# Late Miocene to Present Global Ocean Alkenone and SST Reconstruction Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/25390 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/herbert2016/herbert2016-dsdp594.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Archive: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: biomarkers #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-10-10 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-10-10 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Late Miocene to Present Global Ocean Alkenone and SST Reconstruction Data #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Herbert, T.D.; Lawrence, K.T.; Tzanova, A.; Peterson, L.C.; Caballero-Gill, R.; Kelly, C.S. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Note: age models for Sites 907 and 982 refined following publication of Herbert et al., 2016 NGS # Provided Keywords: Global ocean cooling, mid-Miocene to Present #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Herbert, T.D., K.T. Lawrence, A. Tzanova, L.C. Peterson, R. Caballero-Gill, and C.S. Kelly # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Published_Title: Late Miocene Global Cooling and the Rise of Modern Ecosystems # Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience # Volume: 9 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 843-847 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2813 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: During the late Miocene epoch, about seven million years ago, large areas of the continents experienced drying, enhanced seasonality, and a restructuring of terrestrial plant and animal communities. These changes are seen throughout the subtropics, but have typically been attributed to regional tectonic forcing. Here we present a set of globally distributed sea surface temperature records spanning the past 12 million years based on the alkenone unsaturation method. We find that a sustained late Miocene cooling occurred synchronously in both hemispheres, and culminated with ocean temperatures dipping to near-modern values between about 7 and 5.4 million years ago. The period of maximum cooling coincides with evidence for transient glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere and with a steepening of the pole-to-equator temperature gradient, as well. We thus infer that late Miocene aridity and terrestrial ecosystem changes occurred in a global context of increasing meridional temperature gradients. We conclude that a global forcing mechanism, such as the previously hypothesized decline in atmospheric CO2 levels between eight and six million years ago, is required to explain the late Miocene changes in temperature, climate and ecosystems. