Ross Sea ANDRILL-2A Middle Miocene Biomarker Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, plus the data file URL and date accessed. NAME OF DATA SET: Ross Sea ANDRILL-2A Middle Miocene Biomarker Data LAST UPDATE: 6/2012 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Feakins, S.J., S. Warny, and J.-E. Lee IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2012-080 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Feakins, S.J., et al. 2012. Ross Sea ANDRILL-2A Middle Miocene Biomarker Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2012-080. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Feakins, S.J., S. Warny, and J.-E. Lee. 2012. Hydrologic cycling over Antarctica during the Middle Miocene warming. Nature Geoscience, Published online 17 June 2012. doi:10.1038/ngeo1498 ABSTRACT: From 20 to 15 million years (Myr) ago, a period of global warmth reversed the previous ice growth on Antarctica, leading to the retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the contraction of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Pollen recovered from the Antarctic shelf indicates the presence of substantial vegetation on the margins of Antarctica 15.7 Myr ago. However, the hydrologic regime that supported this vegetation is unclear. Here we combine leaf-wax hydrogen isotopes and pollen assemblages from Ross Sea sediments with model simulations to reconstruct vegetation, precipitation and temperature in Antarctica during the middle Miocene. Average leaf-wax stable hydrogen isotope (dD) values from 20 to 15.5 Myr ago translate to average dD values of -50 per mil for precipitation at the margins of Antarctica, higher than modern values. We find that vegetation persisted from 20 to 15.5 Myr ago, with peak expansions 16.4 and 15.7 Myr ago coinciding with peak global warmth and vegetation growth. Our model experiments are consistent with a local moisture source in the Southern Ocean. Combining proxy measurements with climate simulations, we conclude that summer temperatures were about 11°C warmer than today, and that there was a substantial increase in moisture delivery to the Antarctic coast. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Ross Sea, Antarctica PERIOD OF RECORD: 20 - 12 Million Years BP FUNDING SOURCES: National Science Foundation (USA) DATA FILE URLS: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/feakins2012/feakins2012.txt ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/feakins2012/feakins2012.xls DESCRIPTION: Paleoprecipitation dD and estimated from leaf wax dD and converted to temperature with modern spatial slope and iGRAM model temporal slope. Vegetation evidence from pollen assemblages and abundances as well as leaf wax abundance. Samples from Antarctic Drilling Project (ANDRILL) Site AND2A were used to reconstruct vegetation, precipitation and temperature during the Middle Miocene (~20 to 12 Ma). ANDRILL site AND-2A: 77°45.488’ S, 165°16.613’ E, ~384 m water depth, core to 1139 mbsf, 20-12 Ma The model is an idealized gray-radiation aquaplanet moist General Circulation Model (GRAM) with the addition of isotopic tracers (iGRAM). Results are