# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-margin.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: P1-003SC # Location: Norwegian Sea # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 63.7622 # Southernmost_Latitude: 63.7622 # Easternmost_Longitude: 5.2553 # Westernmost_Longitude: 5.2553 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: P1-003MC-SST13 # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1988 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Original data from Sejrup et al., 2010 #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,N ## SST-d18plank sea surface temperature,,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,,from δ18O of planktonic foraminifera,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST-d18plank 1988 1.148 1987 1.134 1986 1.123 1985 1.115 1984 1.112 1983 1.112 1982 1.117 1981 1.125 1980 1.135 1979 1.145 1978 1.154 1977 1.161 1976 1.167 1975 1.171 1974 1.174 1973 1.176 1972 1.178 1971 1.180 1970 1.184 1969 1.188 1968 1.191 1967 1.193 1966 1.192 1965 1.189 1964 1.184 1963 1.177 1962 1.168 1961 1.159 1960 1.150 1959 1.143 1958 1.137 1957 1.134 1956 1.132 1955 1.132 1954 1.132 1953 1.131 1952 1.128 1951 1.123 1950 1.118 1949 1.113 1948 1.109 1947 1.108 1946 1.110 1945 1.117 1944 1.128 1943 1.142 1942 1.159 1941 1.178 1940 1.198 1939 1.218 1938 1.236 1937 1.251 1936 1.263 1935 1.271 1934 1.276 1933 1.278 1932 1.277 1931 1.275 1930 1.272 1929 1.268 1928 1.265 1927 1.263 1926 1.262 1925 1.261 1924 1.260 1923 1.259 1922 1.258 1921 1.256 1920 1.252 1919 1.247 1918 1.240 1917 1.232 1916 1.222 1915 1.213 1914 1.204 1913 1.197 1912 1.193 1911 1.191 1910 1.193 1909 1.198 1908 1.206 1907 1.215 1906 1.227 1905 1.240 1904 1.254 1903 1.268 1902 1.281 1901 1.292 1900 1.301 1899 1.307 1898 1.310 1897 1.309 1896 1.306 1895 1.302 1894 1.297 1893 1.291 1892 1.286 1891 1.280 1890 1.275 1889 1.268 1888 1.261 1887 1.253 1886 1.245 1885 1.236 1884 1.228 1883 1.220 1882 1.214 1881 1.208 1880 1.203 1879 1.200 1878 1.197 1877 1.193 1876 1.190 1875 1.186 1874 1.182 1873 1.178 1872 1.176 1871 1.176 1870 1.179 1869 1.185 1868 1.194 1867 1.205 1866 1.218 1865 1.231 1864 1.243 1863 1.253 1862 1.259 1861 1.261 1860 1.259 1859 1.253 1858 1.243 1857 1.233 1856 1.222 1855 1.213 1854 1.205 1853 1.200 1852 1.197 1851 1.196 1850 1.196 1849 1.196 1848 1.196 1847 1.194 1846 1.192 1845 1.189 1844 1.185 1843 1.182 1842 1.178 1841 1.176 1840 1.176 1839 1.178 1838 1.182 1837 1.187 1836 1.194 1835 1.202 1834 1.209 1833 1.215 1832 1.219 1831 1.221 1830 1.221 1829 1.219 1828 1.216 1827 1.212 1826 1.208 1825 1.204 1824 1.201 1823 1.200 1822 1.201 1821 1.204 1820 1.210 1819 1.216 1818 1.224 1817 1.232 1816 1.240 1815 1.248 1814 1.253 1813 1.257 1812 1.258 1811 1.258 1810 1.256 1809 1.253 1808 1.249 1807 1.245 1806 1.242 1805 1.239 1804 1.237 1803 1.235 1802 1.235 1801 1.235 1800 1.236 1799 1.237 1798 1.238 1797 1.239 1796 1.239 1795 