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences # Grant: 1304366, 1459280, 1545859 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: DSDP 594 # Location: South Pacific Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: -45.521 # Southernmost_Latitude: -45.521 # Easternmost_Longitude: 174.948 # Westernmost_Longitude: 174.948 # Elevation: -1204 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: DSDP594-2016alkenones Herbert # First_Year: 10353600 # Last_Year: 7100 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length: # Notes: Uk'37 measurement precision typically 0.005 units #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # # Event Age_(ka) Uncertainty_(ka) Depth_(mcd) # core top 0 1 0 # C1n base 781 25 84.7 # MIS G20 3015 10 142.76 # C2An.2n 3119 50 148.8 # C2An.3n 3330 50 153 # MIS Gi1 3600 10 158.55 # C2An.3n base 3597 50 160 # LO R. pseudoumbilica 3900 250 162.5 # FO G punctilata 4500 250 164 # C3n.1n 4187 50 166.5 # MIS Si6 4892 20 172.6 # C3n.4n base 5235 50 177 # LAD_G._miotumida 5300 250 183 # FCO G spericomiozoa 5600 250 184 # C3An.1n 6030 50 185 # top C. conomizea 5600 250 188 # C3An.2n 6440 75 191.8 # LO D. quinqueramus 5580 100 193 # FAD G. conomiozea 7120 250 195 # C4n.1n base 7597 75 209 # LAD N. continuousa 6200 250 210 # C4An 8770 75 231 # C4An base 9105 100 238 # FO D. quinqueramus 8200 250 241 # C4Ar.1n 9311 150 242.8 # FO N. pachyderma 9300 250 251 # C4Ar.1n base 9410 150 251.925 # LO D hamatus 9490 250 260 # LAD G. mayeri 11400 500 362 # FAD D kugleri 12000 50 390 # FAD O. universa 14740 500 394 # LAD G. miozoa 10600 500 423 # LAD G. peripheronda 13500 500 430 # FO neogloboquadrinids 13490 500 431 # LAD G.conica 13000 500 466 # FAD L. suturalis 15100 500 468 # FAD G. mayeri 12400 500 469 # BT O.suturalis 15200 500 529.1 # Sphenolithus heteromorphus 14400 500 530.615 # FO Sphenolithus heteromorphus (Di Stefano 2015) 17992 500 615.5 # #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## sitename sample identification,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C,Site ## Hole notes,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C,hole name ## core notes,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C,core ## section notes,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C,section ## cm_top depth at sample end,,,centimeter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## cm_base depth at sample start,,,centimeter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## depth_mbsf depth,,,meter,,paleoceanography,,,N,shipboard meters below sea floor ## depth_mcd depth,,,meter,,paleoceanography,,,N,composite depth ## age_kaBP age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## age_uncert_ka age,,90% confidence interval margin of error,calendar kiloyear before present,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## Uk'37 alkenone unsaturation index,sediment,,dimensionless,,paleoceanography,,gas chromatography - flame ionization detection,N,GC-FID ## SST_P sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,,degree Celsius,,climate reconstructions,,,N,SST calibration following F.G. Prahl et al., 1988; estimated ## SST_M sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,,degree Celsius,,climate reconstructions,,,N,SST calibration following P.J. Muller et al. 1998; estimated ## SST_anom-M sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,,degree Celsius,,climate reconstructions,anomalized,,N,SST anomaly relative to modern; Muller calibration ## SST_anom_back sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,,degree Celsius,,climate reconstructions,anomalized,,N,SST anomaly relative to modern; backtraced for paleolatitude/longitude #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NaN sitename Hole core section cm_top cm_base depth_mbsf depth_mcd age_kaBP age_uncert_ka Uk'37 SST_P SST_M SST_anom-M SST_anom_back 594 * 16 1 13 15 140.44 140.44 2739.9 149.9 0.458 12.33 12.55 1.50 1.93 594 * 16 2 115 117 142.96 142.96 2931.6 60.05 0.404 10.73 10.90 -0.15 0.32 594 * 16 3 133 135 144.64 144.64 3086.6 45.3 0.420 11.21 11.40 0.35 0.84 594 * 16 4 37 39 145.18 145.18 3134.1 63.3 0.489 13.23 13.48 2.43 2.94 594 * 16 4 97 99 145.78 145.78 3145.2 61.45 0.502 13.61 13.87 2.82 3.32 594 * 16 5 7 9 146.38 146.38 3156.3 61.7 0.463 12.47 12.70 1.65 2.15 594 * 16 5 73 75 147.04 147.04 3168.1 64.35 0.488 13.19 13.44 2.39 2.90 594 * 16 5 133 135 147.64 147.64 3179.5 68.2 0.318 8.20 8.29 -2.76 -2.25 594 * 16 6 43 45 148.24 148.24 3190.4 73.1 0.391 10.36 10.52 -0.53 -0.01 594 * 16 6 115 117 148.96 148.96 3203.6 80 0.446 11.96 12.17 1.12 1.64 594 * 16 cc 1 3 149.56 149.56 3214.6 86.95 0.476 12.85 13.09 2.04 2.56 594 A 10 1 31 33 128.02 150.17 3231.0 91.1 0.441 11.82 12.02 0.97 1.49 594 A 10 1 91 93 128.62 150.77 3253.0 84.5 0.468 12.62 12.85 1.80 2.33 594 A 10 2 1 3 129.22 151.37 3274.9 79.9 0.507 13.77 14.04 2.99 3.52 594 A 10 2 61 63 129.82 151.97 3296.8 78.2 0.493 13.35 13.60 2.55 3.08 594 A 10 2 121 123 130.42 152.57 3318.8 80.3 0.405 10.75 10.93 -0.12 0.42 594 A 10 3 31 33 131.02 153.17 3340.8 85.3 0.330 8.57 8.67 -2.38 -1.83 594 A 10 3 91 93 131.62 153.77 3362.7 93.55 0.393 10.41 10.57 -0.48 0.07 594 A 10 4 1 3 132.22 154.37 3384.6 103.55 0.462 12.45 12.68 1.63 2.18 594 A 10 4 73 75 132.94 155.09 3411.6 114.35 0.430 11.51 11.71 0.66 1.22 594 A 10 4 133 135 133.54 155.69 3439.1 99.8 0.527 14.36 14.64 3.59 4.15 594 A 10 5 43 45 134.14 156.29 3466.6 84.95 0.503 13.64 13.91 2.86 3.42 594 A 10 5 103 105 134.74 156.89 3494.1 71.1 0.490 13.27 13.52 2.47 3.04 594 A 10 6 13 15 135.34 157.49 3521.5 57.2 0.522 14.19 14.47 3.42 4.00 594 A 10 6 73 75 135.94 158.09 3549.0 44.7 0.514 13.97 14.25 3.20 3.78 594 A 10 6 133 135 136.54 158.69 3576.7 35.1 0.527 14.36 14.65 3.60 4.18 594 A 10 cc 14 16 137.13 159.28 3604.0 