# Barents Sea Ice Sheet Deglacial 14C/10Be Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16138 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/hormes2013/hormes2013bsis.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Other Collections #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2014-03-03 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Barents Sea Ice Sheet Deglacial 14C/10Be Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Hormes, A.; Gjermundsen, E.F.; Rasmussen, T.L. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Review of the timing of the deglaciation of the northern Barents Sea ice sheet (BSIS) with new # and published 14C and 10Be dates from terrestrial and offshore records from the Svalbard archipelago. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Anne Hormes, Endre Før Gjermundsen, Tine Lander Rasmussen # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-09-01 # Published_Title: From mountain top to the deep sea - Deglaciation in 4D of the northwestern Barents Sea ice sheet # Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews # Volume: 75 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 78-99 # DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.009 # Online_Resource: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113001418 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The timing of the deglaciation of the northern Barents Sea ice sheet (BSIS) documented in terrestrial and offshore records from the Svalbard archipelago is reviewed. We present new cosmogenic nuclide (CN) ages from formerly unexplored inland areas of northern Svalbard to investigate the timing of thinning of past local ice domes. CN data are compared with radiocarbon ages from marine and terrestrial deposits. 10Be isotope CN dates on erratic boulders from interior Svalbard suggest that glacier surfaces in northern and western Svalbard thinned 950-650 m from 26 ± 4 ka and continued over an extended period until 16 ka. Initial ice retreat from the western outer to the inner shelf began at 20.5 ka and in Storfjordrenna southwest of Svalbard around 19-18 ka. Retreat of grounded ice from the northern outer to the inner shelf did not begin before 15.9 ka. We therefore suggest increasing summer insolation and aridification due to atmospheric circulation changes and perennial sea ice cover as the main mechanisms for the ice thinning and grounded ice retreat from the outer shelves before and during the Heinrich 1 event. The frontal position of the grounded ice sheet, however, did not change during several millennia despite further thinning in interior northern Svalbard. The inner shelf areas rapidly deglaciated towards the fjord mouths along the western coasts between 15 and 14 ka and became ice-free before and during meltwater pulse 1a (mwp-1a). The collapse of the ice shelves from the inner shelf towards the fjord mouths and inner fjords occurred on a decadal to centennial time scale based on overlapping radiocarbon ages from marine sediment cores in addition to CN data from erratic boulders in lowlands. We suggest that additional mechanisms must have caused this rapid collapse. Together with reduced moisture supply in the accumulation areas, we assume that subsurface warm Atlantic water masses that reached the western shelf after 17.5 ka may have accelerated debuttressing of the ice shelves in addition to the Bølling warming that kicked in around 15.1 ka due to increased insolation and the global sea-level rise called mwp-1a. Conservative calculations estimate the contribution of only the northwestern part of the BSIS to sea-level rise with 0.0004 cm yr-1 between 26 and 16 ka and 0.02 cm yr-1 in assumed 300 years between 15 and 14 ka. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: University Centre of Svalbard # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Svalbard Science Forum # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Statoil # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Barents Sea Ice Sheet # Location: Geographic Region>Arctic # Country: Norway # Northernmost_Latitude: 81.0 # Southernmost_Latitude: 78.0 # Easternmost_Longitude: 30.0 # Westernmost_Longitude: 10.0 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: SvalbardBSIS # Earliest_Year: 26000 # Most_Recent_Year: 14000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # See Tables 1, 2, and 3 from Hormes et al. 2013 in Data Section below # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # Tables 1, 2, and 3 from Hormes et al. 2013 #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Tables 1, 2, and 3 from Hormes et al. 2013 Table 1 Radiocarbon dates from Svalbard and adjacent shelf areas that are associated with the deglaciation of the BSIS. Site / core Latitude Longitude Zone Easting Northing Material Setting Reference Water depth/ m a.s.l. Lab ID Region 14C yrs 1 sigma reservoir corrected 14C 1 sigma Fairbanks 440/INTCAL Fairbanks +- Water depth/ m a.s.l. Fram Strait 77°59.52 2°25.23 31X 486541 8657543 N. Pachyderma Jones and Keigwin 1994 AA-2357 15670 170 15230 170 18442 235 Western Shelf JM03-373PC2 76°24' 13°06' N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above debris flow Rasmussen et al. 2007 1485 AAR-8773 "offshelf, SW Spitsbergen " 19310 140 18870 192 22458 193 1485 JM03-373PC2 76°24' 13°06' N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above debris flow Rasmussen et al. 2007 1485 AAR-8772 "offshelf, SW Spitsbergen " 18690 120 18250 172 21759 279 1485 JM03-374PC 76°44' 12°36' N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above debris flow Jessen et al. 2010 1130 AAR-8766 offshelf west of shelf Hornsund 19630 150 19190 202 22808 271 1130 JM04-025PC 77°28' 09°30' N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above debris flow Jessen et al. 2010 1880 AAR-10852 offshelf west of Bellsund 15020 90 14580 142 17286 294 1880 JM02-440 unpaired bivalvia glaciomarine Slubowska-Woldengen et al. 2007 240 Tua-3974 western shelf Bellsund 11770 75 11330 127 13175 139 240 NP90-21 78°11.30' 09°56.56' 33X 384312 8683840 N. pachyderma Laminated deglacial mud on shelf above diamict Elverhøi 1995a 322 Tua-856 western shelf 15150 120 14710 172 17533 358 322 NP90-21 78°11.30' 09°56.56' 33X 384312 8683840 N.pachyderma Marine sediment above diamicton Elverhøi 1995a 322 Tua-855 western shelf 15035 90 14595 142 17314 296 322 NP90-21 78°11.30' 09°56.56' 33X 384312 8683840 N. pachyderma Marine sediment above diamicton Elverhøi 1995a 322 Tua-359 western shelf 15255 180 14815 232 17734 455 322 NP90-46 77°13.20' 12°37.49' 33X 441363 8572509 E. Excavatum Marine sediment above diamicton "Cadman, 1996" 204 Beta 71988 shelf off Bellsund 16880 80 16440 132 19556 146 204 NP94-4 77°17.98' 12°39.73' 33X 442639 8581356 E. Excavatum/E. asklundi Marine sediment above diamicton "Cadman, 1996" 217 Beta 71987 shelf off Bellsund 14770 90 14330 142 16854 254 217 NP94-4 77°17.98' 12°39.73' 33X 442639 8581356 shell fragments Marine sediment above diamicton "Cadman, 1996" 217 Beta 78059 shelf off Bellsund 13440 70 13000 122 15143 168 217 JM07-11GC N. Pachyderma hemipelagic sediments Rasmussen unpublished 601 offshelf west of Prins Karls Forlandet 21210 110 20770 162 24796 258 601 NP90-39 77°49' 09°05.58' 33X 360835 8644917 N. pachyderma "above till, glaciomarine with coarse IRD of Svalbard origin" Elverhoi et al. 1995 2119 Tua-557 offshelf west of Isfjorden 19815 120 19375 172 23059 274 2119 NP90-36 77°37.04' 09°5618' 33X 378927 8620893 N. pachyderma "above till, glaciomarine with coarse IRD of Svalbard origin" Elverhoi et al. 1995 1360 Tua-845 offshelf west of Isfjorden 16035 130 15595 182 18797 168 1360 NP-90-25 78°01.31' 11°51.39' 33X 427204 8662760 Mollusc unidentified glacimarine mud on top of massive till Svendsen et al. 1996 253 Tua-553 Inner shelf Isfjorden 12835 100 12395 152 14289 263 253 NP87-136-GC2 79°01.06' 11°06.74' 33X 417379 8774699 Mixed benthic forams Bottom of Massive marine mud with dropstones Landvik et al. 2005 279 WHG-630 Outer mouth Kongsfjorden 12640 150 12200 202 14030 257 279 NP90-9-PC3 79°01.32' 11°06.24' 33X 417234 8775193 Mixed benthic forams Laminated marine mud on top of glacial till "Lehmann et al., unpublished, Landvik et al. 2005" 276 WHG-941 Outer mouth Kongsfjorden 13960 120 13520 172 15740 227 276 NP90-11-PC3 78°59.25' 10°07.36' 33X 396107 8772922 Nonion labradoricum Laminated marine mud on top of glacial till "Lehmann et al., unpublished, Landvik et al. 2005" 264 WHG-946 "Inner shelf of Kongsfjorden, north of PKF" 12880 115 12440 167 14366 288 264 JM99-583 78°43.18' 09°21.26' 33X 376901 8744640 Paried mollusc Laminated marine mud on top of glacial till Landvik et al. 2005 208 NSRL-12339 "NW PrinsKarls Forlandet, Outer shelf of Kongsfjorden" 12270 65 11830 117 13674 107 208 JM99-591 78°58.59' 09°51.89' 33X 390521 8772170 Paired juvenile mollusc Crude laminated mud on top of glaciomarine till