North Iceland Shelf Holocene Diatom August SST Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: North Iceland Shelf Holocene Diatom August SST Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 8/2011 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Justwan, A., N. Koç, and A.E. Jennings IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2011-103 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Justwan, A., et al. 2011. North Iceland Shelf Holocene Diatom August SST Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2011-103. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Justwan, A., N. Koç, and A.E. Jennings. 2008. Evolution of the Irminger and East Icelandic Current systems through the Holocene, revealed by diatom-based sea surface temperature reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 27, pp. 1571-1582, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.006 ABSTRACT: Sediment core MD99-2269, from the northern shelf of Iceland, has been studied to assess the stability of the East Icelandic-Irminger Current system during the Holocene. The 25.4m long Holocene section was studied with a 40 years average resolution. The chronology is based on the combination of 24 14C AMS dates and two tephra layers. Diatoms are utilized to quantify the development and variability of the August sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 11.5 cal kyr BP. Three different transfer function methods have been used to reconstruct August SST at the site: weighted average-partial least squares (WA-PLS), maximum likelihood (ML) and Imbrie and Kipp (I&K). The combined use of the three methods allows the August SST reconstruction with a higher confidence level than with using only one statistical technique. These three reconstructions generate very similar August SST trends through the Holocene. The onset of the Holocene climate optimum is characterized at the site by a rapid August SST increase at 10.4 cal kyr BP of almost 4°C. The Holocene climate optimum is recorded between 10.4 and 4.7 cal kyr BP. The August SSTs were around 2°C warmer during the major part of the Holocene compared with the August SSTs for the later half of the Holocene. Combining the diatom record with the benthic foraminifera records from the same core enables us to reconstruct the evolution of both surface and bottom water masses during the Holocene. This reconstruction shows dominance of the Arctic waters throughout the water column at the onset of the Holocene, and subsequent increase of the influence of the Atlantic water, especially during the Holocene climate optimum. This strong dominance of Atlantic water tends to decrease between 4.7 and 2.2 cal kyr BP, especially in the upper part of the water column. Since 2.2 cal kyr BP the trend is reversed, suggesting an increased influence of Atlantic water at least in the upper water column. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Stoner, J.S., A.E. Jennings, G.B. Kristjansdottir, J.T. Andrews, G. Dunhill, and J. Hardardottir. 