Eastern Equatorial Pacific 150KYr Sedimentary Opal Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Eastern Equatorial Pacific 150KYr Sedimentary Opal Data LAST UPDATE: 8/2006 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Stephanie Kienast and Markus Kienast, Dalhousie University, Samuel L. Jaccard, Stephen E. Calvert, and Roger François, University of British Columbia. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2006-082 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Kienast, S.S., et al. 2006. Eastern Equatorial Pacific 150KYr Sedimentary Opal Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2006-082. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Kienast, S.S., M. Kienast, S. Jaccard, S.E. Calvert, and R. François. 2006. Testing the silica leakage hypothesis with sedimentary opal records from the eastern equatorial Pacific over the last 150 kyrs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15607, doi:10.1029/2006GL026651. ABSTRACT: We have measured 230Th-normalized opal fluxes in several cores from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) to test the validity of the "silica leakage" hypothesis, which purports that redistribution of silicic acid from the Southern Ocean to the low latitudes was responsible for a significant portion of the reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) during the last glacial period. The silica leakage hypothesis predicts higher opal fluxes in the EEP and lower opal fluxes in the Southern Ocean during periods of low atmospheric CO2. These predictions are not borne by the sedimentary record during glacial oxygen isotope stage 2 (OIS 2, 13–27 kyrs B.P.). However, we find a prominent opal flux maximum in the EEP in the middle of OIS 3 (ca. 40–60 kyrs BP) coinciding with low opal fluxes in several cores from the subantarctic zone. This observation is consistent with silica leakage from the Southern Ocean to the equatorial upwelling region during OIS 3, when both low dust flux and extended sea ice could have contributed to limiting diatom productivity in the Southern Ocean. Since this event is not associated with a clear minimum in the Vostok ice record of CO2, its impact on atmospheric CO2 appears to be small. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: François, R., M. Frank, M. M. R. v. d. Loeff, and M. P. Bacon. 2004. 230Th normalization: An essential tool for interpreting sedimentary fluxes during the late Quaternary, Paleoceanography, 19. Koutavas, A., and J. Lynch-Stieglitz. 2003. Glacial-interglacial dynamics of the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue- Intertropical convergence Zone system reconstructed from oxygen isotope records. Paleoceanography, 18. Lea, D. W., D. K. Pak, and H. J. Spero. 2000. Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures variations. Science, 289, 1719-1723. Lyle, M., A. Mix, and N. Pisias. 