.163 1491 -1.179 1490 -1.175 1489 -1.149 1488 -1.106 1487 -1.036 1486 -0.956 1485 -0.859 1484 -0.763 1483 -0.660 1482 -0.566 1481 -0.479 1480 -0.408 1479 -0.355 1478 -0.328 1477 -0.331 1476 -0.371 1475 -0.444 1474 -0.544 1473 -0.670 1472 -0.813 1471 -0.961 1470 -1.107 1469 -1.232 1468 -1.328 1467 -1.387 1466 -1.396 1465 -1.359 1464 -1.287 1463 -1.173 1462 -1.038 1461 -0.894 1460 -0.746 1459 -0.602 1458 -0.469 1457 -0.349 1456 -0.249 1455 -0.166 1454 -0.102 1453 -0.057 1452 -0.033 1451 -0.027 1450 -0.035 1449 -0.049 1448 -0.076 1447 -0.104 1446 -0.133 1445 -0.156 1444 -0.173 1443 -0.191 1442 -0.203 1441 -0.215 1440 -0.228 1439 -0.241 1438 -0.249 1437 -0.252 1436 -0.246 1435 -0.235 1434 -0.218 1433 -0.197 1432 -0.167 1431 -0.135 1430 -0.105 1429 -0.075 1428 -0.045 1427 -0.008 1426 0.024 1425 0.065 1424 0.114 1423 0.177 1422 0.249 1421 0.329 1420 0.407 1419 0.477 1418 0.527 1417 0.541 1416 0.511 1415 0.436 1414 0.322 1413 0.169 1412 -0.008 1411 -0.195 1410 -0.376 1409 -0.536 1408 -0.662 1407 -0.740 1406 -0.761 1405 -0.721 1404 -0.625 1403 -0.481 1402 -0.302 1401 -0.092 1400 0.121 1399 0.334 1398 0.524 1397 0.685 1396 0.812 1395 0.897 1394 0.949 1393 0.966 1392 0.953 1391 0.912 1390 0.850 1389 0.779 1388 0.693 1387 0.602 1386 0.502 1385 0.398 1384 0.299 1383 0.207 1382 0.121 1381 0.049 1380 -0.021 1379 -0.070 1378 -0.122 1377 -0.165 1376 -0.211 1375 -0.261 1374 -0.317 1373 -0.374 1372 -0.440 1371 -0.493 1370 -0.536 1369 -0.568 1368 -0.576 1367 -0.565 1366 -0.535 1365 -0.494 1364 -0.443 1363 -0.397 1362 -0.359 1361 -0.326 1360 -0.297 1359 -0.276 1358 -0.261 1357 -0.244 1356 -0.217 1355 -0.191 1354 -0.160 1353 -0.119 1352 -0.080 1351 -0.043 1350 -0.012 1349 0.012 1348 0.032 1347 0.041 1346 0.048 1345 0.048 1344 0.039 1343 0.025 1342 -0.001 1341 -0.034 1340 -0.075 1339 -0.132 1338 -0.195 1337 -0.255 1336 -0.311 1335 -0.356 1334 -0.382 1333 -0.384 1332 -0.363 1331 -0.322 1330 -0.261 1329 -0.192 1328 -0.123 1327 -0.049 1326 0.022 1325 0.084 1324 0.140 1323 0.186 1322 0.228 1321 0.271 1320 0.305 1319 0.345 1318 0.385 1317 0.419 1316 0.445 1315 0.462 1314 0.473 1313 0.472 1312 0.464 1311 0.454 1310 0.441 1309 0.425 1308 0.416 1307 0.415 1306 0.418 1305 0.426 1304 0.446 1303 0.480 1302 0.527 1301 0.586 1300 0.655 1299 0.732 1298 0.806 1297 0.877 1296 0.939 1295 0.988 1294 1.018 1293 1.031 1292 1.031 1291 1.016 1290 0.989 1289 0.957 1288 0.923 1287 0.887 1286 0.859 1285 0.842 1284 0.832 1283 0.833 1282 0.851 1281 0.877 1280 0.908 1279 0.943 1278 0.977 1277 1.007 1276 1.026 1275 1.034 1274 1.024 1273 1.005 1272 0.975 1271 0.939 1270 0.897 1269 0.856 1268 0.821 1267 0.788 1266 0.758 1265 0.735 1264 0.711 1263 0.689 1262 0.661 1261 0.621 1260 0.567 1259 0.506 1258 0.436 1257 0.355 1256 0.275 1255 0.202 1254 0.146 1253 0.118 1252 0.005 