1.239 1794 1.238 1793 1.236 1792 1.233 1791 1.229 1790 1.225 1789 1.222 1788 1.219 1787 1.218 1786 1.219 1785 1.221 1784 1.226 1783 1.232 1782 1.239 1781 1.245 1780 1.251 1779 1.254 1778 1.253 1777 1.249 1776 1.241 1775 1.229 1774 1.215 1773 1.199 1772 1.183 1771 1.169 1770 1.159 1769 1.152 1768 1.150 1767 1.153 1766 1.161 1765 1.172 1764 1.185 1763 1.200 1762 1.216 1761 1.230 1760 1.243 1759 1.254 1758 1.262 1757 1.267 1756 1.268 1755 1.267 1754 1.262 1753 1.254 1752 1.242 1751 1.227 1750 1.209 1749 1.189 1748 1.167 1747 1.144 1746 1.122 1745 1.101 1744 1.084 1743 1.070 1742 1.061 1741 1.056 1740 1.057 1739 1.062 1738 1.070 1737 1.082 1736 1.097 1735 1.113 1734 1.129 1733 1.146 1732 1.163 1731 1.180 1730 1.196 1729 1.211 1728 1.225 1727 1.239 1726 1.251 1725 1.263 1724 1.274 1723 1.284 1722 1.292 1721 1.300 1720 1.306 1719 1.312 1718 1.316 1717 1.320 1716 1.324 1715 1.327 1714 1.331 1713 1.335 1712 1.339 1711 1.344 1710 1.350 1709 1.356 1708 1.363 1707 1.370 1706 1.377 1705 1.384 1704 1.390 1703 1.396 1702 1.401 1701 1.404 1700 1.407 1699 1.407 1698 1.406 1697 1.404 1696 1.400 1695 1.395 1694 1.390 1693 1.383 1692 1.377 1691 1.370 1690 1.363 1689 1.356 1688 1.350 1687 1.343 1686 1.337 1685 1.330 1684 1.325 1683 1.319 1682 1.313 1681 1.308 1680 1.303 1679 1.299 1678 1.296 1677 1.293 1676 1.291 1675 1.291 1674 1.292 1673 1.294 1672 1.297 1671 1.302 1670 1.308 1669 1.315 1668 1.323 1667 1.332 1666 1.342 1665 1.352 1664 1.362 1663 1.370 1662 1.377 1661 1.382 1660 1.384 1659 1.382 1658 1.378 1657 1.370 1656 1.360 1655 1.349 1654 1.335 1653 1.322 1652 1.308 1651 1.296 1650 1.284 1649 1.275 1648 1.267 1647 1.261 1646 1.258 1645 1.256 1644 1.255 1643 1.256 1642 1.257 1641 1.258 1640 1.260 1639 1.260 1638 1.260 1637 1.259 1636 1.257 1635 1.253 1634 1.248 1633 1.242 1632 1.236 1631 1.228 1630 1.221 1629 1.213 1628 1.205 1627 1.198 1626 1.190 1625 1.183 1624 1.176 1623 1.169 1622 1.163 1621 1.157 1620 1.151 1619 1.147 1618 1.143 1617 1.141 1616 1.140 1615 1.142 1614 1.145 1613 1.151 1612 1.159 1611 1.168 1610 1.180 1609 1.192 1608 1.204 1607 1.215 1606 1.225 1605 1.232 1604 1.237 1603 1.240 1602 1.241 1601 1.240 1600 1.240 1599 1.240 1598 1.241 1597 1.243 1596 1.246 1595 1.250 1594 1.256 1593 1.262 1592 1.268 1591 1.273 1590 1.278 1589 1.282 1588 1.285 1587 1.287 1586 1.288 1585 1.288 1584 1.287 1583 1.285 1582 1.283 1581 1.281 1580 1.278 1579 1.276 1578 1.273 1577 1.270 1576 1.267 1575 1.265 1574 1.263 1573 1.261 1572 1.259 1571 1.259 1570 1.259 1569 1.260 1568 1.263 1567 1.267 1566 1.273 1565 1.280 1564 1.289 1563 1.298 1562 1.308 1561 1.317 1560 1.327 1559 1.335 1558 1.343 1557 1.349 1556 1.353 1555 1.356 1554 1.356 1553 1.355 1552 1.353 1551 1.350 1550 1.346 1549 1.341 1548 1.335 1547 1.329 1546 1.323 1545 1.317 1544 1.310 1543 1.304 1542 1.297 1541 1.291 1540 1.285 1539 1.279 1538 1.275 1537 1.271 1536 1.269 1535 1.269 1534 1.270 1533 1.272 1532 1.276 1531 1.282 1530 