2002. Patterns of CaCO3 deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2. Paleoceanography, 17, 3, 10.1029/2000PA000538. Martin, P. A., D. W. Lea, Y. Rosenthal, N. J. Shackleton, M. Sarnthein, and T. Papenfuss. 2002. Quaternary deep sea temperatures derived from benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 193-209. Mortlock, R. A., and P. N. Froelich. 1989. A simple method for the rapid determination of biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments. Deep-Sea Res., 36, 1415-1426. Pisias, N. G., and A. C. Mix. 1997. Spatial and temporal oceanographic variability of the eastern equatorial Pacific during the late Pleistocence: Evidence from Radiolaria microfossils. Paleoceanography, 12, 381-393. Spero, H. J., and D. W. Lea 2002. The cause of carbon isotope minimum events at glacial terminations. Science, 296, 522-525. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Eastern Equatorial Pacific PERIOD OF RECORD: 150 KyrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: Core material was provided by the core repositories of Oregon State University (NSF grant OCE97-12024) and Rhode Island (NSF grant OCE-9102410). This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Canada, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. DESCRIPTION: The data set contains sedimentary opal records from the eastern Equatorial Pacific covering the late Quaternary. The data are expressed as opal/Al ratios (weight%/weight%) and 230Th-normalized fluxes. Biogenic opal was determined colorimetrically following alkaline extraction of silica (Mortlock and Froelich, 1989). Total 230Th activities were analyzed by isotope dilution on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS) following total acid digestion of sediment samples equilibrated with 229Th and 236U spikes (François et al. 2004 and references therein). Al was determined by ICP-OES analysis of subsamples fused in LiBO2 and redissolved in dilute nitric acid For core Y71-9-101, %biogenic opal data are taken from Lyle et al. (2002, supporting table 1A). The age model of core TR163-31P is taken from Martin et al. (2002) and is based on a benthic delta 18O record of this core. The age model of core TR163-19P is based on planktonic delta 18O (Lea et al. 2000), augmented by 2 radiocarbon dates from the deglacial section of the core (Spero and Lea, 2002). The age model of core VN01-8PC is taken from Pisias and Mix (1997), that of core Y71-9-101 from Lyle et al. (2002). The age model of core V21-40 is based on radiocarbon dating presented by Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003). Core Locations: core id wd (m) longitude latitude V21-40 3182 106°46' W 5°31' S Y71-9-101 3175 106°56' W 6°23' S VNT01-8PC 3791 110°29' W 0°02' N TR163-31P 3209 83°57.2'W 3°35.8' S TR163-19P 2348 90°57.1'W 2°15.5' N DATA: 1. Opal/Al ratios (weight%/weight%) for 3 cores Core VNT1-8PC Depth(cm) Age(kyrs) opal/Al 0.5 0.22 52.314 2.5 1.1 58.179 5.5 2.42 57.09 7.5 3.3 52.296 10.5 4.62 52.719 12.5 5.5 50.738 17.5 7.7 60.373 20.5 9.02 56.862 22.5 9.905 63.614 25.5 11.257 57.205 27.5 12.166 51.717 