2007. A paleomagnetic approach toward refining Holocene radiocarbon based chronostratigraphies: Paleoceanographic records from North Iceland (MD99-2269) and East Greenland (MD99-2322) margins. Palaeoceanography, Vol. 22, pp 1 of 23. PA 1209, doi: 10.1029/2006/PA001285. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: North Atlantic PERIOD OF RECORD: Holocene, 11.5 KYrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: Norwegian Polar Institute, Research Council of Norway (through the MACESIZ project), European Commission PACLIVA project. DESCRIPTION: August Sea Surface Temperature (SST) record from marine sediment core MD99-2269 from the northern shelf of Iceland for the last 11.5 cal kyr BP. The SST reconstruction is based on fossil diatom assemblages and the weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) transfer function method. A 25.4 m long sediment core MD99-2269 was collected from the northern Icelandic shelf during IMAGES cruise Leg 4 in 1999 aboard the French research vessel Marion Dufresne. The age model of the core MD99-2269 is based on the correlation between the cores MD99-2269 and MD99-2322 (Stoner et al. 2007). IMAGES core MD99-2269, North Iceland Shelf: 66°37.53’N, 23°51.16’W, 365 m water depth DATA: 1. Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Radiocarbon Measurements and Calibrated (Calendar) Ages for cores MD99-2269 and MD99-2322a (Stoner et al. 2007). Column 1: Core Column 2: Depth Central, cm Column 3: INSTAAR Laboratory number Column 4: Radiocarbon Laboratory Number Column 5: Material Dated Column 6: Weight, mg Column 7: Reported Age, 14C years BP Column 8: Median Probability, cal years BP Column 9: Minimum 1 ?, cal years BP Column 10: Maximum 1 ?, cal years BP Core DepthMid,cm INSTAAR# 14CLab# MaterialDated Weight,mg 14Cage,yBP MedianCalBP -1S,yBP +1S,yBP MD99-2322 2.5 1612-S C5734 Astarte sp. 83.2 675 ± 30 322 277 360 MD99-2322 34 1592-S AA40050 Colus turgidulus 16.7 693 ± 38 344 290 385 MD99-2322 101.5 1658-S AA49380 mixed forams 5 1267 ± 44 812 761 875 MD99-2322 150 1659-S AA49381 bivalve 18.3 1627 ± 46 1191 1146 1250 MD99-2322 368 1660-S AA49382 bivalve 17.5 3451 ± 39 3332 3280 3381 MD99-2322 564 1593-S AA40051 scaphopod 6.9 4899 ± 55 5213 5125 5299 MD99-2322 771 1594-S AA40052 shell fragments 2 6115 ± 65 6545 6467 6626 MD99-2322 1073 1595-S AA40053 Nuculana buccata 6.4 8000 ± 300 8522 8170 8883 MD99-2322 1298 1596-S AA40044 Nuculana pernula 28.2 8609 ± 67 9272 9189 9385 MD99-2322 1393 1635-S AA43351 Nuculana pernula 35.2 8877 ± 62 9535 9466 9595 MD99-2322 1432 1636-S AA43352 Bathyarca glacialis 98.9 8999 ± 61 9679 9552 9755 MD99-2322 1516 1637-S AA43353 Nuculana buccata 10 9108 ± 65 9859 9716 9999 MD99-2322 1807 1638-S AA43354 Nuculana buccata 14.4 9514 ± 81 10369 10273 10466 MD99-2322 1908 1639-S AA43355 Nuculana buccata 20.4 9747 ± 76 10616 10519 10692 MD99-2322 2006 1640-S AA43356 Nuculana buccata 27 9803 ± 64 10675 10567 10751 MD99-2322 2140 1641-S AA43357 Nuculana buccata 14.1 10,034 ± 69 11017 10921 11143 MD99-2322 2342 1642-S AA43358 Nuculana buccata 14 10,293 ± 77 11296 11180 11375 MD99-2322 2436 1643-S AA43359 Nuculana pernula 18.8 10,442 ± 82 11547 11345 11706 MD99-2322 2542 1746-S AA61216 benthic forams 