# Eastern Equatorial Pacific Early Pliocene Mg/Ca Subsurface Temperature #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:13538 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/ford2012/ford2012odp849.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2012-11-13 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Eastern Equatorial Pacific Early Pliocene Mg/Ca Subsurface Temperature #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Ford, H.L.; Ravelo, A.C.; Hovan, S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Mg/Ca paleothermometry from the planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia tumida from the past ~5 Ma at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 849 in the eastern equatorial Pacific # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Heather L. Ford, A. Christina Ravelo, Steven Hovan # Published_Date_or_YEAR: 11-15-2012 # Published_Title: A deep Eastern Equatorial Pacific thermocline during the early Pliocene warm period # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 355-356 # Pages: 152-161 # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.027 # Abstract: During the early Pliocene warm period (~4.6-4.2 Ma) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific upwelling region, sea surface temperatures were warm in comparison to modern conditions. Warm upwelling regions have global effects on the heat budget and atmospheric circulation, and are argued to have contributed to Pliocene warmth. Though warm upwelling regions could be explained by weak winds and/or a deep thermocline, the temporal and spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline is poorly understood. Here we reconstruct temporal and spatial changes in subsurface temperature to monitor thermocline depth and show the thermocline was deeper during the early Pliocene warm period than it is today. We measured subsurface temperature records from Eastern Equatorial Pacific ODP transect Sites 848, 849, and 853 using Mg/Ca records from Globorotalia tumida, which has a depth habitat of ~50-100 m. In the early Pliocene, subsurface temperatures were ~4-5°C warmer than modern temperatures, indicating the thermocline was relatively deep. Subsurface temperatures steeply cooled ~2-3°C from 4.8 to 4.0 Ma and continued to cool an additional 2-3°C from 4.0 Ma to present. Compared to records from other regions, the data suggests the pronounced subsurface cooling between 4.8 and 4.0 Ma was a regional signal related to restriction of the Isthmus of Panama, while continued cooling from 4.0 Ma to present was likely related to global processes that changed global thermocline structure. Additionally, the spatial evolution of the equatorial thermocline along a N-S transect across ODP Sites 853, 849 and 848 suggests an intensification of the southeast trades from the Pliocene to present. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanographic circulation processes link high and low latitude climate through their influence on equatorial thermocline source water regions and consequently the equatorial thermocline. Through these low latitude/high latitude linkages, changes in the equatorial thermocline and thermocline source water played an important role in the transition from the warm Pliocene to the cold Pleistocene. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: OCE-0902047, OCE-623419 #--------------------- # Funding_Agency_Name: IUP Senate Fellowship Program # Grant: #--------------------- # Funding_Agency_Name: Consortium for Ocean Leadership # Grant: Schlanger Fellowship #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP849 # Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 0.1832 # Southernmost_Latitude: 0.1832 # Easternmost_Longitude: -110.5195 # Westernmost_Longitude: -110.5195 # Elevation: -3839 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: ODP849Ford2012 # First_Year: 5459000 # Last_Year: 0 # Time_Unit: Calendar Years before present # Core_Length: 156.79 m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology # # # #------------------ # Variables # # Variables list, one per line, shortname-nine variable components: material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## depth_m Depth (m), , , m, , , , , N ## age_calmaBP Age (calendar millions of years BP), , ,cal ma BP, , , , , N ## d13Cg.tumi delta C13 PDB (Globorotalia tumida), , , , , , , , N ## d18Og.tumi delta O18 PDB (Globorotalia tumida), , , , , , , , N ## Mg/Ca-g.tumi Magnesium/Calcium ratio (Globorotalia tumida), , , , , , , , N ## sst-sub Subsurface Sea Temperature (C), , , ,deg C, , , , N ## notes notes-Site Hole Core Type Section Interval-cm, , , , , , , , C # # Data : # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format: tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # depth_m age_calmaBP d13Cg.tumi d18Og.tumi Mg/Ca-g.tumi sst-sub notes 0 0.000 1.93 0.89 1.021 14.4 849A1H1 0-3 0.58 0.015 1.78 1.73 1.182 16.0 849B1H1 58-60 0.87 0.027 2.12 1.93 0.934 13.4 849A1H1 87-89 1.58 0.052 1.80 1.48 1.009 14.2 849B1H2 8-10 1.78 0.058 1.67 1.28 1.046 14.6 849A1H2 28-30 2.08 0.067 1.76 1.48 0.908 13.1 849B1H2 58-61 2.58 0.082 1.96 1.36 1.061 14.8 849B1H2 108-111 1.88 0.084 1.98 1.00 0.873 12.6 849C1H1 88-91 2.68 0.086 2.07 0.78 0.925 13.3 849A1H2 118-120 2.74 0.112 1.58 1.03 1.027 14.4 