30.5 13.567 41.642 32.5 14.5 45.621 35.5 15.9 44.488 37.5 16.788 36.218 40.5 17.916 43.57 42.5 18.6 41.765 45.5 19.32 35.535 47.5 19.8 37.541 50.5 20.52 32.26 52.5 21 36.478 55.5 21.72 38.182 57.5 22.2 37.38 60.5 22.92 34.395 62.5 23.438 38.324 65.5 24.388 32.219 67.5 25.079 44.691 70.5 26.374 49.679 72.5 27.237 51.711 75.5 28.532 64.647 77.5 29.395 68.537 80.5 30.69 46.065 82.5 31.553 57.55 85.5 32.848 49.77 87.5 33.711 81.906 90.5 35.006 53.572 92.5 35.869 46.15 95.5 37.164 62.283 97.5 38.027 70.817 100.5 39.321 63.93 102.5 40.184 63.6 105.5 41.479 98.778 107.5 42.342 77.053 110.5 43.637 67.9 112.5 44.5 68.468 115.5 45.795 66.435 117.5 46.658 63.289 120.5 47.953 69.205 122.5 48.816 73.516 125.5 50.111 74.52 127.5 50.974 67.752 130.5 52.269 58.971 132.5 53.132 63.671 135.5 54.427 62.419 137.5 55.29 65.179 140.5 56.585 56.496 142.5 57.448 65.358 145.5 58.742 62.156 147.5 59.605 55.126 150.5 60.9 57.862 152.5 61.763 48.249 155.5 63.058 44.457 157.5 63.92 39.069 160.5 65.211 37.623 162.5 66.071 37.456 165.5 67.357 39.15 167.5 68.214 35.394 170.5 69.5 42.298 172.5 70.357 49.924 175.5 71.643 49.395 177.5 72.5 44.602 180.5 73.915 54.008 182.5 74.643 48.557 185.5 75.928 50.8 187.5 76.785 51.946 190.5 78.071 44.902 192.5 78.899 44.502 195.5 80.006 53.577 197.5 80.7 46.242 199.5 81.26 63.36 202.5 82.1 40.264 205.5 82.94 39.661 207.5 83.5 47.982 211 84.48 36.281 212.5 84.9 47.455 215.5 85.74 37.776 217.5 86.462 58.07 220.5 88.275 52.518 222.5 89.727 47.255 225.5 93 45.326 227.5 95.112 50.224 230.5 97.971 49.797 232.5 99.6 56.939 235.5 100.8 51.13 237.5 101.6 44.556 240.5 102.8 41.529 242.5 103.6 44.469 245.5 104.8 46.085 250.5 106.94 46.225 252.5 107.9 58.536 255.5 109.7 59.408 257.5 110.9 83.245 260.5 112.7 78.765 262.5 113.9 82.5 265.5 115.7 78.524 267.5 116.9 71.352 270.5 118.7 81.431 272.5 119.88 76.687 275.5 121.54 72.391 277.5 122.56 77.479 280.5 123.67 69.241 282.5 124.42 75.974 285.5 125.53 63.678 287.5 126.28 53.369 290.5 127.39 72.151 292.5 128.13 62.766 295.5 129.24 73.121 297.5 129.99 64.106 300.5 131.1 67.217 302.5 131.85 91.403 305.5 132.96 100.58 307.5 133.69 89.104 310.5 134.74 84.792 312.5 135.41 106.75 315.5 136.22 106.68 317.5 136.76 102.1 320.5 137.57 86.092 322.5 138.12 102.7 325.5 138.93 70.965 327.5 139.48 77.708 330.5 140.29 87.717 332.5 140.84 90.165 335.5 141.65 85.073 337.5 142.19 93.836 340.5 143 105.75 342.5 143.54 95.016 345.5 144.35 82.121 347.5 144.9 79.457 350.5 145.71 73.067 352.5 146.24 84.61 355.5 147.05 81.934 357.5 147.6 81.479 360.5 148.4 89.429 362.5 148.95 80.152 365.5 149.76 70.697 367.5 150.29 59.966 369.5 150.84 65.541 372.5 151.65 70.28 375.5 152.46 48.055 377.5 152.99 47.782 380.5 153.8 58.277 382.5 154.35 61.697 385.5 155.15 62.107 387.5 155.7 75.177 390.5 156.51 61.094 392.5 157.04 68.291 395.5 157.85 65.064 397.5 158.4 57.739 400.5 159.21 49.437 402.5 159.74 55 405.5 160.55 43.118 407.5 161.1 50.759 410.5 161.9 54.837 412.5 162.45 57.877 415.5 163.26 43.371 417.5 163.79 45.455 420.5 164.6 50.912 422.5 165.15 