3.4 10,480 ± 110 11621 11365 11851 MD99-2322b 2636 1564-S AA36608 benthic forams 6.1 11,125 ± 80 12765 12707 12835 MD99-2269 1.0c 1583-S AA38584 Bathyarca glacialis 172.2 72 ± 37 MD99-2269 42.5c 1610-S CURL-5732 Arca glacialis 185.7 680 ± 30 328 281 364 MD99-2269 131.0c 1611-S CURL-5733 Macoma sp. 13.5 1010 ± 30 590 556 623 MD99-2269 161.0c 1677-S AA54589 cf. Macoma balthica 7.9 1124 ± 41 679 644 711 MD99-2269 177.5c 1584-S AA38585 Bathyarca glacialis 88.1 1226 ± 25 762 718 795 MD99-2269 246.0c 1678-S AA54593 mixed benthic forams 2.3 1535 ± 47 1091 1036 1161 MD99-2269 266.0c 1655-S AA47785 Macoma sp. 8.6 1693 ± 42 1250 1210 1293 MD99-2269 351.0c 1703-S AA57895 cf. Yoldia glacialis 67.3 1978 ± 35 1536 1489 1593 MD99-2269 412.0c 1679-S AA54590 cf. Macoma balthica 6.9 2396 ± 47 2028 1966 2098 MD99-2269 456.0c 1585-S AA38586 Yoldia cf. myalis 12.5 2578 ± 48 2247 2189 2315 MD99-2269 563.0c 1704-S AA57896 Yoldia sp. 19.1 3017 ± 39 2787 2741 2824 MD99-2269 621.0c 1680-S AA54592 Mixed benthic forams 2.2 3375 ± 80 3237 3142 3345 MD99-2269 707.5c 1705-S AA57897b Arca glacialis 79 3840 ± 33 3793 3730 3845 MD99-2269 815.0c 1706-S AA57898 Yoldia sp. 2303 3949 ± 39 3939 3866 3992 MD99-2269 937.5c 1681-S AA54591 cf. Nucula 25.4 4340 ± 46 4474 4407 4527 MD99-2269 974.0c 1542-S AA35175 Unid. gastropod 14.5 4505 ± 50 4703 4638 4793 MD99-2269 1162.0c 1656-S AA47786 Yoldia cf. lenticula 22 5296 ± 53 5657 5592 5704 MD99-2269 1268.0c 1707-S AA57899 Yoldia sp. 4.1 5826 ± 51 6245 6192 6289 MD99-2269 1398.0c 1747-S AA61217 Mixed benthic forams 3.9 6833 ± 81 7351 7274 7419 MD99-2269 1519.5c 1586-S AA38587 Yoldia cf. glacialis 9.5 7749 ± 62 8222 8159 8298 MD99-2269 1568.0c 1673-S AA51435 Macoma balthica 5.5 8084 ± 57 8545 8458 8608 MD99-2269 1708.0c 1750-S AA61220 N. labradorica 2.5 8572 ± 78 9219 9106 9330 MD99-2269b 1708.0c 1751-S AA61221 G. auriculata 4.4 8609 ± 92 9263 9150 9392 MD99-2269 1718.0c 1708-S AA57900a Unid. molluscs 6.4 8590 ± 43 9251 9162 9325 MD99-2269 1980.5c 1543-S AA35176 Unid. molluscs 10 9265 ± 70 10085 9966 10193 MD99-2269 2068.0c 1682-S AA54594 Mixed benthic forams 5.5 9477 ± 88 10336 10227 10425 MD99-2269b 2499.0c 1561-S AA35805 Mixed benthic forams 6.2 10920 ± 85 12489 12351 12672 aCalibrated using Calib 5.0 (Stuiver and Reimer 1993) and the updated marine calibration data sets (Hughen et al. 2004). bNot used in age model. cGap-corrected depths. Hughen K.A. et al. 2004. Marine04: Marine radiocarbon age calibration, 26-0 ka BP. Radicarbon 46, 1059-1086. Stoner, J.S., Jennings, A., Kristjándóttir, G.B., Dunhill, G., Andrews, J.T., Hardardóttir, J. 2007. A paleomagnetic approach toward reflecting Holocene radiocarbon based chronologies: Paleoceanographic records from the north Iceland (MD99-2269) and east Greenland (MD99-2322) margins. Paleoceanography 22, doi:10.1029/2006PA001285. Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J. 1993. Extended14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon 35, 215-230. 