1251 0.052 1250 0.130 1249 0.240 1248 0.376 1247 0.527 1246 0.687 1245 0.846 1244 1.008 1243 1.164 1242 1.311 1241 1.448 1240 1.583 1239 1.704 1238 1.814 1237 1.903 1236 1.973 1235 2.011 1234 2.019 1233 1.981 1232 1.908 1231 1.801 1230 1.670 1229 1.527 1228 1.388 1227 1.262 1226 1.160 1225 1.088 1224 1.037 1223 1.007 1222 0.994 1221 0.988 1220 0.985 1219 0.980 1218 0.969 1217 0.960 1216 0.946 1215 0.938 1214 0.942 1213 0.965 1212 1.012 1211 1.082 1210 1.180 1209 1.298 1208 1.436 1207 1.589 1206 1.743 1205 1.893 1204 2.026 1203 2.143 1202 2.236 1201 2.303 1200 2.341 1199 2.359 1198 2.351 1197 2.333 1196 2.302 1195 2.262 1194 2.224 1193 2.183 1192 2.148 1191 2.119 1190 2.099 1189 2.078 1188 2.068 1187 2.059 1186 2.051 1185 2.050 1184 2.072 1183 2.100 1182 2.134 1181 2.173 1180 2.217 1179 2.264 1178 2.311 1177 2.352 1176 2.394 1175 2.427 1174 2.455 1173 2.470 1172 2.479 1171 2.475 1170 2.455 1169 2.423 1168 2.377 1167 2.315 1166 2.239 1165 2.152 1164 2.054 1163 1.949 1162 1.843 1161 1.734 1160 1.626 1159 1.526 1158 1.431 1157 1.346 1156 1.270 1155 1.211 1154 1.161 1153 1.130 1152 1.112 1151 1.108 1150 1.116 1149 1.136 1148 1.162 1147 1.194 1146 1.226 1145 1.258 1144 1.288 1143 1.313 1142 1.332 1141 1.346 1140 1.351 1139 1.349 1138 1.336 1137 1.315 1136 1.284 1135 1.248 1134 1.202 1133 1.157 1132 1.111 1131 1.075 1130 1.043 1129 1.025 1128 1.012 1127 1.013 1126 1.017 1125 1.024 1124 1.025 1123 1.021 1122 1.004 1121 0.971 1120 0.929 1119 0.874 1118 0.809 1117 0.746 1116 0.686 1115 0.632 1114 0.591 1113 0.562 1112 0.541 1111 0.530 1110 0.520 1109 0.518 1108 0.520 1107 0.527 1106 0.542 1105 0.564 1104 0.595 1103 0.636 1102 0.686 1101 0.746 1100 0.808 1099 0.875 1098 0.938 1097 0.995 1096 1.044 1095 1.086 1094 1.118 1093 1.143 1092 1.162 1091 1.179 1090 1.193 1089 1.211 1088 1.229 1087 1.254 1086 1.279 1085 1.304 1084 1.328 1083 1.346 1082 1.350 1081 1.347 1080 1.329 1079 1.299 1078 1.259 1077 1.217 1076 1.170 1075 1.126 1074 1.086 1073 1.051 1072 1.020 1071 0.993 1070 0.971 1069 0.956 1068 0.948 1067 0.940 1066 0.937 1065 0.933 1064 0.928 1063 0.917 1062 0.896 1061 0.864 1060 0.822 1059 0.761 1058 0.689 1057 0.609 1056 0.516 1055 0.423 1054 0.332 1053 0.250 1052 0.181 1051 0.130 1050 0.103 1049 0.100 1048 0.120 1047 0.167 1046 0.236 1045 0.325 1044 0.429 1043 0.544 1042 0.664 1041 0.786 1040 0.899 1039 1.002 1038 1.082 1037 1.138 1036 1.166 1035 1.167 1034 1.143 1033 1.097 1032 1.040 1031 0.982 1030 0.929 1029 0.889 1028 0.870 1027 0.871 1026 0.895 1025 0.944 1024 1.008 1023 1.091 1022 1.179 1021 1.274 1020 1.355 1019 1.430 1018 1.483 1017 1.517 1016 1.524 1015 1.512 1014 1.478 1013 1.431 1012 1.377 1011 1.318 1010 1.269 1009 1.224 1008 1.194 1007 1.177 1006 1.175 1005 1.182 1004 1.191 1003 1.199 1002 1.206 1001 1.204 1000 1.195