35 425.5 165.96 45.643 427.5 166.49 36.475 430.5 167.3 42.572 432.5 167.85 40.246 435.5 168.65 437.5 169.2 50.598 440.5 170.01 50.17 442.5 170.54 47.271 445.5 171.35 43.157 447.5 171.9 41.54 450.5 172.71 36.755 452.5 173.24 35.185 455.5 174.05 40.915 457.5 174.6 40.621 460.5 175.4 42.278 462.5 175.95 43.761 465.5 176.76 47.014 467.5 177.29 42.298 470.5 178.1 43.704 472.5 178.65 51.031 475.5 179.46 46.108 477.5 179.99 45.379 480.5 180.8 45.391 482.5 181.35 49.462 485.5 182.15 52.741 487.5 182.7 45.468 489.5 183.24 52.445 492.5 184.04 44.247 495.5 184.85 54.44 497.5 185.4 62.258 500.5 186.21 57.036 502.5 186.74 58.55 505.5 187.55 63.76 507.5 188.1 67.738 510.5 188.9 59.524 512.5 189.45 62.925 515.5 190.26 69.21 517.5 190.79 64.461 520.5 191.6 65.108 522.5 192.15 59.058 525.5 192.96 64.004 527.5 193.49 70.081 530.5 194.3 45.024 532.5 194.85 35.955 536 195.79 36.838 537.5 196.2 34.544 540.5 197.01 35.459 542.5 197.54 55.045 545.5 198.35 37.058 547.5 198.9 33.491 550.5 199.71 40.529 552.5 200.24 40.491 555.5 201.05 68.308 557.5 201.6 54.303 560.5 202.4 47.206 562.5 202.95 53.934 565.5 203.76 58.22 567.5 204.29 59.541 570.5 205.1 69.568 572.5 205.65 66.867 575.5 206.46 51.754 577.5 206.99 72.552 580.5 207.8 70.112 582.5 208.35 52.121 585.5 209.15 56.163 587.5 209.7 48.664 590.5 210.51 41.308 592.5 211.04 52.296 595.5 211.85 66.771 597.5 212.4 64.685 600.5 213.21 48.958 602.5 213.74 38.516 605.5 214.55 33.832 607.5 215.1 38.583 610.5 215.9 41.664 612.5 216.45 49.471 615.5 217.26 55.533 617.5 217.79 48.85 620.5 218.6 50.638 622.5 219.15 49.896 626 220.09 41.372 627.5 220.49 47.615 630.5 221.3 40.806 632.5 221.85 49.419 635.5 222.65 51.291 637.5 223.2 39.324 639.5 223.74 67.703 642.5 224.54 34.021 645.5 225.35 25.669 647.5 225.9 25.444 650.5 226.71 27.567 652.5 227.24 26.431 655.5 228.05 30.586 657.5 228.6 34.505 660.5 229.4 42.684 662.5 229.95 47.116 665.5 230.76 43.104 667.5 231.29 42.443 670.5 232.1 39.809 672.5 232.65 53.464 675.5 233.46 46.592 677.5 233.99 40.437 680.5 234.8 49.776 682.5 235.35 32.404 685.5 236.15 27.304 687.5 236.7 27.648 690.5 237.51 33.867 692.5 238.04 33.013 695.5 238.85 34.227 697.5 239.4 36.495 700.5 240.21 39.891 702.5 240.74 38.317 705.5 241.55 44.585 707.5 242.1 32.622 710.5 242.9 33.457 712.5 243.45 39.237 715.5 244.26 43.557 717.5 244.79 33.669 720.5 245.6 36.063 722.5 246.15 38.189 725.5 246.96 40.616 727.5 247.49 48.335 730.5 248.3 54.893 731.5 248.57 53.886 735.5 249.65 59.741 737.5 250.2 72.037 740.5 251.01 80.512 742.5 251.54 99.519 745.5 252.35 64.712 747.5 252.9 79.275 750.5 253.71 92.971 752.5 254.24 57.487 755.5 255.05 57.613 757.5 255.6 24.941 760.5 256.4 43.547 762.5 256.95 42.94 765.5 257.76 42.159 767.5 258.3 69.765 770.5 259.11 39.125 772.5 259.64 34.86 775.5 260.45 36.191 777.5 260.99 42.095 780.5 261.8 32.327 782.5 262.35 38.764 785.5 263.15 30.543 787.5 263.7 29.442 790.5 264.51 31.494 792.5 265.05 33.625 795.5 265.86 29.581 797.5 266.39 30.531 800.5 267.2 32.372 802.5 267.74 31.365 805.5 268.55 30.009 807.5 269.1 