Landvik et al. 2005 239 NSRL-11177 Outer shelf Kongsfjorden 11000 40 10560 92 12507 114 239 JM99-592 79°00.16' 10°24.32' 33X 402249 8774121 "Paired Macoma, juvenile" Bottom of massive marine mud with dropstones Landvik et al. 2005 266 NSRL-12343 Inner shelf of Kongsfjorden 12700 65 12260 117 14072 166 266 MD99-2304 77°37.26' 09°56.90' 33X 379248 8621276 Benthic forams sandy pelite with ice rafted dropstones on top of diamicton Hald et al. 2004 1315 KIA9863 western shelf west of Van Mijenfjorden 12660 70 12220 122 14024 158 1315 88-01 78°02.8' 12°59.3' 33X 453497 8664376 Astarte elliptica grey soft mud with few dropstones on top fo firm diamicton with Hecla Hoek clasts Svendsen et al. 1992 270 Tua-38 western shelf 12115 180 11675 232 13524 226 270 88-02 78°02.8' 12°59.3' 33X 453497 8664376 Nucula tenuis grey soft mud with few dropstones on top fo firm diamicton with Hecla Hoek clasts Svendsen et al. 1992 271 Tua-42 western shelf 12985 145 12545 197 14535 321 271 88-03 78°01.0' 11°41.4' 33X 423319 8662396 Nucula tenuis grey soft mud with few dropstones Svendsen et al. 1992 234 Tua-44 western shelf 12045 180 11605 232 13457 231 234 Northern Shelf NP94-51SC2 80°21.34' 16°17.97' 33X 524302 8921567 mixed benthic foraminiferae Outer shelf Hinlopen Strait Koc et al. 2002 400 Tua-3075 Hinlopenstrait mouth 13410 105 12970 157 15108 203 400 NP94-51SC2 80°21.34' 16°17.97' 33X 524302 8921567 mixed benthic foraminiferae Outer shelf Hinlopen Strait Koc et al. 2002 400 Tua-3587 Hinlopenstrait mouth 14165 135 13725 187 15984 254 400 Southern Shelf JM02-460PC 76 16 N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above glacial till Rasmussen et al. 2007 389 AAR-8764 south Spitsbergen shelf 16750 110 16310 162 19431 170 389 JM02-460PC 76 16 N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above glacial till Rasmussen et al. 2007 389 AAR-8763 south Spitsbergen shelf 15940 110 15500 162 18716 154 389 JM02-460PC 76 16 N. pachyderma Hemipelagic deposits above glacial till Rasmussen et al. 2007 389 AAR-9448 south Spitsbergen shelf 15250 130 14810 182 17726 378 389 JM02-460PC 76 16 Nuculana sp. Hemipelagic deposits above glacial till Rasmussen et al. 2007 389 AAR-8762 south Spitsbergen shelf 13450 90 13010 142 15155 188 389 JM02-460GC 76 16 Nuculana sp. Hemipelagic deposits above glacial till Rasmussen et al. 2007 389 Tua-3977 south Spitsbergen shelf 13180 140 12740 192 14822 273 389 JM10-10GC 77 20 mollusc Marine mud above till Rasmussen unpublished 123 UB-18948 Storfjorden 10960 44 10520 96 12456 137 123 JM93-6/1 no position N. pachyderma Debris flow deposits Laberg and Vorren 1995 2364 Tua-820 Bjørnøyrenna shelf 17900 145 17460 197 20656 241 2364 NP05-86GC 77 19 33X 605167 Mollusc Marine mud above till Rasmussen unpublished 140 Indre Storfjorden 10395 60 9955 112 11402 198 140 Eastern Shelf NP05-71GC 79 31 foraminiferae glaciomarine mud Klitgaard-Kristiensen submitted 363 South of Kvitøya 12760 65 12320 117 14156 191 363 GC06 79°05.7' 25°05.7 35X 459774 8781234 bulk mud above diamict Hogan et al. 2010 223 northwest of Kong Karls Land 18640 100 18200 152 21682 258 223 South of Nordaustlandet only vague figure foraminiferae Glacial till overlain by blue grey glaciomarine proximal sediments Elverhøi & Solheim 1987 100 Ua-301 "south of Nordaustlandet, south Hinlopen strait" 10390 170 9950 222 11448 367 100 South of Nordaustlandet only vague figure Portlandia Arctica Glacial till overlain by blue grey glaciomarine proximal sediments Elverhøi & Solheim 1987 112 Ua-302 "south of Nordaustlandet, south Hinlopen Strait" 10080 170 9640 222 10995 325 112 Western Coast Brøggerhalvøya 78°57 11°24 33X 423332 8768072 paired valves of Mya truncata sublittoral sands on beach at 15 m a.s.l. Forman et al. 1987 15 DIC-3122 "Kongsfjorden, " 10715 90 10275 142 12034 269 15 Tønsneset 79°01 11°57.5 33X 435300 8772818 shell and barnacle fragments raised beach at 10 m Forman et al. 1987 10 GX-10104 Inner northern Kongsfjorden 10510 170 10070 222 11650 397 10 Linnevatnet 78°03 13°50 33X 473035 8664218 shells Marine sediment above diamicton Mangerud & Svendsen 1990 12 Ua-729 Nordenskioldland 12760 190 12320 242 14201 346 12 Linnevatnet 78°03 13°50 33X 473035 8664218 shells Marine sediment above diamicton Mangerud & Svendsen 1990 12 Ua-732 Nordenskioldland 12740 190 12300 242 14174 340 12 "Site 12 Brøggerhalvøya, Brandalpynten " no position 33X 432229 8765846 E. Excavatum Marine sediment above diamicton Lehmann and Formann 1992 25 