849C1H2 38-41 3.65 0.117 1.75 0.84 0.977 13.9 849B1H3 65-67 4.42 0.139 1.79 2.15 0.980 13.9 849B1H3 142-144 4.24 0.155 1.36 1.76 1.116 15.4 849C1H3 38-41 4.74 0.169 1.53 1.24 1.067 14.9 849C1H3 88-91 5.23 0.181 1.146 15.7 849C1H3 137-140 5.73 0.196 1.72 0.83 1.137 15.6 849C1H4 37-40 6.23 0.212 1.71 0.54 1.209 16.2 849C1H4 87-90 6.75 0.227 1.59 1.42 1.205 16.2 849C1H4 139-142 4.21 0.227 1.40 1.53 1.053 14.7 849D1H1 21-24 4.7 0.240 1.36 1.37 1.295 17.0 849D1H1 70-75 5.21 0.255 1.48 1.43 1.055 14.7 849D1H1 121-124 5.7 0.278 1.78 1.23 1.000 14.1 849D1H2 20-25 6.2 0.298 1.72 0.80 1.037 14.5 849D1H2 70-75 6.71 0.322 1.54 0.51 1.164 15.8 849D1H2 121-124 6.99 0.330 1.60 0.37 1.274 16.8 849D1H3 20-25 7.49 0.339 1.17 2.08 1.407 17.9 849D1H3 70-75 7.96 0.348 1.54 1.30 1.113 15.3 849D1H3 117-120 9.58 0.357 1.72 1.62 1.084 15.0 849B2H2 138-141 10.08 0.374 1.91 0.86 1.136 15.5 849B2H3 38-41 10.58 0.390 1.84 0.86 1.205 16.2 849B2H3 88-91 12.08 0.451 1.43 1.62 0.995 14.1 849B2H4 88-91 12.58 0.469 1.92 1.01 1.173 15.9 849B2H4 138-141 11.57 0.471 1.83 1.29 1.196 16.1 849C2H1 107-110 12.07 0.486 1.92 0.95 1.369 17.6 849C2H2 7-10 12.57 0.500 1.94 1.16 1.192 16.1 849C2H2 57-60 13.07 0.514 1.78 1.27 1.331 17.3 849C2H2 107-110 13.57 0.531 1.50 1.23 1.114 15.3 849C2H3 7-10 14.07 0.557 1.72 0.68 1.105 15.2 849C2H3 57-60 14.57 0.582 1.59 1.12 1.141 15.6 849C2H3 107-110 15.09 0.606 1.72 1.25 1.132 15.5 849C2H4 9-12 15.58 0.628 1.41 1.40 1.083 15.0 849C2H4 58-61 15.07 0.642 1.57 1.89 1.311 17.1 849D2H2 7-10 16.03 0.644 1.48 1.90 1.024 14.4 849C2H4 103-106 15.57 0.658 1.57 1.15 1.130 15.5 849D2H2 57-60 16.07 0.673 1.49 1.46 849D2H2 107-110 16.07 0.673 1.62 0.96 1.112 15.3 849D2H2 107-110 16.57 0.689 1.60 1.10 1.062 14.8 849D2H3 7-10 17.07 0.705 1.06 1.31 0.984 14.0 849D2H3 57-60 17.57 0.722 1.22 1.89 1.096 15.2 849D2H3 107-110 18.57 0.760 1.66 1.11 849D2H4 57-60 19.07 0.782 1.14 1.58 849D2H4 107-110 19.57 0.813 1.23 1.52 849D2H5 7-10 20.07 0.832 1.45 1.16 849D2H5 57-60 20.57 0.850 1.23 0.85 849D2H5 107-110 21.07 0.865 1.42 1.35 849D2H6 7-10 21.14 0.871 0.98 1.86 0.954 13.6 849B3H4 44-47 21.51 0.879 1.52 1.45 849D2H6 51-54 21.58 0.888 1.18 1.73 1.049 14.7 849B3H4 88-91 22.08 0.907 1.23 1.54 1.012 14.3 849B3H4 138-141 22.28 0.915 1.15 1.57 0.961 13.7 849B3H5 8-11 22.72 0.932 1.51 0.85 1.158 15.8 849B3H5 52-55 20.38 0.933 1.55 0.70 1.113 15.3 849C3H1 38-41 20.87 0.953 1.203 16.2 849C3H1 87-90 21.37 0.983 1.63 1.21 1.115 15.3 849C3H1 137-140 21.87 0.999 1.63 1.13 1.155 15.7 849C3H2 37-40 22.37 1.021 1.63 0.95 1.197 16.1 849C3H2 87-90 22.87 1.043 1.25 1.22 1.161 15.8 849C3H2 137-140 26.86 1.081 1.52 1.35 1.131 15.5 849D3H3 112-114 28.35 1.142 1.81 1.43 