for experiments where optical depth of the atmosphere to longwave radiation was varied to mimic the effect of changing greenhouse gases and thus to change temperatures in the model. The model was run in T42 resolution (2.8° x 2.8°) and has 30 vertical layers. The simulation was performed for 1400 days with perpetual modern equinox and the results of the last 900 model days are analyzed. DATA: 1. Feakins et al., 2012 Table S1; Palynomorph concentrations from AND-2A Column 1: Site Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: Age (millions of years before present); for sediments from 297m to 1025m using the PLAM3 age model (see publication for references) Column 4: Nothofagidites spp. Fusca group (Fuscospora, Nothofagus subgenera; count/gdw; where gdw=gram of dry weight of sediment) Column 5: Podocarpidites spp. (count/gdw) Column 6: Coptospora spp., Belgisporis sp., Retitriletes sp. (count/gdw) Column 7: Other "Tundra" taxa (Caryophyllaceae, Campanulaceae, Ericales, Stylidiaceae, Tricolpites sp.A, Sparganiaceae, Typhaceae (count/gdw) Column 8: Fresh water algae (count/gdw) Column 9: In situ dinoflagellate cysts (count/gdw) Column 10: Palynomorphs fully tabulated: P= Pollen and spore, F= Freshwater algae, D= Dinoflagellate cyst*** The pollen slides are archived at CENEX - Center for Excellence in Palynology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Drilling MidDepth Age Nothofag. Podocarp. Spores OtherTund. Algae Dinoflag. Tabulation AND-2A 229.15 0.0 57.9 F D AND-2A 235.44 0.1 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 254.55 0.0 23.0 F D AND-2A 258.88 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 263.04 4.9 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.0 P F AND-2A 279.18 0.0 0.7 F D AND-2A 289.83 0.8 8.4 10.6 0.2 0.0 6.0 PFD AND-2A 294.49 61.6 15.8 5.6 1.0 4.0 423.5 P F AND-2A 299.82 15.60 12.0 3.9 1.7 0.8 0.0 P F AND-2A 306.59 15.64 0.0 0.9 F D AND-2A 307.45 15.65 0.0 3.5 F D AND-2A 308.02 15.65 26.4 6.5 1.5 0.4 0.5 70.9 PFD AND-2A 308.59 15.65 18.2 7.9 3.1 0.9 0.9 19.0 PFD AND-2A 309.02 15.66 27.1 11.1 3.0 1.2 1.7 153.5 PFD AND-2A 310.02 15.66 24.1 8.6 3.5 1.3 1.8 954.2 PFD AND-2A 310.45 15.66 30.7 7.6 2.9 0.2 1.1 1614.5 PFD AND-2A 310.49 15.66 0.0 1389.3 F D AND-2A 310.50 15.66 12.0 4.7 2.1 0.1 1.0 1854.8 PFD AND-2A 310.53 15.66 39.8 11.5 3.1 0.4 4.1 1763.0 PFD AND-2A 310.99 15.67 31.8 9.7 3.1 0.2 4.0 2251.7 PFD AND-2A 311.49 15.67 55.5 15.3 7.2 0.4 4.7 1701.7 PFD AND-2A 312.04 15.67 0.0 580.1 F D AND-2A 312.34 15.67 0.0 536.2 F D AND-2A 312.79 15.68 0.0 9.3 F D AND-2A 328.39 15.76 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 350.47 15.89 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 361.35 15.95 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 P F AND-2A 368.29 15.99 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 384.87 16.08 2.3 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.1 P F AND-2A 395.14 16.14 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 P F AND-2A 403.47 16.19 53.3 5.3 8.0 16.0 0.0 47.5 PFD AND-2A 404.72 16.19 145.