WHG-531 Kongsfjorden 12710 110 12270 162 14104 232 25 "Stormbukta, Sørkapp" 76°43' 16°20' 33X 534196 8515543 Mya truncata above till Salvigsen & Elgersma 1993 T-9009 Sørkapp 11795 125 11355 177 13205 185 Linnedalen Unit E1 78°04.54 13°45 33X 471280 8667178 Mya truncata living position Holocene marine sands above glacial till Lønne and Mangerud 1991 25 T-6229 "Nordenskioldland, site 14" 10760 110 10320 162 12112 294 25 Linnedalen Unit E1 78°04.54 13°45 33X 471280 8667178 Hiatella arctica paired Holocene marine sands above glacial till Lønne and Mangerud 1991 25 T-6002 Nordenskioldland site 13 10670 110 10230 162 11945 313 25 Skilvika Unit 6 77°34' 14°26' 33X 486313 8610466 Nuculana pernula laminated marine clay Landvik et al. 1992a 15 T-6000 "Skilvika, site VII, Fm6" 13270 210 12830 262 14926 352 15 Skilvika Unit 6 77°34' 14°26' 33X 486313 8610466 Nuculana pernula laminated marine clay Landvik et al. 1992a 15 Ua-280 "Skilvika, site VII, Fm 6" 13010 160 12570 212 14572 335 15 "Ytterdalen, N Bellsund" 77°48.93 14°13.06 33X 481566 8637905 "Mya truncata, Hiatella arctica fragments" from beach surface at 50.6 m Landvik et al 1987 50.6 T-4865 "Bellsund, Van Mijenfjorden" 11460 110 11020 162 12894 139 50.6 "Ytterdalen, N Bellsund" 77°48.93 14°13.06 33X 481566 8637905 Hiatella arctica and Mya truncata fragments from beach surface at 55.6 m Landvik et al. 1987 55.6 T-5995 "Bellsund, Van Mijenfjorden" 11280 110 10840 162 12747 137 55.6 "Wedel Jarlsberg, Dyrstadalen, sample 85" 77°34.6' 14°02.18 33X 476769 8605871 Shell fragment beach gravels at 50.5 m Salvigsen and Elgersma 1991 50.5 Ua-1081 "Bellsund, Van Mijenfjorden" 12350 145 11910 197 13740 181 50.5 "Wedel Jarlsberg, Lognedalen, sample 101" 77°3.3 14°6.67' 33X 478615 8608472 Fragment of Mya truncata or Hiatella arctica silt at 48 m Salvigsen and Elgersma 1991 48 Ua-1082 "Bellsund, Van Mijenfjorden" 11795 160 11355 212 13207 216 48 Poolepynten D2 78°27' 11°40' 33X 425533 8710714 Paired Hiatella arctica Littoral beach deposits above till and glaciofluvial sediments Andersson et al. 1999 8.5 AA-19035 Poolepynten 11810 150 11370 202 13222 208 8.5 Brøggerhalvøya 78°57 11°25 33X 423671 8767278 Whale rib beach ridge on 37 m terrace Forman et al. 1987 37 I-3793 Kongsfjorden 12240 180 11870 203 13704 186 37 Mitrahalvøya 79°11' 11°17' 33X 4221185 8792316 Whale skull beach gravels at 20 m Forman et al. 1987 20 B-10968 NW Spitsbergen 13400 190 13030 213 15176 266 20 Mitrahalvøya 79°10 11°13 33X 421017 8791877 Whale cranium buried in raised beach at 15 m Forman 1990 15 GX-10103 NW Spitsbergen 10750 330 10380 353 12148 532 15 Daudmannsøyra 78°15 12°58 33X 454067 8688375 whale rib partially buried in raised beach gravels at 42 m a.s.l. Forman 1990 42 GX-9910 Oscar II Land 10380 310 10010 333 11567 542 42 Vulkanhamna 79°28 13°24 33X 467497 8822889 Whale rib river section in marine terrace Salvigsen & Österholm 1982 21.5 T-2837 Bockfjorden 10050 110 9680 133 11069 196 21.5 Poolepynten D2 78°27' 11°40' 33X 425367 8710732 Whale rib Littoral beach deposits above till and glaciofluvial sediments Andersson et al. 1999 9 GX-21065G Poolepynten 9280 135 8910 158 10016 241 9 Pricepynten 78°16.16 12°01.24 33X 432461 8691182 Whale jaw bone partially buried in beach gravels at 36 m Forman 1990 36 I-13795 South Prins Karls Forlandet 11650 180 11280 203 13132 202 36 Pricepynten 78°16.89 12°01.74 33X 432669 8691507 Whale rib partial buried in beach gravels at 32 m Forman 1990 32 I-13794 South Prins Karls Forlandet 10910 160 10540 183 12443 245 32 North end Prins Oscars Land Arkvatnet 80°25.62 22°52.856 35X 423588 8931961 Driftwood log 22 m beach terrace "Österholm & Schytt , Blake 2006" 22 St-7989 "Riepfjorden, Nordaustlandet" 9465 120 #REF! #REF! 22 Linnevatnet 24 78°04' 13°50' 33X 473072 866078 Mollusc (Nuc. Tenuis) Lake sediment above marine sediment Svendsen et al. 1996 12 Tua-80 West Spitsbergen 12415 80 11975 132 13793 117 12 "Stevatnet, 46 m, water depth 6 m, core depth 5.6 m" 78°28 19°02 Bryophyta Lake sediments Wohlfarth et al. 1995 46 Ua-4130 Bjørnøya 9795 120 #REF! #REF! 46 Southern Coast Werenskioldbreen 77°06' 15°09' 33X 503738 8557937 "Mya truncata, redeposited" glacier margin south of median moraine Birkenmajer & Olsson 1998 46 U-2973 Sørkapp 10500 160 10060 212 11630 382 46 Werenskioldbreen 77°06' 15°09' 33X 503738 8557937 "Mya truncata, redeposited" glacier margin near median moraine Birkenmajer & Olsson 1998 50 U-2831 Sørkapp 10660 220 10220 272 11913 468 