41.529 810.5 269.9 30.22 812.5 270.45 28.808 815.5 271.26 29.148 817.5 271.8 24.862 821.5 272.88 27.348 822.5 273.14 31.104 825.5 273.95 37.817 827.5 274.49 46.426 829.5 275.04 30.763 832.5 275.85 29.337 835.5 276.65 23.604 837.5 277.2 29.4 840.5 278.01 34.2 842.5 278.55 33.018 845.5 279.36 36.771 847.5 279.89 27.119 Core TR163-31 Depth(cm) Age(kyrs) opal/Al 0.5 5.1 5.3082 7 5.97 4.0286 13 6.78 4.1769 19 7.59 4.5566 25 8.56 5.7636 31 9.66 6.218 37 10.77 5.789 43 11.9 5.5054 49 13.1 4.9283 55 13.97 6.6209 61 14.51 5.2453 67 15.1 4.3976 73 15.7 5.0855 79 16.3 3.652 85 16.87 3.373 91 17.45 3.5188 97 18.03 3.4231 103 18.61 3.2767 109 19.16 3.6522 115 19.7 3.6786 121 20.19 5.2268 127 20.58 6.0315 133 20.94 3.3295 139 21.15 4.3505 145 21.36 4.1531 151 21.58 4.1165 157 21.79 4.5504 163 22.01 4.5297 169 22.22 4.4401 175 22.44 4.0176 181 22.65 3.9897 187 22.86 5.0715 193 23.08 5.0348 199 23.29 4.0718 205 23.5 4.6605 211 23.71 5.7258 217 23.92 4.1692 223 24.13 3.9526 229 24.45 3.6476 235 24.83 3.4785 241 25.21 3.3901 247 25.59 3.7011 253 25.97 3.7 259 26.47 4.7003 265 27.03 3.8937 271 27.59 3.9845 277 28.15 3.9387 283 28.71 4.5837 289 29.28 3.5212 295 29.84 3.0328 301 30.4 3.8621 307 30.97 3.0123 313 31.53 2.835 319 32.14 2.9228 325 32.97 3.4949 331 33.8 3.9611 337 34.63 4.3203 343 35.46 5.242 349 36.29 6.678 355 37.1 7.4372 361 37.98 9.5399 367 38.87 9.3811 373 39.75 9.5281 379 40.64 9.98 385 41.52 10.981 391 42.41 11.823 397 43.29 11.559 403 44.17 15.57 409 45.06 16.68 415 45.94 16.672 421 46.81 15.025 427 47.68 15.128 433 48.55 11.303 439 49.43 8.8186 445 50.3 9.174 451 51.19 9.2449 457 52.08 11.364 463 52.97 8.9236 469 53.86 7.2624 475 54.75 7.6655 481 55.66 6.5522 487 56.57 5.441 493 57.49 5.3706 499 58.4 5.127 505 59.32 6.7847 511 60.23 5.9954 517 61.15 5.0296 523 62.08 5.2481 529 63.01 6.2225 535 63.95 7.2652 541 64.89 5.6406 547 65.82 5.7945 553 66.75 6.5338 559 67.67 4.8902 565 68.59 5.0968 571 69.51 5.2542 577 70.43 4.9269 583 71.3 5.459 589 71.9 4.947 595 72.5 4.9309 601 73.1 4.9921 607 73.7 5.2175 613 74.3 4.7409 619 75 4.9709 625 76.18 5.8626 631 77.36 5.1201 637 78.55 4.0917 643 79.73 3.6848 649 80.92 3.7775 655 82.1 4.1824 661 83.58 3.6382 667 85.05 3.2682 673 86.53 3.2133 679 88 2.93 685 89.48 2.9871 691 90.95 2.9707 697 92.44 2.9478 703 93.92 2.6723 709 95.4 3.1339 715 96.89 3.2005 721 98.37 3.5479 727 99.85 3.6494 739 102.87 3.1801 745 104.47 3.226 751 106.07 2.6804 757 107.68 2.906 763 109.28 3.0111 769 110.88 3.0122 775 112.49 3.3307 781 114.09 3.7082 787 115.69 4.0908 793 117.29 3.9795 799 118.9 4.0807 805 120.5 4.1971 811 121.57 3.6853 817 122.64 4.0181 823 123.71 5.3772 829 124.78 5.5886 835 125.85 5.8179 841 126.92 5.3529 847 127.98 4.8789 853 129.05 5.6786 859 130.12 5.2013 865 131.5 7.9222 871 132.94 6.4828 877 134.38 5.5191 883 135.82 4.8397 889 138.09 4.897 895 140.78 4.8994 901 143.46 5.0475 907 146.15 5.7856 913 147.68 6.7838 919 148.98 6.7692 925 150.28 6.8986 931 151.58 6.2664 937 152.88 6.0868 943 153.93 6.1912 949 154.93 7.2068 