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 40.0 PFD AND-2A 405.99 16.20 37.3 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.7 PFD AND-2A 410.18 16.22 2.7 0.0 2.7 2.7 0.0 2.7 PFD AND-2A 414.39 16.25 9.4 0.0 2.4 7.1 0.0 7.1 PFD AND-2A 418.16 16.27 61.7 10.9 4.4 0.9 0.9 125.4 PFD AND-2A 418.59 16.27 58.7 2.7 10.7 48.0 0.0 77.3 PFD AND-2A 422.79 16.30 62.2 27.0 16.2 13.5 0.0 75.7 PFD AND-2A 426.99 16.32 72.0 8.0 13.3 21.3 0.0 106.7 PFD AND-2A 430.59 16.34 0.0 21.2 0.0 18.8 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 431.18 16.34 1.1 218.9 F D AND-2A 431.90 16.35 896.0 90.7 61.3 16.0 2.7 432.0 PFD AND-2A 432.18 16.35 897.8 100.0 88.9 46.7 0.0 102.2 PFD AND-2A 433.02 16.35 857.5 67.5 122.5 20.0 0.0 145.0 PFD AND-2A 434.02 16.36 861.3 80.0 37.3 10.7 0.0 144.0 PFD AND-2A 435.54 16.37 0.0 2.4 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 439.01 16.39 17.7 0.0 21.2 10.6 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 432.99 16.35 18.8 0.0 2.4 21.2 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 442.36 16.41 2.0 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.0 P F AND-2A 444.99 16.42 29.3 2.7 5.3 16.0 0.0 2.7 PFD AND-2A 447.06 16.43 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 449.47 16.45 13.3 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 5.3 PFD AND-2A 450.01 16.45 88.0 2.7 24.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 451.01 16.45 40.0 4.7 11.8 9.4 0.0 0.0 PFD AND-2A 454.99 16.48 21.3 8.0 13.3 10.7 0.0 2.7 PFD AND-2A 458.11 16.49 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 470.21 16.56 3.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 480.99 16.62 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 485.28 16.65 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 501.59 16.74 3.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 P F AND-2A 516.48 16.82 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 532.43 16.91 1.8 1.4 0.5 2.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 543.68 16.98 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 547.31 17.00 0.7 0.0 F D AND-2A 563.49 17.09 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 573.40 17.14 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 P F AND-2A 578.23 17.17 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 593.28 17.25 22.5 1.7 5.6 1.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 603.73 17.31 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 609.47 17.35 0.0 0.0 F D AND-2A 613.22 17.37 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 P F AND-2A 618.48 17.40 0.0 0.0 F D 2. Feakins et al., 2012 Table S2: Biomarker stable isotope results from AND-2A (primary and secondary data) Column 1: Site Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: Age (millions of years before present); for sediments from 297m to 1025m using the PLAM3 age model (see publication for references) Columns 4-18: Hydrogen isotopic data by chain length listing mean (per mil relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water), standard deviation (per mil) and n=number of analyses Columns 19-23: Abundance of compound by chain length (ng/gdw) Column 24: modal chain length for the C20-C28 n-alkanoic acids Drilling MidDepth Age