50 Werenskioldbreen 77°5.08' 15°12.48' 33X 505190 8556246 Mya truncata shell from glacier advance in esker and dirt cone Birkenmajer & Olsson 1998 46 U-2972 North of Hornsund 10790 160 10350 212 12148 362 46 Northern Svalbard Gråhuken 79°47' 14°31' 33X 490430 8857442 "Mya truncata, Hiatella arctica" "marine sediment, 41 m" Salvigsen & Österholm 1982 41 T-3099 "Andreeland, Woodfjorden" 11360 120 10920 172 12812 145 41 Mosselbukta 79°53' 16°10' 33X 523160 8869157 Mya truncata & Hiatella arctica 65 m beach Salvigsen & Österholm 1982 65 T-3735 11110 140 10670 192 12589 206 65 Roosneset 79°33.45 13°27.35 33X 468761 8832618 Mya truncata 2 m beach Salvigsen & Österholm 1982 2 T-2917 Liefdefjorden/Woodfjorden 10020 150 9580 202 10911 301 2 Bockfjorden 79°25' 13°21' 33X 466404 8818298 "Mya truncata, Hiatella arctica" marine sediment 35 m Salvigsen & Österholm 1982 T-2918 Liefdefjorden 10490 120 10050 172 11601 324 Bockfjorden 79°28.6' 13°25.98' 33X 468057 8823592 Mya truncata fragment Sandy beach gravels Salvigsen & Høgvard 2005 35 Tua-1641 Liefdefjorden 10510 95 10070 147 11632 294 35 Bockfjorden 79°26.83' 13°20.63' 33X 466144 8820367 Mya truncata clayey glacial marine Salvigsen & Høgvard 2006 35 T-12226 Liefdefjorden 10475 95 10035 147 11565 286 35 "Isvika, " 79°58 18°35 33X 570019 8882101 Mya truncata Foreshore/beah depositsl above diamicton Kaakinen et al. 2009 2 HELA-1652 "Isvika, Nordaustlandet" 9725 60 9285 112 10474 154 2 "Reinsdyrflya, Spe-3a" 79°43.81' 13°40.69' 33X 473694 8851762 "beach deposits, 39 m Mya truncata" marine terrace at 39 m a.s.l. Brücknner 1996 39 HD 16224-15508 Woodfjorden 11935 70 11495 122 13352 138 39 Andreeland 79°43.5' 14°56.4' 33X 498822 8850933 reddish brown marine mud 11.6 m terrace "Brückner et al., 2002" 11.6 UtC-10139 "Wijdefjorden, Vogvatnet coast" 12720 80 12280 132 14105 196 11.6 Eastern Svalbard Kinnvika no position only map single fragment of blue shell on surface of marine terrace Blake 2006 14.5 Ua-2102 Murchisonfjorden Kinnvika 9060 90 8620 142 9602 163 14.5 Wahlenbergfjorden no position only map Valve of Mya truncata marine terrace below marine limit Blake 2006 43 GaK-2736 Wahlenbergfjorden 9670 140 9530 192 10838 292 43 Riepdalen no position only map Mya truncata shells river section Blake 2006 32 GSC-1915 Riepdalen 9200 180 8760 232 9806 313 32 Frankenhalvøya 78°34' 21°20' 35X 374790 8727685 Nuculana pernula Marine clayey silt above till Landvik et al. 1992b 44.4 Ua-2536 Barentsøya north 10705 95 10265 147 12014 280 44.4 Blåfjorddalen 77°59' 22°59' 35X 406716 8659709 Mya truncata silty marine sands Landvik et al. 1992b 25.6 Tua-295 Edgeøya north 10770 110 10330 162 12129 292 25.6 "Kapp Ziehen, Dianadalen" 77°28' 23°16' 35X 409618 8601726 Shell fragment on surface of marine terrace Bondevik et al. 1995 75 Tua-269 Edgeøya south 10640 95 10200 147 11890 292 75 Murchisonfjorden no position only map 33X 565117 8874150 Mya truncata burid in beach material Olsson et al. 1969 82 Ua-2095 South of Murchisonfjord 11180 190 10740 242 12644 250 82 Murchisonfjorden 79° 57.72 18°34.4 33X 569489 8879478 foraminiferae glaciomarine with ice rafted till Kubischta et al. 2011 100 Murchisonfjord 10374 42 9934 94 11356 155 100 "Langgrunnodden, Detterbukta" 80°07.85 17°45.9 33X 552899 8897453 Mytilus edulis fragment beach terrace 14 m a.s.l. Blake 2006 14 UCIAMS-21867 Nordaustlandet 9490 20 9050 72 10214 56 14 Dalvågen 80°27.5' 19°52' 35X 589959 8936514 "Hiatella arctica, Chlamys islandica" 18 m beach Blake 1988 18 Ua-341 Nordaustlandet 9950 200 9510 252 10809 365 18 Dalvågen 80°27.5' 19°52' 33X 589959 8936513 "Hiatella arctica,Balanus balanus" 23 m beach Blake 1988 23 Ua-902 Nordaustlandet 9720 115 9280 167 10477 224 23 Søre Franklinbreen 80°03' 19°30' 33X 586720 8890523 Chlamys or Mytilus 125-130 m beach Blake 1988 130 Ua-905 Nordaustlandet 9525 130 9085 182 10238 230 130 Svartknausflya 79°25.048 22°02.173 35X 398350 8820899 Whale bone 60.7 beach terrace Salvigsen 1978 T-2502 South Nordaustlandet 9640 140 9270 163 10463 217 "Kapp Ziehen, Dianadalen" position from map 35X 409618 8601726 whale bone beach at 88.5 m Bondevik et al. 1995 88.5 T-9913 "Edgeøya, south" 10025 65 9655 88 11056 156 88.5 Humla position from aerial image 35X 408508 8682016 shell fragment marine terrace surface Bondevik et al. 1995 76 Tua-400 NE Edgeøya 10325 130 9885 182 11335 278 76 Kongsøya 78°51' 29°18' 35X 549640 8754211 Larix sp. 25 cm diameter log Salvigsen 1981 100 T-3397 "Rundisflya, Andreebukta" 