30 0.454 12.22 12.44 1.39 1.98 594 * 18 1 43 45 159.94 159.87 3634.4 32.25 0.458 12.34 12.56 1.51 2.10 594 * 18 1 103 105 160.54 160.47 3674.8 37.35 0.349 9.11 9.23 -1.82 -1.21 594 * 18 2 13 15 161.14 161.07 3717.0 54.6 0.411 10.94 11.12 0.07 0.68 594 * 18 2 73 75 161.74 161.67 3759.2 76.5 0.452 12.14 12.35 1.30 1.92 594 * 18 2 133 135 162.34 162.27 3801.2 100.45 0.426 11.38 11.58 0.53 1.15 594 * 18 3 43 45 162.94 162.87 3843.2 124.9 0.489 13.24 13.49 2.44 3.07 594 * 18 3 103 105 163.54 163.47 3885.3 149.4 0.424 11.34 11.53 0.48 1.12 594 * 18 4 25 27 164.26 164.19 3935.8 179.5 0.454 12.22 12.44 1.39 2.04 594 * 18 4 85 87 164.86 164.79 3978.0 204.45 0.493 13.36 13.61 2.56 3.22 594 * 18 4 145 147 165.46 165.39 4032.2 187.6 0.469 12.63 12.87 1.82 2.48 594 * 18 5 55 57 166.06 165.99 4090.1 160.7 0.503 13.64 13.90 2.85 3.53 594 * 18 5 115 117 166.66 166.59 4148.0 139.7 0.460 12.38 12.60 1.55 2.25 594 * 18 6 25 27 167.26 167.19 4206.0 128.75 0.438 11.74 11.94 0.89 1.59 594 * 18 CC 13 15 167.89 167.82 4266.9 132.05 0.477 12.87 13.11 2.06 2.77 594 * 19 1 43 45 169.54 168.43 4425.4 187.6 0.526 14.33 14.61 3.56 4.31 594 * 19 1 97 99 170.08 168.97 4479.3 206.3 0.481 12.99 13.23 2.18 2.93 594 * 19 1 145 147 170.56 169.45 4535.8 180.55 0.488 13.20 13.45 2.40 3.16 594 * 19 2 25 27 170.86 169.75 4571.1 165.1 0.512 13.92 14.19 3.14 3.91 594 * 19 2 61 63 171.22 170.11 4613.5 146.8 0.478 12.92 13.16 2.11 2.89 594 * 19 2 91 93 171.52 170.41 4648.8 131.55 0.504 13.67 13.93 2.88 3.66 594 * 19 2 121 123 171.82 170.71 4684.2 117 0.444 11.90 12.11 1.06 1.85 594 * 19 3 7 9 172.18 171.07 4726.5 99.85 0.473 12.76 12.99 1.94 2.74 594 * 19 3 37 38 172.475 171.365 4761.4 87.15 0.506 13.75 14.01 2.96 3.77 594 * 19 3 67 69 172.78 171.67 4797.5 74.9 0.503 13.65 13.91 2.86 3.67 594 * 19 3 97 98 173.075 171.965 4832.3 65 0.480 12.96 13.20 2.15 2.96 594 * 19 3 145 147 173.56 172.45 4889.2 57.3 0.457 12.28 12.50 1.45 2.28 594 * 19 4 55 57 174.16 173.05 4959.8 63.9 0.498 13.50 13.76 2.71 3.55 594 * 19 4 115 117 174.76 173.65 5030.3 84.05 0.528 14.39 14.67 3.62 4.47 594 * 19 5 28 30 175.39 174.28 5083.8 86.55 0.469 12.64 12.87 1.82 2.69 594 * 19 5 73 75 175.84 174.73 5112.9 80.35 0.445 11.94 12.15 1.10 1.96 594 * 19 5 103 104 176.135 175.025 5132.2 78.7 0.509 13.83 14.09 3.04 3.92 594 * 19 5 133 135 176.44 175.33 5152.2 79.65 0.489 13.25 13.50 2.45 3.32 594 * 19 6 13 15 176.74 175.63 5171.9 82.25 0.464 12.49 12.72 1.67 2.55 594 * 19 6 45 46 177.055 175.945 5192.4 86.55 0.488 13.20 13.45 2.40 3.28 594 * 19 6 73 75 177.34 176.23 5210.8 91.65 0.472 12.74 12.98 1.93 2.81 594 * 19 6 103 105 177.64 176.53 5230.3 98.5 0.493 13.36 13.62 2.57 3.46 594 * 19 6 133 135 177.94 176.83 5249.7 106.6 0.436 11.68 11.89 0.84 1.73 594 * 19 7 14 15 178.245 177.135 5269.5 115.65 0.490 13.26 13.51 2.46 3.36 594 * 19 CC 7 9 178.5 177.39 5286.1 123.35 0.490 13.25 