dDC20 dDC20std n dDC22 dDC22std n dDC24 dDC24std n dDC26 dDC26std n dDC28 dDC28std n AbundC20 AbundC22 AbundC24 AbundC26 AbundC28 C_Max AND-2A 144.08 -148 3.2 2 60 83 99 125 144 28 AND-2A 235.49 -181 7.3 4 -141 6.0 4 -164 3.3 7 -157 3.2 7 183 405 673 984 720 26 AND-2A 263.06 -164 6.7 3 -141 3.3 3 -157 8.0 4 -155 4.7 3 108 177 237 360 260 26 AND-2A 289.84 -173 6.3 3 -144 2.9 3 -149 1.1 3 -146 2.5 3 292 529 973 1751 1057 26 AND-2A 292.04 -166 2.5 2 -145 6.7 3 -148 0.7 3 -155 2.7 2 287 530 953 1700 1115 26 AND-2A 294.57 -178 3.9 3 -145 3.6 3 -143 1.0 3 -149 2.5 3 -144 0.4 3 463 806 1027 1701 1007 26 AND-2A 296.99 15.59 63 110 147 185 144 26 AND-2A 299.84 15.60 -146 0.3 3 -122 2.2 3 -158 1.0 3 -137 6.6 2 20 67 79 96 55 26 AND-2A 308.05 15.65 -134 3.6 3 -114 4.7 3 -149 1.3 2 20 52 64 89 50 26 AND-2A 310.04 15.66 -166 4.5 3 -141 4.1 3 -110 4.2 3 -138 0.1 3 -133 4.4 3 113 221 330 595 346 26 AND-2A 310.57 15.66 -163 0.8 3 -133 7.0 3 -109 4.2 3 -136 1.6 2 -137 1.7 3 329 370 584 1206 833 26 AND-2A 310.95 15.67 -166 3.3 2 -145 2.7 2 -138 0.7 2 -138 0.7 2 -137 6.7 2 311 357 583 1355 179 26 AND-2A 311.51 15.67 -139 3.7 3 -110 1.5 2 -136 3 3 40 144 219 434 264 26 AND-2A 311.99 15.67 -164 4.9 2 -136 3.9 2 -129 5.5 2 -141 1.1 2 -139 1.4 3 330 372 612 1118 988 26 AND-2A 328.41 15.76 -171 2.2 2 -153 1.9 2 -166 1.6 3 -159 0.9 2 36 90 96 100 72 26 AND-2A 339.99 15.83 -183 1.9 2 -188 1 -174 1 88 184 247 274 207 26 AND-2A 366.79 15.98 -182 3.8 3 -148 0.8 3 -146 4.5 3 -160 1.7 3 79 182 182 196 143 26 AND-2A 403.44 16.19 -196 0.1 2 -201 3.6 2 135 382 513 562 376 26 AND-2A 418.15 16.27 -185 5.0 3 -153 5.8 4 -152 1.6 3 -166 0.6 3 -152 1.2 2 165 374 465 524 399 26 AND-2A 425.05 16.31 -166 12.0 2 -133 6.8 2 -128 2.6 2 -146 2.2 2 89 153 206 224 161 26 AND-2A 430.42 16.34 AND-2A 431.01 16.34 -180 3.2 3 -139 6.5 4 -135 2.3 4 -148 3.8 3 757 1712 2410 2573 1834 26 AND-2A 432.49 16.35 -181 2.6 4 -138 3.4 4 -141 1.0 3 -147 0.4 3 709 1531 2038 2010 1429 24 AND-2A 434.05 16.36 -182 3.1 3 -141 1.9 3 -138 1.5 3 -149 1.1 3 633 1707 2570 2468 1658 24 AND-2A 442.36 16.41 53 83 87 113 89 26 AND-2A 460.21 16.51 -192 4.0 3 -193 4.8 3 -188 3.2 2 104 242 335 458 288 26 AND-2A 479.99 16.62 99 122 133 159 134 26 AND-2A 547.02 16.99 102 157 176 226 188 26 AND-2A 580.00 17.18 -166 7.9 3 -131 3.5 3 -124 3.8 3 -160 4.9 2 -153 1.8 2 105 240 199 200 142 22 AND-2A 593.31 17.26 -167 2.5 3 -137 2.0 3 -133 2.9 3 -152 1.4 3 -144 0.8 3 238 575 622 760 548 26 AND-2A 600.01 17.29 -162 3.8 3 -143 3.0 3 -129 4.4 2 -143 1.3 3 -142 2.4 3 120 379 441 591 397 26 AND-2A 612.02 17.36 -159 2.4 3 -145 0.9 3 -148 8.3 3 -127 0.1 3 -123 5.0 2 177 529 333 472 360 22 AND-2A 620.01 17.41 14 39 22 AND-2A 636.02 17.50 -157 5.3 3 -137 2.8 3 -152 2.0 3 -148 2.1 3 92 276 349 470 436 26 AND-2A 685.01 18.20 -165 2.5 3 -135 3.7 3 -143 1 -151 3.3 3 -158 1 76 239 226 248 193 26 AND-2A 749.98 18.55 AND-2A 772.23 18.67 -168 7.5 3 -127 3.7 5 -150 4.6 3 -146 3.1 3 108 312 393 566 397 26 AND-2A 775.03 18.69 37 74 57 70 28 AND-2A 785.02 18.74 -123 7.9 3 -106 4.0 4 -138 2.8 4 -135 1 34 146 115 132 98 22 AND-2A 795.05 18.80 -137 7.5 3 -113 1 -130 8.4 3 -156 1 73 141 130 171 172 26 AND-2A 800.02 18.82 -144 1 3 -121 1 3 -146 1 2 -121 2 2 97 14 84 63 72 20 AND-2A 825.02 18.96 -161 4.4 4 -135 3.3 5 -127 4.7 5 -131 4.3 3 211 476 380 305 259 22 AND-2A 850.01 19.10 -166 6.9 3 -143 3.7 3 -100 7.5 3 -130 2.2 3 121 402 241 220 207 22 AND-2A 875.01 19.23 -153 3.0 2 -137 4.7 4 -129 1.4 2 -144 1 151 419 344 444 441 26 AND-2A 900.01 19.37 -157 3.4 3 -140 3.3 3 -120 3.2 3 -136 1.0 2 91 274 165 259 235 22 AND-2A 922.60 19.49 -172 4.0 3 -144 4.2 3 -124 3.3 3 -148 3.3 3 -152 2.0 2 104 284 232 278 325 28 AND-2A 935.01 19.56 -171 4.7 3 -145 2.0 3 -125 6.6 3 -145 0.9 3 -148 1.4 3 140 334 258 335 423 28 AND-2A 947.51 19.63 -168 2.1 3 -151 4.4 3 -132 4.8 3 -143 1.8 3 -142 0.5 2 101 244 196 281 344 28 AND-2A 970.01 20.03 -158 2.6 2 -134 7.3 3 -138 2.9 3 -160 0.3 3 80 180 200 255 241 26 AND-2A 996.00 20.05 -144 0.5 3 -139 1.4 3 -153 2.6 3 -157 2.9 3 15 60 54 80 88 28 AND-2A 1005.01 20.06 -164 5.2 3 -140 0.7 3 41 147 215 292 194 26 AND-2A 1012.54 20.06 -119 1 -142 7.5 3 -164 1 -165 1 47 85 107 145 166 28 AND-2A 1025.01 20.07 -171 1.9 3 -142 6.2 3 -138 3.7 3 -154 3.4 3 -163 1.9 2 218 485 469 606 697 28 3. Feakins et al., 2012 dD Precipitation and temperature reconstruction; tertiary data from Table S2 Column 1: Depth (mbsf) Column 2: Age (millions of years before present) Column 3: Calculated dDprecip using el/w = -100 ‰ (per mil); see publication for discussion of uncertainties. Column 4: Temperature calculated from dDprecip using modern spatial slope (degrees C); see Figure 2 in original publication Column 5: Temperature calculated from dDprecip using model temporal slope (degrees C); see Figure 2 in original publication Depth Age dDprecip Temp_spat Temp_model 144.08 -53 1 6 235.49 -63 0 3 263.06 -62 0 3 289.84 -51 2 7 292.04 -61 0 3 294.57 -49 2 8 296.99 15.59 299.84 15.60 -42 3 11 308.05 15.65 310.04 15.66 -36 4 14 310.57 15.66 -41 3 11 310.95 15.67 -41 3 11 311.51 15.67 311.99 15.67 -44 3 10 328.41 15.76 -66 -1 2 339.99 15.83 366.79 15.98 403.44 16.19 418.15 16.27 -57 1 4 425.05 16.31 430.42 16.34 431.01 16.34 -53 1 6 432.49 16.35 -53 1 6 434.05 16.36 -55 1 5 442.36 16.41 460.21 16.51 479.99 16.62 547.02 16.99 580.00 17.18 -59 0 4 593.31 17.26 -49 2 8 600.01 17.29 -47 2 9 612.02 17.36 -25 6 >15 620.01 17.41 636.02 17.50 -53 1 6 685.01 18.20 -64 0 2 749.98 18.55 772.23 18.67 -51 2 7 775.03 18.69 785.02 18.74 -39 4 12 795.05 18.80 -62 0 3 800.02 18.82 -23 6 20 825.02 18.96 -34 4 15 850.01 19.10 875.01 19.23 -48 2 8 900.01 19.37 -40 3 12 922.60 19.49 -58 1 4 935.01 19.56 -54 1 6 947.51 19.63 -47 2 9 970.01 20.03 996.00 20.05 -63 0 2 1005.01 20.06 1012.54 20.06 -72 -2 0 1025.01 20.07 -70 -1 0 4. Feakins et al., 2012 Table S3; Experiments using iGRAM reporting averaged results for specified latitudes Column 1: Temperature at 77S (degrees C) Column 2: dD precipitation at 77S (per mil) Column 3: Precipitation at 77S (mm/month) Column 4: High latitude evaporation with a source region defined as 75-90°S, reported as a proportional contribution to Precip at 75–90°S (%) Temp dD_precip Precip High_Lat_Evap -15.5 -145.8 19 0 -8 -113.1 30 4 -3.5 -77.0 52 34 1.3 -64.5 66 38 4.9 -57.8 77 41 7.7 -51.4 87 42 13.3 -41.9 109 46 17.4 -36.0 125 47