9790 120 #REF! #REF! 100 Svartknausflya 79°25.202 22.02.236 35X 398396 8821182 Salix sp. Driftwood 65.5 m beach terrace "Salvigsen, 1978" 65.5 T-2503 South Nordaustlandet 9550 80 #REF! #REF! 65.5 South of Murchison position from map 33X 565816 8876641 Driftwood 36.5 m Beach terrace Blake 1995 36.5 Ua-70 "Nordaustlandet, Murchisonfjord" 9270 130 #REF! #REF! 36.5 Storøya 80°05.076 31°29.105 35X 586136 8894351 Driftwood log beach terrace 53.3 m Haeggblom 1982 53.3 St-7825 Storøya 9265 125 #REF! #REF! 53.3 Agardhbukta 78°05.08' 18°36.89' 33X 584035 8670450 mosses in delta foresets delta foresets Salvigsen & Mangerud 1991 50 T-4937 "eastern Spitsbergen, Storfjorden" 9870 140 11392 225 50 "Phippsøyene, Sjuyene" no position on map 33X 606339 8964710 "whale ear bone from partially buried skull, collagen fraction" beach terrace "Forman and Ingolfsson, 2000" 6 GX-22379 south Phippsøyene 9820 140 9450 163 10717 254 6 Central Svalbard Kapp Ekholm V-H7 78°33.116 016°32.373 33X 534160 8720765 "Hiatella arctica, paired" Marine sands on top of LGM melt-out and subglacial till Hormes unpublished 23.5 Ua-35634 "Kapp Ekholm, unit H" 10200 60 9760 112 11174 130 23.5 Kapp Ekholm V-H8 78°33.116 016°32.373 33X 534160 8720765 "Hiatella arctica, single" Marine sands on top of LGM melt-out and subglacial till Hormes unpublished 23.8 Ua-35635 "Kapp Ekholm, unit H" 10240 60 9800 112 11214 122 23.8 Kapp Ekholm V-H9 78°33.116 016°32.373 33X 534160 8720765 "Mya truncata, living" Marine sands on top of LGM melt-out and subglacial till Hormes unpublished 24.2 Ua-35636 "Kapp Ekholm, unit H" 10055 55 9615 107 10983 193 24.2 "Blomsletta, Billefjorden" "Driftwood, Larix occ." Salvigsen 1984 90 no Billefjorden 10030 140 #REF! #REF! 90 "Erdmannflya, Sa-84-46" 78°26.56' 14°31.49' 33X 489374 8707823 Shell fragments on surface of frost disturbed material Salvigsen et al. 1990 47 T-6287 Inner Isfjorden 10160 110 9720 162 11113 225 47 "Bohemanflya, B6" 78°17.91' 14°01.72' 33X 478010 8691864 Hiatella arctica frost boil 20 m above sea level Salvigsen et al. 1990 20 Lu-2364 Inner Isfjorden 9950 90 9510 142 10808 235 20 Marine Central Svalbard 90-03PC 78°22.77' 15°28.72' 33X 510763 8700766 Foraminiferae laminated glacimarine mud ontop of till Elverhøi et al. 1996 216 Tua-442 Inner Isfjorden 11025 90 10585 142 12515 171 216 JM98-818-PC 78°17.57' 14°48.17' 33X 495533 8691057 Foraminiferae massive glacimarine sediments on top of glaciomarine diamicton "Forwick & Vorren, 2009" 239 Tua-5191 Inner Isfjorden 10975 60 10535 112 12468 152 239 JM03-068PC 78°09.39' 13°47.44' 33X 472294 8676121 Frigidoalvania janmayeni marine mud "Forwick & Vorren, 2007" 421 Tua-4815 Inner Isfjorden 9540 65 9100 117 10257 126 421 JM98-845PC 78°20.64' 15°18.11' 33X 506807 8696778 Opistobranchia indet. massive glacimarine sediments on top of glaciomarine diamicton "Forwick & Vorren, 2009" 257 Tua-4806 Inner Isfjorden 10310 65 9870 117 11288 151 257 NP87-137 78°02.3' 12°52.8' 33X 450940 8662978 Mollusc (Nuc. Pernula) Elverhøi et al. 1996 271 Ua-756 Outher mouth of Isfjorden 10545 140 10105 192 11707 362 271 NP87-144 78°16.6' 15°15.6' 33X 505897 8689259 Mollusc unidentified Elverhøi et al. 1996 228 Ua-757 Inner Isfjorden 10835 140 10395 192 12229 318 228 MD99-2305 77°46.87' 15°17.81' 33X 507013 8633965 N.tenuis marine mud with ice rafted pebbles on top of diamicton Hald et al. 2004 110 Tua-4318 Van Mijenfjorden 9920 45 9480 97 10751 170 110 NP90-01-PC 78°33.88 16°25.68 33X 531602 8721774 Brzoyoa mraine mud on top of laminated deglaciation mud Svendsen et al. 1996 130 Tua-186 Billefjorden 10085 115 9645 167 11010 249 130 All dates are given as uncorrected with their described setting and the reference of their publication. All terrestrial material was calibrated with Calib 6.0 and INTCAL09 (Reimer et al., 2009). Marine reservoir corrections from original publications were removed and recalibrated. For marine samples we used the Fairbanks’01070 calibration curve with the online calibration software (http://radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/research/radcarbcal.htm) (Fairbanks et al., 2005). We calibrated to calendar ages with a reservoir age of 440 +/- 52 years corresponding to DR 107 +/- 52 years (based on 450+/- 52 (Mangerud in Mangerud et al., 2006) and 438 +/- 52 years (Bondevik and Gulliksen in Mangerud et al., 2006)). Whale bones/fragments were corrected with a reservoir age of 370 +/- 23 years, in accordance with DR 7 +/- 11 years (Bondevik and Gulliksen in Mangerud et al., 2006). Additional references not discussed further in the text: (Salvigsen, 1984; Landvik et al., 1987; Blake, 1989; Salvigsen et al., 1990; Lønne and Mangerud, 1991; Salvigsen and Mangerud, 1991; Bondevik et al., 1995; Laberg and Vorren, 1995; Wohlfarth et al., 1995; Brückner, 1996; Birkenmajer and Olsson, 1998; Forman and Ingólfsson, 2000; Brückner et al., 2002; Hald et al., 2004; Salvigsen and Høgvard, 2005; Forwick and Vorren, 2007; Slubowska-Woldengen et al., 2007; Kaakinen et al., 2009; Kubischta et al., 2011). Table 2 Detailed description of samples collected in NW Spitsbergen, Atomfjella and Nordaustlandet giving sample position, altitude, lithology, boulder height, thickness attenuation and scaling factors. Sample name Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Elevation (m a.s.l.) Elevation flag Sample thickness (cm) Sample density (g/cm3) Shielding correction Erosion rate (cm/yr-1) 10Be (104 at g -1) Uncertainty of 10Be (atoms/g-1) 10Be standard Boulder height (cm) Lithology Flora-2 80.0367 18.7056 220 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 83000 6000 07KNSTD 67 red quartzite Mefjord-2 80.1923 22.7642 121 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 66000 5000 07KNSTD 65 "red Riepfjorden granite, syn-orogenic Grenvillian?" Mefjord-3 80.1923 22.7646 116 std 4 2.65 1.0000 0 64000 11000 07KNSTD striated bedrock Caledonian post-orogenic grey granite Bluffen-2 80.2088 22.4817 165 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 124000 18000 07KNSTD striated bedrock quartz vain in Caledonian grey granite Bluffen-3 80.2073 22.5102 123 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 120000 9000 07KNSTD 190 Caledonian post-orogenic grey granite Ovo-3 79.6013 11.7866 687 std 5 2.65 0.9996 0 165296 10082 07KNSTD 120 late tectonic granite Ovo-4 79.5988 11.8167 730 std 5 2.65 0.9998 0 156942 8239 07KNSTD 170 late tectonic granite R-4 79.7375 13.6142 85 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 96288 5781 07KNSTD 170 mafic banded gneiss R-5 79.8375 13.798 97 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 74140 3162 S2007 70 "light grey granite, mafic banded gneiss" R-7 79.8077 13.6527 69 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 53987 2538 S2007 140 "migmatite with pink plagioclase, resembles Beinfjellet and Kaffitoppen" R-8 79.7564 13.4048 75 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 50947 3717 07KNSTD 260 "light grey granite, mafic banded gneiss" R10 79.7447 13.0695 84 std 5 2.65 0.9999 0 69219 3503 07KNSTD 250 light grey granite R11 79.7796 13.0875 60 std 5 2.65 0.9998 0 60690 3811 07KNSTD 300 "grey granite, migmatite" R12 79.7958 13.3523 51 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 60085 3169 07KNSTD 310 light grey granite Mus-1 79.6918 14.2884 39 std 5 2.65 0.9976 0 57266 2964 07KNSTD 50 "light grey granite, mafic banded gneiss" Kaf-1 79.464 11.3937 836 std 5 2.65 0.9886 0 202352 8729 07KNSTD 240 migmatite with pink plagioclase REUY-1 79.6357 11.0634 300 std 5 2.65 0.9998 0 66191 3419 07KNSTD late tectonic granite BLOM-1 79.071 11.6724 19 std 4 2.65 1.0000 0 58671 3032 07KNSTD Grey granite/migmatite - not local Fall-1 79.221 12.0285 227 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 64560 3467 07KNSTD "Late tectonic granite, not local - from Tinayrebreen or Snødombreen" PerB-1 79.17339 16.77556 1245 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 313767 9753 S2007N 180 fine to medium granular granitic gneiss - Eskolabreen formation Langskipet 79.23881 11.81391 611 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 189822 7612 S2007N Gneiss Trong-1 79.18211 11.62969 169 std 4 2.65 0.9997 0 68218 3542 S2007N granite Flakstor 79.1914 12.00091 217 std 5 2.65 0.9991 0 87102 5747 S2007N gneiss Flak-1 79.19285 11.96201 162 std 5 2.65 0.9994 0 81485 3871 S2007N biotite gneiss Flytt-25 79.18087 11.87985 32 std 4 2.65 0.9697 0 609936 3092 S2007N light grey late tectonic granite Flytt-22 79.19385 11.96201 124 std 5 2.65 0.9975 0 85153 4164 S2007N migmatite with biotite Tyrk-3 79.57387 15.87452 250 std 5 2.65 0.9992 0 95957 4316 S2007N biotite gneiss Tyrk-1 79.57207 15.87442 276 std 3 2.65 0.9976 0 102163 4122 S2007N biotite gneiss Dell-2 79.34712 15.95076 135 std 5 2.65 0.9987 0 69607 3321 S2007N biotite gneiss Dell-1 79.34433 15.95357 145 std 5 2.65 0.9996 0 66350 3228 S2007N biotite gneiss 99-1 Landvik Danskøya 79.21159 10.94828 77 