0.982 13.9 849D3H4 111-113 29.85 1.212 1.36 1.37 0.928 13.3 849D3H5 111-113 30.86 1.244 1.20 1.09 1.312 17.1 849D3H6 62-64 31.27 1.257 1.50 1.49 1.072 14.9 849D3H6 103-105 31.54 1.265 1.76 1.28 1.066 14.8 849D3H6 130-132 31.84 1.271 1.83 1.38 0.989 14.0 849D3H7 10-12 32.07 1.277 1.81 1.01 1.153 15.7 849D3H7 33-35 32.52 1.288 1.38 1.29 1.304 17.1 849D3H7 78-80 29.82 1.305 1.57 1.06 1.290 17.0 849C4H1 32-34 30.3 1.320 1.49 0.88 1.152 15.7 849C4H2 8-10 30.74 1.334 1.42 1.79 1.194 16.1 849C4H2 52-54 31.19 1.344 1.76 1.42 0.931 13.3 849C4H2 97-99 31.64 1.353 1.60 0.87 1.237 16.5 849C4H2 142-144 32 1.361 1.71 1.48 1.093 15.1 849C4H3 28-30 33 1.372 1.75 1.28 1.109 15.3 849D4H1 50-52.5 33.33 1.388 1.54 1.19 1.255 16.7 849D4H1 83-85 33.72 1.412 1.51 1.13 1.163 15.8 849D4H1 122-124 34.09 1.435 1.80 0.86 1.159 15.8 849D4H2 9-11 34.52 1.454 1.31 1.03 1.248 16.6 849D4H2 52-54 34.99 1.479 1.95 0.67 1.190 16.1 849D4H2 99-101 35.32 1.496 1.56 0.98 1.410 18.0 849D4H2 132-134 35.68 1.510 1.126 15.4 849D4H3 18-20 36.08 1.525 1.89 0.57 1.338 17.4 849D4H3 58-60 36.51 1.540 1.501 18.6 849D4H3 101-103 36.9 1.554 1.225 16.4 849D4H3 140-142 37.3 1.568 2.01 1.04 1.428 18.1 849D4H4 30-32 37.71 1.584 1.73 1.04 1.515 18.7 849D4H4 71-73 38.11 1.598 1.140 15.6 849D4H4 111-113 38.53 1.617 1.77 1.29 1.151 15.7 849D4H5 3-5 38.93 1.638 1.76 1.26 1.141 15.6 849D4H5 43-45 39.3 1.652 1.64 1.21 1.359 17.5 849D4H5 80-82 39.7 1.666 1.233 16.5 849D4H5 120-122 40.03 1.690 1.59 1.11 1.300 17.0 849D4H6 3-5 40.43 1.702 1.50 1.03 1.227 16.4 849D4H6 43-45 40.83 1.709 1.22 0.88 1.523 18.8 849D4H6 83-85 39.37 1.712 1.67 1.32 1.524 18.8 849C5H1 37-39 41.22 1.716 1.54 1.27 1.143 15.6 849D4H6 122-124 39.72 1.718 1.260 16.7 849C5H1 72-74 40.1 1.737 1.218 16.3 849C5H1 110-112 40.42 1.749 1.204 16.2 849C5H1 142-144 40.73 1.759 1.65 1.02 1.185 16.0 849C5H2 23-25 41.08 1.781 1.47 1.13 1.192 16.1 849C5H2 58-60 41.39 1.791 1.27 1.25 1.109 15.3 849C5H2 89-91 41.73 1.802 1.53 1.37 1.106 15.3 849C5H2 123-125 42.03 1.811 1.96 1.14 1.175 15.9 849C5H3 3-5 42.32 1.824 1.81 1.08 1.221 16.3 849C5H3 32-34 42.68 1.836 1.65 1.34 1.068 14.9 849C5H3 68-70 42.98 1.844 1.54 1.24 1.354 17.5 849C5H3 98-100 42.82 1.847 1.47 0.98 1.202 16.2 849D5H1 82-84 43.42 1.863 1.95 0.97 1.107 15.3 849D5H1 142-144 43.72 1.870 1.70 1.07 1.156 15.7 849D5H2 22-24 44.07 1.880 1.99 1.00 1.047 14.6 849D5H2 57-59 44.37 1.887 1.83 0.93 1.200 16.2 849D5H2 87-89 44.72 1.896 1.61 0.77 1.185 16.0 849D5H2 122-124 45.03 1.905 1.55 1.26 0.843 12.2 849D5H3 3-5 45.42 1.915 1.64 1.15 1.110 15.3 849D5H3 42-44 45.67 1.927 1.90 0.96 1.118 15.4 849D5H3 67-69 45.97 1.944 1.88 1.09 1.239 16.5 849D5H3 97-99 46.27 1.950 1.66 0.46 1.289 