2. MD99-2269 Diatom August SST Reconstruction Depth,cm CalYear SST,°C 0.5 -16.102 8.97802 10.5 40 9.92028 20.5 82.14 9.57301 30.5 131.26 9.44666 40.5 180.38 8.88503 50.5 229.5 8.61188 60.5 278 8.98338 70.5 327.74 9.30572 80.5 376.86 8.64309 90.5 425.99 8.49453 100.5 475.11 9.24324 110.5 524 8.00144 120.5 573.35 8.81502 130.5 622.47 8.15295 140.5 671.59 7.48951 150.5 717.03 9.24796 155.5 736.98 8.85763 159.5 752.95 7.89396 162.5 764.92 8.17026 165.5 776.89 8.01694 167.5 784.87 7.7645 170.5 796.85 8.12605 175.5 816.8 7.60216 180.5 836.76 8.56728 185.5 856.71 8.09002 190.5 876.67 8.55625 195.5 896.62 9.04443 200.5 916.58 8.95578 205.5 936.53 8.6504 212.5 964.47 8.7106 215.5 976.44 9.13435 220.5 996.4 8.65866 225.5 1016.4 8.84 230.5 1036.3 8.63153 235.5 1056.3 9.04155 242.5 1084.2 8.74167 245.5 1096.2 8.36674 252.5 1124.1 8.94011 255.5 1136.1 9.00984 260.5 1156 8.44235 265.5 1176 9.29434 270.5 1195.9 9.88274 275.5 1215.9 8.36704 280.5 1235.9 7.28157 285.5 1255.8 8.29236 290.5 1275.8 8.43423 295.5 1302.9 8.60043 300.5 1333 8.26034 305.5 1363.1 7.45287 312.5 1405.3 8.37063 315.5 1423.4 8.17314 320.5 1453.5 7.84463 325.5 1483.7 7.569 330.5 1513.8 7.54194 335.5 1543.9 8.56606 340.5 1574.1 8.74181 345.5 1604.2 8.4833 350.5 1634.4 7.8056 355.5 1664.5 8.51958 362.5 1706.7 8.689 365.5 1724.8 9.19511 370.5 1754.9 9.03916 375.5 1785 8.87625 380.5 1815.2 8.82784 385.5 1845.3 8.90648 390.5 1875.4 7.66797 395.5 1905.6 8.76629 399.5 1929.7 7.92975 405.5 1965.9 8.44779 415.5 2002 8.69134 425.5 2086.4 8.40119 440.5 2176.9 8.8539 450.5 2237.3 8.14992 462.5 2309.9 8.27548 475.5 2388.4 7.47694 480.5 2418.7 7.82036 490.5 2448.9 8.03276 500.5 2539.6 7.61258 512.5 2612.1 8.20112 520.5 2660.5 7.53409 530.5 2720.9 8.1076 540.5 2781.4 7.56714 545.5 2811.6 8.42703 552.5 2853.9 7.5378 562.5 2914.4 8.151 570.5 2962.8 8.25634 580.5 3023.2 7.70424 590.5 3073.5 7.86599 600.5 3120.4 7.75412 612.5 3176.7 7.83528 620.5 3214.2 7.55388 630.5 3261.1 8.37424 640.5 3308 7.96178 645.5 3331.4 8.87221 650.5 3354.8 7.44852 662.5 3411.1 7.52225 670.5 3448.6 8.39512 680.5 3495.5 8.18088 690.5 3542.4 8.37962 702.5 3598.7 7.85221 712.5 3645.6 8.5758 730.5 3728 8.30921 740.5 3765.3 7.92022 745.5 3783.9 8.63815 750.5 3802.5 8.25206 762.5 3847.2 8.43896 770.5 3877 9.29533 780.5 3914.2 7.9703 790.5 3951.5 8.6232 800.5 3988.7 7.53639 812.5 4033.4 9.56348 815.5 4044.6 10.1041 820.5 4063.2 8.40507 830.5 4100.4 8.82487 840.5 4137.7 8.2714 845.5 4156.3 9.04525 850.5 4174.9 8.66559 862.5 4219.6 8.41763 870.5 4249.4 8.94103 880.5 4288.9 8.06031 885.5 4309.3 8.49026 890.5 4329.7 8.7252 900.5 4370.4 8.17903 909.5 4407.1 8.64044 915.5 4431.6 8.99502 920.5 4451.9 8.34877 925.5 4472.3 8.74495 930.5 4492.7 8.89308 936.5 4517.2 9.25962 941.5 4537.5 9.76518 946.5 4557.9 8.98723 950.5 4574.2 10.1522 956.5 4598.7 9.6817 961.5 4619.1 8.51231 971.5 4659.8 9.59798 981 4698.6 9.21733 991.5 4741.4 8.40123 1001 4780.1 8.77986 1002 4784.2 8.67377 1003 4788.2 8.45301 1004 4792.3 8.51117 1005 4796.4 7.99523 1006 4800.5 8.29336 1007 4804.5 8.18048 1008 4808.6 8.26506 1009 4812.7 8.45408 1010 4816.8 8.9807 1011.5 4820.8 8.03403 1012 4824.9 8.11061 1013 4829 8.61731 1015 4837.1 8.49194 1016 4841.2 8.2949 1017 4845.3 8.64033 1018 4849.4 8.31834 1019 4853.5 8.60678 1020 4858.2 8.34174 1021 4863.7 9.33963 1022 4869.2 