13.50 2.45 3.35 594 * 20 1 43 45 179.14 177.98 5327.6 145.2 0.521 14.17 14.44 3.39 4.30 594 * 20 1 109 111 179.8 178.64 5370.4 168.2 0.350 9.13 9.26 -1.79 -0.87 594 * 20 2 19 21 180.4 179.24 5413.6 164.5 0.420 11.20 11.39 0.34 1.27 594 * 20 2 79 81 181 179.84 5459.2 149.65 0.432 11.57 11.77 0.72 1.65 594 * 20 2 139 141 181.6 180.44 5504.8 138.45 0.430 11.49 11.69 0.64 1.58 594 * 20 3 49 51 182.2 181.04 5550.6 132.65 0.400 10.61 10.78 -0.27 0.68 594 * 20 3 117 119 182.88 181.72 5602.5 130.5 0.371 9.76 9.91 -1.14 -0.18 594 * 20 4 33 35 183.54 182.38 5653.0 135.9 0.425 11.37 11.56 0.51 1.48 594 * 20 4 91 93 184.12 182.96 5697.2 145.45 0.433 11.59 11.79 0.74 1.71 594 * 20 5 7 9 184.78 183.62 5747.5 161 0.393 10.40 10.57 -0.48 0.50 594 * 20 5 73 75 185.44 184.28 5803.3 151.15 0.432 11.55 11.75 0.70 1.69 594 * 21 1 7 9 188.38 184.97 6064.5 182.7 0.434 11.62 11.82 0.77 1.81 594 * 21 1 67 69 188.98 185.57 6117.6 213.5 0.472 12.74 12.97 1.92 2.97 594 * 21 1 127 129 189.58 186.17 6170.7 248.5 0.439 11.76 11.96 0.91 1.97 594 * 21 2 43 45 190.24 186.83 6230.7 260.8 0.463 12.46 12.69 1.64 2.71 594 * 21 2 103 105 190.84 187.43 6287.3 232.6 0.515 14.01 14.28 3.23 4.31 594 * 21 3 13 15 191.44 188.03 6344.0 209.85 0.546 14.90 15.20 4.15 5.24 594 * 21 3 79 81 192.1 188.69 6407.2 193.65 0.498 13.51 13.76 2.71 3.82 594 * 21 3 139 141 192.7 189.29 6464.7 187.85 0.455 12.24 12.46 1.41 2.52 594 * 21 4 49 51 193.3 189.89 6522.0 194.5 0.466 12.55 12.78 1.73 2.86 594 * 21 4 109 111 193.9 190.49 6579.1 208.7 0.465 12.52 12.75 1.70 2.83 594 * 21 5 19 21 194.5 191.09 6636.0 230.8 0.521 14.19 14.47 3.42 4.56 594 * 21 5 79 81 195.1 191.69 6689.3 250.6 0.506 13.72 13.99 2.94 4.09 594 * 21 5 139 141 195.7 192.29 6725.6 241.75 0.490 13.28 13.53 2.48 3.64 594 * 21 6 55 57 196.36 192.95 6766.4 238.75 0.496 13.45 13.71 2.66 3.83 594 * 21 6 109 111 196.9 193.49 6799.8 241.5 0.516 14.02 14.30 3.25 4.42 594 * 21 CC 1 3 197.47 194.06 6835.1 247.75 0.541 14.77 15.06 4.01 5.19 594 A 11 1 37 39 198.28 194.69 6885.5 262.25 0.510 13.85 14.11 3.06 4.25 594 A 11 1 97 99 198.88 195.29 6922.7 279.55 0.532 14.49 14.78 3.73 4.92 594 A 11 2 7 9 199.48 195.89 6960.1 298.65 0.541 14.76 15.06 4.01 5.21 594 A 11 2 67 69 200.08 196.49 6997.5 315.25 0.502 13.63 13.89 2.84 4.04 594 A 11 2 127 129 200.68 197.09 7031.7 303.7 0.537 14.64 14.93 3.88 5.09 594 A 11 3 37 39 201.28 197.69 7065.9 294.45 0.551 15.06 15.36 4.31 5.53 594 A 11 3 97 99 201.88 198.29 7100.0 289.05 0.497 13.46 13.72 2.67 3.89 594 A 11 4 19 21 202.6 199.01 7141.3 286.85 0.556 15.20 15.51 4.46 5.69 594 A 11 4 79 81 203.2 199.61 7175.7 286.55 0.599 16.46 16.81 5.76 6.99 594 A 11 4 139 141 203.8 200.21 7210.1 291 0.586 16.08 16.41 5.36 6.60 594 A 11 5 49 51 204.4 200.81 7244.6 297.45 0.541 14.78 15.07 4.02 5.27 594 A 11 5 109 111 205 201.41 7279.1 306.95 0.572 15.68 16.00 4.95 6.21 594 * 23 1 