16.9 849D5H3 127-129 46.52 1.953 1.46 0.92 1.320 17.2 849D5H4 2-4 46.81 1.957 1.56 1.01 1.178 16.0 849D5H4 31-33 47.12 1.963 1.88 1.02 1.166 15.8 849D5H4 62-64 47.43 1.970 2.05 1.05 1.029 14.5 849D5H4 93-95 47.73 1.978 2.02 0.62 1.037 14.5 849D5H4 123-125 48.03 1.985 1.93 0.78 1.122 15.4 849D5H5 3-5 48.32 1.992 1.76 0.72 1.071 14.9 849D5H5 32-34 48.63 2.000 1.78 0.95 1.180 16.0 849D5H5 63-65 48.93 2.007 1.73 1.06 1.001 14.1 849D5H5 93-95 49.23 2.016 1.92 0.73 1.048 14.7 849D5H5 123-125 49.53 2.024 2.06 0.67 1.172 15.9 849D5H6 3-5 49.82 2.030 1.99 0.71 1.090 15.1 849D5H6 32-34 50.12 2.037 1.73 1.06 1.149 15.7 849D5H6 62-64 50.43 2.044 1.81 1.32 1.030 14.5 849D5H6 93-95 50.74 2.051 1.68 1.13 1.138 15.6 849D5H6 124-126 51.03 2.059 1.67 1.05 1.061 14.8 849D5H7 3-5 51.33 2.067 1.220 16.3 849D5H7 33-35 51.63 2.075 1.44 1.39 1.137 15.6 849D5H7 63-65 54.12 2.219 1.48 0.70 1.351 17.5 849D6H2 112-114 55.62 2.283 1.03 0.55 1.280 16.9 849D6H3 112-114 57.12 2.341 1.63 0.56 1.341 17.4 849D6H4 112-114 58.62 2.405 1.84 0.87 1.138 15.6 849D6H5 112-114 60.11 2.453 1.64 0.77 1.169 15.9 849D6H6 111-113 60.61 2.469 1.71 0.36 1.384 17.7 849D6H7 11-13 66.62 2.716 1.43 0.89 1.297 17.0 849D7H4 112-114 68.1 2.765 1.46 0.79 1.354 17.5 849D7H5 110-112 69.6 2.833 1.59 0.48 1.475 18.5 849D7H6 110-112 70.65 2.935 1.50 0.88 1.192 16.1 849D8H1 15-17 72.08 2.997 1.485 18.5 849D8H2 8-10 72.44 3.013 1.213 16.3 849D8H2 44-46 72.73 3.022 1.289 17.0 849D8H2 73-75 73.03 3.029 1.254 16.6 849D8H2 103-105 73.93 3.063 1.338 17.4 849D8H3 43-45 74.23 3.075 1.123 15.4 849D8H3 73-75 74.53 3.087 1.525 18.8 849D8H3 103-105 74.8 3.099 1.330 17.3 849D8H3 130-132 75.13 3.113 1.353 17.5 849D8H4 13-15 75.43 3.125 1.436 18.2 849D8H4 43-45 75.73 3.137 1.417 18.0 849D8H4 73-75 76.04 3.147 1.428 18.1 849D8H4 104-106 76.38 3.158 1.276 16.8 849D8H4 138-140 76.73 3.172 1.546 19.0 849D8H5 23-25 77.63 3.200 1.232 16.5 849D8H5 113-115 77.93 3.210 1.213 16.3 849D8H5 143-145 78.23 3.219 1.308 17.1 849D8H6 23-25 78.53 3.229 1.292 17.0 849D8H6 53-55 78.83 3.238 1.112 15.3 849D8H6 83-85 77.54 3.245 1.191 16.1 849C9H1 54-56 77.84 3.255 1.77 0.59 1.425 18.1 849C9H1 84-86 78.13 3.266 1.60 0.69 1.148 15.7 849C9H1 113-115 78.43 3.276 1.77 0.91 1.468 18.4 849C9H1 143-145 78.73 3.287 1.46 0.68 1.423 18.0 849C9H2 23-25 78.73 3.287 1.430 18.1 849C9H2 23-25 79.1 3.297 1.48 1.23 1.213 16.3 849C9H2 60-62 79.42 3.312 1.43 0.59 1.499 18.6 849C9H2 92-94 79.72 3.325 1.50 0.93 1.342 17.4 849C9H2 122-124 80.03 3.337 1.406 17.9 849C9H3 3-5 80.23 3.354 1.224 16.4 849D9H1 23-25 80.52 3.362 1.314 17.2 849D9H1 52-54 80.82 3.376 1.350 17.5 849D9H1 82-84 81.12 3.392 1.214 16.3 849D9H1 112-114 81.42 3.397 1.360 