8.7608 1031.5 4921.2 9.06547 1041.5 4975.9 8.85873 1053.5 5041.5 9.25072 1061.5 5085.3 9.67896 1071.5 5140 9.15435 1081.5 5194.8 9.23919 1092.5 5254.9 9.19452 1103 5312.4 9.19947 1111.5 5358.9 9.88961 1121.5 5413.6 9.38506 1131.5 5468.4 9.2399 1141.5 5523.1 8.96195 1154.5 5594.2 8.61238 1161.5 5632.5 9.81531 1171.5 5696.6 9.04693 1181.5 5765.8 8.63985 1191.5 5835 8.79704 1199.5 5890.3 9.08337 1207.5 5945.7 9.54241 1217.5 6014.8 8.50833 1227.5 6084 8.04 1237.5 6153.2 9.26304 1249.5 6236.2 8.03916 1257.5 6291.5 9.44154 1267.5 6360.7 10.4896 1277 6426.4 10.919 1287.5 6499.1 8.34257 1295 6550.9 9.1377 1299 6578.6 9.25489 1303 6606.3 8.99875 1307.5 6637.4 9.19854 1311 6661.9 9.11427 1319 6721.4 8.51781 1327.5 6784.5 9.13057 1335 6840.3 9.68458 1343 6899.8 9.47662 1351 6959.3 8.96891 1359 7018.7 8.79259 1375 7137.7 8.16575 1383 7197.2 9.43476 1391 7256.6 8.9934 1399 7316.1 8.71204 1407.5 7379.3 8.99042 1415 7435.1 8.23421 1423 7494.6 7.91741 1427.5 7528 8.705 1439 7613.5 8.69025 1443 7643.2 8.71268 1453 7717.6 8.8395 1459 7759.8 9.40971 1475 7866.1 9.93879 1479.5 7896 8.97275 1483 7919.3 9.5365 1491 7972.4 9.38676 1499 8025.6 9.37765 1507 8078.7 8.68472 1515 8131.9 9.07371 1523 8185 8.9683 1531 8238.1 8.90156 1539 8291.3 9.21946 1555 8397.6 9.51978 1557 8410.9 9.15703 1563 8450.7 8.21921 1568 8484 8.92453 1571 8503.9 8.50018 1579 8557 10.5635 1587.5 8613.5 8.57645 1595 8663.3 8.76238 1599 8689.9 8.73986 1603 8713.9 8.81676 1607.5 8736.2 8.22817 1611 8753.5 9.0787 1615 8773.4 8.97794 1619.5 8795.6 9.11049 1623.5 8815.4 8.60581 1627.5 8835.3 8.6438 1635.5 8874.9 9.05249 1639.5 8894.7 9.66886 1643.5 8914.5 9.61503 1651.5 8954.1 8.68578 1655.5 8973.9 8.96369 1659.5 8993.7 9.29043 1663 9011 8.86384 1667.5 9033.3 9.05714 1671.5 9053.1 9.86936 1675.5 9072.9 9.81174 1679 9090.3 9.36187 1683.5 9112.6 10.3334 1687.5 9132.4 9.34351 1691.5 9152.2 9.61499 1695.5 9172 9.45078 1699 9189.3 10.0644 1703.5 9211.6 10.0644 1704.5 9216.5 10.5976 1707.5 9231.4 9.5535 1711.5 9251.2 10.7738 1715.5 9271 9.419 1719 9288.3 8.79778 1723 9308.2 9.71791 1727 9328 9.09041 1731 9347.8 9.17527 1739 9387.4 8.99095 1755 9453.3 8.99432 1763 9479.7 9.08556 1771 9506 8.73319 1779 9532.4 9.36637 1795 9585 9.55866 1799 9598.2 9.46428 1803 9611.4 9.38551 1807 9624.5 9.08142 1811 9637.7 9.38298 1815 9650.9 9.43712 1819 9664.1 9.05877 1827 9690.4 9.17385 1835 9716.7 9.66895 1839 9729.9 8.84029 1843 9743.1 9.10802 1847.5 9757.9 9.65251 1851 9769.4 9.18513 1855 9782.6 8.84035 1859 9795.8 9.83694 1867.5 9823.7 9.31628 1875 9848.4 8.8104 1876.5 9853.4 9.17836 1879 9861.6 9.56588 1883 9874.8 9.70874 1891 9901.1 9.2295 1899 9922.4 9.55121 1907.5 9943.9 9.58225 1937.5 10019 9.36829 1967.5 10095 9.73812 1987.5 10145 9.56013 2007.5 10196 10.1212 2027.5 10246 10.0393 2047.5 10299 9.7955 2067.5 10354 9.50858 2082.5 10395 7.26522 2176.5 10653 7.50607 2206.5 10744 6.64821 2237.5 10841 6.62812 2247.5 10872 5.93286 2277.5 10965 6.02166 2307.5 11058 5.93981 2357.5 11198 5.66135 2377.5 11248 5.77319 2382.5 11261 5.78406 2387.5 11274 6.39154 2402.5 11312 6.04116 2422.5 11362 6.07349 2437.5 11400 9.14504 2452.5 11438 7.52525 2467.5 11477 6.4625