1.287 1529 1.294 1528 1.300 1527 1.306 1526 1.311 1525 1.315 1524 1.318 1523 1.319 1522 1.319 1521 1.318 1520 1.315 1519 1.312 1518 1.308 1517 1.304 1516 1.299 1515 1.294 1514 1.289 1513 1.285 1512 1.280 1511 1.276 1510 1.272 1509 1.268 1508 1.265 1507 1.262 1506 1.260 1505 1.258 1504 1.257 1503 1.258 1502 1.259 1501 1.261 1500 1.264 1499 1.268 1498 1.273 1497 1.278 1496 1.283 1495 1.289 1494 1.295 1493 1.300 1492 1.305 1491 1.310 1490 1.315 1489 1.320 1488 1.324 1487 1.328 1486 1.332 1485 1.335 1484 1.339 1483 1.341 1482 1.344 1481 1.346 1480 1.348 1479 1.350 1478 1.351 1477 1.352 1476 1.353 1475 1.354 1474 1.355 1473 1.355 1472 1.356 1471 1.356 1470 1.357 1469 1.357 1468 1.357 1467 1.358 1466 1.357 1465 1.357 1464 1.356 1463 1.354 1462 1.351 1461 1.348 1460 1.343 1459 1.337 1458 1.329 1457 1.321 1456 1.312 1455 1.303 1454 1.293 1453 1.284 1452 1.275 1451 1.267 1450 1.261 1449 1.255 1448 1.251 1447 1.249 1446 1.248 1445 1.248 1444 1.248 1443 1.250 1442 1.251 1441 1.253 1440 1.255 1439 1.257 1438 1.259 1437 1.261 1436 1.262 1435 1.263 1434 1.264 1433 1.265 1432 1.265 1431 1.265 1430 1.264 1429 1.263 1428 1.261 1427 1.258 1426 1.255 1425 1.252 1424 1.248 1423 1.244 1422 1.241 1421 1.239 1420 1.237 1419 1.237 1418 1.238 1417 1.241 1416 1.246 1415 1.252 1414 1.258 1413 1.265 1412 1.272 1411 1.277 1410 1.280 1409 1.280 1408 1.276 1407 1.268 1406 1.256 1405 1.240 1404 1.220 1403 1.198 1402 1.175 1401 1.151 1400 1.129 1399 1.109 1398 1.093 1397 1.082 1396 1.077 1395 1.077 1394 1.082 1393 1.092 1392 1.105 1391 1.121 1390 1.139 1389 1.156 1388 1.173 1387 1.188 1386 1.201 1385 1.211 1384 1.218 1383 1.223 1382 1.226 1381 1.227 1380 1.228 1379 1.227 1378 1.227 1377 1.227 1376 1.228 1375 1.230 1374 1.233 1373 1.236 1372 1.241 1371 1.246 1370 1.252 1369 1.259 1368 1.265 1367 1.271 1366 1.278 1365 1.284 1364 1.289 1363 1.294 1362 1.299 1361 1.303 1360 1.306 1359 1.308 1358 1.310 1357 1.310 1356 1.308 1355 1.305 1354 1.301 1353 1.294 1352 1.287 1351 1.278 1350 1.268 1349 1.258 1348 1.247 1347 1.237 1346 1.227 1345 1.217 1344 1.209 1343 1.202 1342 1.196 1341 1.191 1340 1.187 1339 1.184 1338 1.181 1337 1.179 1336 1.178 1335 1.177 1334 1.177 1333 1.177 1332 1.177 1331 1.178 1330 1.178 1329 1.179 1328 1.180 1327 1.181 1326 1.181 1325 1.181 1324 1.180 1323 1.179 1322 1.177 1321 1.175 1320 1.173 1319 1.170 1318 1.168 1317 1.167 1316 1.167 1315 1.168 1314 1.171 1313 1.176 1312 1.184 1311 1.193 1310 1.204 1309 1.217 1308 1.230 1307 1.243 1306 1.255 1305 1.267 1304 1.276 1303 1.283 1302 1.288 1301 1.291 1300 1.291 1299 1.289 1298 1.285 1297 1.280 1296 1.274 1295 1.268 1294 1.262 1293 1.256 1292 1.250 1291 1.245 1290 1.241 1289 1.237 1288 1.234 1287 1.231 1286 1.228 1285 1.226 1284 1.223 1283 1.220 1282 1.217 1281 1.214 1280 1.211 1279 1.208 1278 1.204 1277 1.200 1276 1.196 1275 1.191 1274 1.187 1273 1.182 1272 1.176 1271 1.170 1270 1.164 1269 1.158 1268 1.152 1267 1.147 1266 1.143 1265 1.139 