50 52 208.01 204.42 7457.3 216.2 0.595 16.35 16.70 5.65 6.93 594 * 23 1 100 102 208.51 204.92 7484.1 214.1 0.552 15.09 15.39 4.04 5.63 594 * 23 1 125 127 208.76 205.17 7497.5 208.6 0.569 15.59 15.91 4.54 6.15 594 * 23 2 125 127 210.26 206.67 7578.0 205.5 0.611 16.82 17.18 5.77 7.43 594 * 23 3 50 52 211.01 207.42 7629.4 201.5 0.574 15.74 16.06 5.01 6.33 594 * 23 5 10 12 213.61 210.02 7757.7 247.65 0.645 17.81 18.20 6.76 8.49 594 * 23 5 50 52 214.01 210.42 7788.0 256.4 0.570 15.62 15.94 4.89 6.23 594 * 23 6 40 42 215.41 211.82 7854.2 265.2 0.608 16.72 17.08 5.67 7.38 594 * 23 6 100 102 216.01 212.42 7886.4 268.5 0.581 15.94 16.27 4.89 6.57 594 * 23 6 125 127 216.26 212.67 7899.8 271.7 0.555 15.19 15.50 4.14 5.80 594 * 24 1 50 52 217.61 214.02 7980.8 282.75 0.598 16.43 16.77 5.72 7.09 594 * 24 3 50 52 220.61 217.02 8144.4 311 0.535 14.60 14.89 3.84 5.23 594 * 24 5 50 52 223.61 220.02 8309.5 289.9 0.563 15.42 15.73 4.68 6.11 594 * 25 1 50 52 227.21 223.62 8502.8 241 0.565 15.47 15.82 4.77 6.22 594 * 25 3 50 52 230.21 226.62 8661.3 221.25 0.609 16.76 17.12 6.07 7.54 594 * 25 5 50 52 233.21 229.62 8794.0 173.8 0.627 17.30 17.68 6.63 8.12 594 * 26 1 50 52 236.81 233.22 8934.4 169.95 0.684 18.96 19.39 8.34 9.85 594 * 26 3 50 52 239.81 236.22 9035.2 179.25 0.660 18.26 18.66 7.61 9.14 594 * 27 1 50 52 246.41 242.82 9198.5 180 0.726 18.78 19.20 8.15 9.70 594 * 27 3 50 52 249.41 245.82 9267.0 188.95 0.726 20.21 20.67 9.62 11.19 594 * 27 3 50 52 249.41 245.82 9267.0 188.95 0.724 20.15 20.61 9.56 11.13 594 * 28 1 50 52 256.01 252.42 9411.2 194.7 0.682 18.91 19.33 8.28 9.87 594 * 28 3 50 52 259.01 255.42 9471.1 206.95 0.678 18.79 19.21 8.16 9.76 594 * 29 1 50 52 265.61 262.02 9605.9 235.7 0.661 18.30 18.70 7.65 9.27 594 * 29 3 50 52 268.61 265.02 9667.1 244.65 0.664 18.39 18.80 7.75 9.37 594 * 30 1 50 52 275.21 271.62 9799.1 269.7 0.672 18.62 19.03 7.98 9.62 594 * 30 3 50 52 278.21 274.62 9859.3 272.85 0.692 19.21 19.64 8.59 10.24 594 * 35 3 50 52 326.21 322.62 10833.7 334.75 0.761 21.25 21.74 10.69 12.46 594 * 36 1 50 52 332.81 329.22 10967.4 336.45 0.744 20.73 21.21 10.16 11.95 594 * 36 2 50 52 334.11 330.52 10993.8 339.7 0.747 20.83 21.31 10.26 12.05 594 * 37 1 50 52 342.41 338.82 11162.1 336.5 0.729 20.08 20.53 9.48 11.29 594 * 39 1 50 52 361.61 358.02 11548.6 315.6 0.736 20.49 20.96 9.91 11.76 594 * 40 1 50 52 370.61 367.02 11731.8 308.05 0.749 20.89 21.37 10.32 12.18 594 * 40 3 50 52 373.61 370.02 11792.7 302.15 0.780 21.79 22.30 11.25 13.12 594 * 41 1 50 52 380.81 377.22 11939.7 293 0.805 22.52 23.06 12.01 13.89 594 * 41 2 50 52 382.31 378.72 11970.7 286.55 0.864 24.28 24.86 13.81 15.70 594 * 42 1 50 52 390.41 386.82 12138.3 267 0.820 22.98 23.52 12.47 14.37 594 * 42 2 50 52 391.91 388.32 12171.1 261.95 0.838 23.50 24.06 13.01 14.92 594 * 43 1 50 52 400.01 396.42 12357.2 291.55 0.811 22.69 23.23 12.18 14.10