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 69500 771 NIST_Certified Quartz vein 99-5 Landvik Danskøya 79.72166 10.94833 74 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 81400 795 NIST_Certified Quartz vein 99-8 Landvik Danskøya 79.7 10.815 50 std 5 2.65 1.0000 0 50500 593 NIST_Certified 130 Gneiss boulder in moraine JL00-8 Barentsfjellet 78.8407 10.5997 348 std 5 2.65 0.9597 0 86400 990 NIST_Certified JL-00-10 Barentsfjellet 78.8400 10.6023 325 std 5 2.65 0.9597 0 90400 1040 NIST_Certified JL00-24 Barentsfjellet 78.8412 10.6557 89 std 5 2.65 0.9597 0 56300 680 NIST_Certified JL00-31 Leefjellet 78.7588 10.7463 473 std 5 2.65 0.9597 0 129800 1350 NIST_Certified JL02-14 Mitrahalvøya 79.1822 11.6297 166 std 4 2.65 0.9676 0 62800 540 NIST_Certified Gneiss boulder Table 3 10Be data for samples from NW Spitsbergen Atomfjella and Nordaustlandet. Sample name "10Be ka in Gjermundsen et al., this volume and submitted-a; Hormes et al., 2011; Landvik et al., 2003, 2012" "10Be apparent exposure age (Stone, 2000)" External uncertainty "10Be apparent exposure age (Fenton et al. 2011, Stone 2000)" 10Be exposure age (corrected with 4% for isostatic uplift) 10Be apparent exposure age (Lifton et al. 2005 "10Be apparent exposure age (Fenton et al. 2011, Lifton et al. 2005)" External uncertainty (Lifton et al. 2005) "Fenton prod. Lifton scaling, 4% uplift corr." Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Flora-2 15.4 ± 1 16094 1402 15973 16612 15578 15461 1363 16080 Flora-2 80.0367 18.7056 Mefjord-2 13.5 ± 1 14243 1282 14136 14702 13706 13603 1238 14147 Mefjord-2 80.1923 22.7642 Mefjord-3 13 ± 2.2 13777 2467 13674 14221 13257 13158 2376 13684 Mefjord-3 80.1923 22.7646 Bluffen-2 24.7 ± 3.4 25578 3936 25386 26402 24549 24365 3782 25339 Bluffen-2 80.2088 22.4817 Bluffen-3 25.9 ± 1.9 25914 2323 25720 26748 24780 24594 2229 25578 Bluffen-3 80.2073 22.5102 Ovo-3 20.1 ± 1.6 20217 1577 20065 19638 19491 1540 Ovo-3 79.6013 11.7866 Ovo-4 18.3 ± 1.3 18432 1317 18294 17909 17775 1288 Ovo-4 79.5988 11.8167 R-4 21.4 ± 1.7 21578 1668 21416 20596 20442 1600 R-4 79.7375 13.6142 R-5 14.8 ± 1.0 14941 963 14829 14338 14230 931 R-5 79.8375 13.798 R-7 11.1 ± 0.8 11212 756 11128 10760 10679 730 R-7 79.8077 13.6527 R-8 11.4 ± 1.0 11516 1009 11430 11061 10978 973 R-8 79.7564 13.4048 R10 15.4 ± 1.1 15505 1086 15389 14852 14741 1047 R10 79.7447 13.0695 R11 13.9 ± 1.1 13963 1108 13858 13358 13258 1065 R11 79.7796 13.0875 R12 13.9 ± 1.0 13964 999 13859 13344 13244 961 R12 79.7958 13.3523 Mus-1 13.4 ± 1.0 13521 958 13420 12907 12810 920 Mus-1 79.6918 14.2884 Kaf-1 21.7 ± 1.4 21818 1416 21654 21115 20957 1381 Kaf-1 79.464 11.3937 REUY-1 11.7 ± 0.8 11766 832 11678 11485 11399 817 REUY-1 79.6357 11.0634 BLOM-1 12.9 ± 1.0 13973 989 13868 13303 13203 948 BLOM-1 79.071 11.6724 Fall-1 12.3 ± 0.9 12362 893 12269 12018 11928 12537 Fall-1 79.221 12.0285 PerB-1 23.2 ± 1.3 23399 1346 23224 22325 22158 1297 PerB-1 79.17339 16.77556 Langskipet 24.8 ± 1.6 24960 1571 24773 24222 24040 1537 Langskipet 79.23881 11.81391 Trong-1 13.7 ± 1.0 13781 978 13678 13327 13227 952 Trong-1 79.18211 11.62969 Flakstor 16.8 ± 1.4 16885 1384 16758 16336 16213 1345 Flakstor 79.1914 12.00091 Flak-1 16.6 ± 1.1 16736 1135 16610 16134 16013 1102 Flak-1 79.19285 11.96201 Flytt-22 18.1 ± 1.2 18260 1257 18123 17531 17400 1215 Flytt-22 79.19385 11.96201 Tyrk-3 17.7 ± 1.2 18023 1191 17888 17451 17320 1162 Tyrk-3 79.57387 15.87452 Tyrk-1 18.3 ± 1.2 18417 1160 18279 17849 17715 1134 Tyrk-1 79.57207 15.87442 Dell-2 14.6 ± 1.0 14756 1002 14645 14215 14108 972 Dell-2 79.34712 15.95076 Dell-1 13.8 ± 1.0 13899 953 13795 13411 13310 926 Dell-1 79.34433 15.95357 99-1 Landvik Danskøya 15.3 ± 1.7 16307 807 16185 15604 15487 782 99-1 Landvik Danskøya 79.21159 10.94828 99-5 Landvik Danskøya 18 ± 1.8 19223 946 19079 18349 18211 915 99-5 Landvik Danskøya 79.72166 10.94833 99-8 Landvik Danskøya 11.7 ± 1.4 12229 606 12137 11711 11623 588 99-8 Landvik Danskøya 79.7 10.815 JL00-8 Barentsfjellet 15.4 ± 1.9 15853 786 15734 15431 15315 775 JL00-8 Barentsfjellet 78.8407 10.5997 JL-00-10 Barentsfjellet 16.7 ± 2.1 16978 842 16851 16502 16378 829 JL-00-10 Barentsfjellet 78.8400 10.6023 JL00-24 Barentsfjellet 13.2 ± 1.7 13526 672 13425 12996 12899 654 JL00-24 Barentsfjellet 78.8412 10.6557 JL00-31 Leefjellet 20.7 ± 2.4 21092 1042 20934 20505 20351 1026 JL00-31 Leefjellet 78.7588 10.7463 JL02-14 Mitrahalvøya 13.5 ± 1.3 13690 670 13587 13238 13139 656 JL02-14 Mitrahalvøya 79.1822 11.6297