1264 1.138 1263 1.139 1262 1.142 1261 1.147 1260 1.156 1259 1.166 1258 1.178 1257 1.191 1256 1.204 1255 1.217 1254 1.228 1253 1.236 1252 1.241 1251 1.242 1250 1.240 1249 1.234 1248 1.224 1247 1.213 1246 1.199 1245 1.186 1244 1.173 1243 1.161 1242 1.152 1241 1.146 1240 1.142 1239 1.142 1238 1.144 1237 1.149 1236 1.155 1235 1.163 1234 1.170 1233 1.178 1232 1.184 1231 1.189 1230 1.193 1229 1.195 1228 1.196 1227 1.195 1226 1.193 1225 1.190 1224 1.187 1223 1.183 1222 1.179 1221 1.175 1220 1.171 1219 1.167 1218 1.164 1217 1.160 1216 1.157 1215 1.153 1214 1.149 1213 1.145 1212 1.141 1211 1.137 1210 1.132 1209 1.127 1208 1.121 1207 1.115 1206 1.109 1205 1.102 1204 1.094 1203 1.087 1202 1.079 1201 1.070 1200 1.061 1199 1.051 1198 1.042 1197 1.032 1196 1.023 1195 1.015 1194 1.007 1193 1.002 1192 0.999 1191 0.999 1190 1.001 1189 1.007 1188 1.015 1187 1.026 1186 1.038 1185 1.051 1184 1.065 1183 1.077 1182 1.087 1181 1.095 1180 1.100 1179 1.101 1178 1.099 1177 1.095 1176 1.088 1175 1.080 1174 1.071 1173 1.063 1172 1.055 1171 1.049 1170 1.046 1169 1.045 1168 1.047 1167 1.051 1166 1.057 1165 1.065 1164 1.074 1163 1.084 1162 1.093 1161 1.103 1160 1.113 1159 1.121 1158 1.129 1157 1.136 1156 1.143 1155 1.148 1154 1.153 1153 1.157 1152 1.160 1151 1.162 1150 1.163 1149 1.163 1148 1.162 1147 1.160 1146 1.158 1145 1.155 1144 1.152 1143 1.149 1142 1.146 1141 1.144 1140 1.142 1139 1.141 1138 1.141 1137 1.141 1136 1.142 1135 1.143 1134 1.145 1133 1.146 1132 1.148 1131 1.148 1130 1.149 1129 1.149 1128 1.149 1127 1.148 1126 1.147 1125 1.145 1124 1.144 1123 1.143 1122 1.143 1121 1.144 1120 1.145 1119 1.147 1118 1.151 1117 1.155 1116 1.159 1115 1.164 1114 1.168 1113 1.171 1112 1.173 1111 1.173 1110 1.172 1109 1.168 1108 1.162 1107 1.154 1106 1.144 1105 1.133 1104 1.122 1103 1.110 1102 1.099 1101 1.088 1100 1.079 1099 1.071 1098 1.065 1097 1.060 1096 1.057 1095 1.055 1094 1.055 1093 1.056 1092 1.059 1091 1.064 1090 1.070 1089 1.078 1088 1.088 1087 1.098 1086 1.109 1085 1.121 1084 1.132 1083 1.142 1082 1.152 1081 1.159 1080 1.164 1079 1.167 1078 1.168 1077 1.166 1076 1.163 1075 1.158 1074 1.152 1073 1.145 1072 1.138 1071 1.132 1070 1.127 1069 1.122 1068 1.118 1067 1.116 1066 1.115 1065 1.116 1064 1.118 1063 1.123 1062 1.130 1061 1.140 1060 1.152 1059 1.168 1058 1.186 1057 1.205 1056 1.227 1055 1.248 1054 1.269 1053 1.288 1052 1.304 1051 1.317 1050 1.325 1049 1.329 1048 1.329 1047 1.324 1046 1.317 1045 1.307 1044 1.297 1043 1.288 1042 1.280 1041 1.274 1040 1.272 1039 1.272 1038 1.276 1037 1.283 1036 1.291 1035 1.300 1034 1.308 1033 1.315 1032 1.318 1031 1.318 1030 1.313 1029 1.304 1028 1.290 1027 1.272 1026 1.252 1025 1.230 1024 1.209 1023 1.188 1022 1.171 1021 1.156 1020 1.147 1019 1.141 1018 1.140 1017 1.142 1016 1.148 1015 1.155 1014 1.164 1013 1.172 1012 1.180 1011 1.187 1010 1.191 1009 1.194 1008 1.195 1007 1.194 1006 1.191 1005 1.187 1004 1.183 1003 1.178 1002 1.173 1001 1.168 1000 1.164