17.5 849D9H1 142-144 81.72 3.405 1.275 16.8 849D9H2 22-24 82.02 3.419 1.299 17.0 849D9H2 52-54 82.32 3.432 1.421 18.0 849D9H2 82-84 82.62 3.446 1.360 17.6 849D9H2 112-114 82.92 3.459 1.419 18.0 849D9H2 142-144 83.13 3.466 1.433 18.1 849D9H3 13-15 83.42 3.474 1.512 18.7 849D9H3 42-44 83.72 3.482 1.455 18.3 849D9H3 72-74 84.02 3.491 1.400 17.9 849D9H3 102-104 84.32 3.500 1.397 17.8 849D9H3 132-134 84.82 3.523 1.283 16.9 849D9H4 32-34 85.12 3.536 1.323 17.2 849D9H4 62-64 85.41 3.548 1.463 18.4 849D9H4 91-93 85.73 3.562 1.583 19.2 849D9H4 123-125 86.32 3.577 1.367 17.6 849D9H5 32-34 86.63 3.584 1.475 18.5 849D9H5 63-65 86.92 3.591 1.77 1.00 1.314 17.2 849D9H5 92-94 87.23 3.605 1.45 0.46 1.379 17.7 849D9H5 123-125 87.83 3.631 1.570 19.1 849D9H6 33-35 88.13 3.643 1.213 16.3 849D9H6 63-65 88.44 3.655 1.445 18.2 849D9H6 94-96 88.73 3.663 1.333 17.3 849D9H6 123-125 89.03 3.672 1.594 19.3 849D9H7 3-5 88.22 3.694 1.71 0.53 1.404 17.9 849C10H2 22-24 88.53 3.706 1.42 1.25 1.263 16.7 849C10H2 53-55 88.81 3.715 1.24 1.05 1.409 17.9 849C10H2 81-83 89.13 3.725 1.46 1.10 1.091 15.1 849C10H2 113-115 89.42 3.746 1.62 1.01 1.253 16.6 849C10H2 142-144 89.72 3.753 1.448 18.2 849D10H1 22-24 90.02 3.763 1.546 19.0 849D10H1 52-54 90.33 3.773 1.324 17.3 849D10H1 83-85 90.63 3.782 1.149 15.7 849D10H1 113-115 90.93 3.788 1.223 16.4 849D10H1 143-145 91.23 3.795 1.242 16.5 849D10H2 23-25 91.53 3.801 1.254 16.6 849D10H2 53-55 91.82 3.815 1.394 17.8 849D10H2 82-84 92.15 3.829 1.630 19.6 849D10H2 115-117 92.57 3.841 1.448 18.2 849D10H3 7-9 93.17 3.863 1.52 0.78 1.338 17.4 849D10H3 67-69 93.78 3.890 1.47 0.85 1.321 17.2 849D10H3 128-130 94.17 3.905 1.518 18.8 849D10H4 17-19 94.52 3.919 1.289 17.0 849D10H4 52-54 94.97 3.934 1.294 17.0 849D10H4 97-99 95.27 3.946 1.587 19.3 849D10H4 127-129 95.67 3.962 1.499 18.6 849D10H5 17-19 95.97 3.972 1.592 19.3 849D10H5 47-49 96.31 3.985 1.639 19.6 849D10H5 81-83 97.58 4.034 1.235 16.5 849D10H6 58-60 99.11 4.109 1.205 16.2 849D11H1 11-13 100.62 4.163 1.261 16.7 849D11H2 12-14 102.12 4.214 1.679 19.9 849D11H3 12-14 103.6 4.265 1.544 19.0 849D11H4 10-12 105.12 4.317 1.703 20.1 849D11H5 12-14 106.61 4.353 1.639 19.6 849D11H6 11-13 108.12 4.403 1.614 19.4 849D11H7 12-14 115.12 4.579 1.584 19.2 849D12X5 62-64 119.08 4.669 1.986 21.8 849D13X3 58-60 129.18 4.826 2.080 22.3 849D14X3 108-110 135.37 5.038 0.99 0.13 1.845 20.9 849D15X1 57-59 138.37 5.106 1.14 0.58 1.872 21.1 849D15X3 57-59 139.88 5.147 1.20 0.38 2.008 21.9 849D15X4 58-60 142.87 5.206 1.890 21.2 849D15X6 57-59 144.62 5.276 2.073 22.2 849D16X1 12-14 150.57 5.334 2.105 22.4 849D16X5 7-9 155.29 5.423 2.350 23.6 849D17X1 119-121 156.79 5.459 2.043 22.1 849D17X2 119-121