955 155.93 6.6697 961 156.93 6.9239 967 157.93 7.1784 973 158.93 9.8037 979 159.93 11.094 985 160.93 7.3687 991 161.93 7.029 997 162.93 4.5838 1003 163.93 4.9166 1009 164.93 4.474 1015 165.93 4.687 1021 166.93 4.3489 1027 167.93 4.0316 1033 168.94 3.0474 1039 169.94 4.0833 1045 170.94 4.535 1051 171.95 4.1172 1057 172.95 3.4995 1063 173.96 3.4529 1069 174.96 3.7866 1075 175.96 5.1055 1081 176.97 6.7109 1087 177.97 7.403 1093 178.98 6.5118 1099 179.98 5.7878 1105 180.98 4.5143 1111 181.99 3.9537 1117 182.99 3.8418 1123 183.99 3.5927 1129 185 4.8006 1135 186 4.4252 1141 186.99 3.5684 1147 187.98 3.3516 1153 188.97 3.2205 1159 189.97 3.3586 1165 190.97 3.3604 1171 191.98 3.3443 1177 192.98 2.8981 1183 193.99 2.8687 1189 194.99 2.9578 1195 196 2.0302 1201 196.99 3.0596 1207 197.99 2.8336 1213 198.98 3.0719 1219 199.96 3.0652 1225 200.96 3.293 1231 201.95 3.5289 1237 202.93 3.6276 1243 203.94 3.5987 1249 204.94 3.3865 1255 205.95 3.453 1261 206.95 3.3228 1267 207.96 2.4836 1273 208.96 3.9254 1279 209.97 4.7909 1288 211.47 4.8836 1294 212.47 2.4766 1300 213.47 4.3802 1306 214.47 4.3795 1312 215.47 4.0462 1318 216.47 3.654 1324 217.47 3.7339 1330 218.47 3.1305 1336 219.47 2.8043 1342 220.48 2.6893 1348 221.48 2.6889 1354 222.49 2.8237 1360 223.49 3.0526 1366 224.49 3.0347 1372 225.5 2.5677 1378 226.51 3.1919 1384 227.51 2.9337 1390 228.51 2.9285 1396 229.52 2.8986 1402 230.52 3.0363 1408 231.53 3.0046 1414 232.53 3.624 Core TR163-19 Depth(cm) Age(kyrs) opal/Al 13 4.35 12.457 16 5.17 13.949 19 6 14.643 22 6.87 13.303 25 7.75 12.407 28 8.62 12.634 31 9.49 11.136 34 10.37 13.414 37 11.24 11.076 40 12.11 12.834 43 12.99 11.269 46 13.86 12.476 49 14.74 12.31 52 15.61 13.343 55 16.36 11.49 58 17.05 11.422 61 17.74 11.398 64 18.42 11.93 67 19.11 11.157 70 19.8 12.356 73 20.36 12.51 76 20.92 13.937 79 21.48 13.233 82 22.04 12.793 85 22.6 13.649 88 23.15 13.956 91 23.71 12.563 94 24.27 13.58 97 24.83 12.303 100 25.39 12.61 103 25.95 12.573 106 26.51 12.153 109 27.07 11.992 112 27.63 11.878 115 28.22 118 28.86 11.167 121 29.51 11.61 124 30.16 12.837 127 30.81 14.67 130 31.46 14.577 133 32.1 14.715 136 32.75 14.63 139 33.4 15.215 142 34.05 17.191 145 34.7 15.932 148 35.34 25.167 151 35.99 18.838 154 36.64 16.342 157 37.29 17.425 160 37.94 16.654 163 38.58 20.073 166 39.23 22.274 169 39.88 24.577 172 40.53 21.909 175 41.18 29.065 178 41.82 32.163 181 42.47 28.358 183 42.9 27.164 187 43.77 27.475 190 44.42 24.652 193 45.06 25.37 196 45.71 26.894 199 46.36 31.118 202 47.01 32.188 205 47.66 32.184 208 48.3 32.757 211 48.95 41.029 214 49.6 33.523 217 50.25 29.656 220 50.9 31.964 223 51.54 30.248 226 52.19 26.65 229 52.84 30.459 232 53.49 25.168 235 54.14 22.292 238 54.78 19.356 241 55.71 22.288 244 56.78 17.925 247 57.84 15.061 250 58.91 13.079 252 59.62 14.362 256 61.04 12.665 259 62.11 13.567 262 63.18 13.096 265 64.24 12.437 268 65.31 13.759 271 66.38 10.935 274 67.44 12.11 277 68.51 12.508 280 69.58 12.13 283 70.64 12.654 286 72.01 11.441 289 73.52 12.016 292 75.04 12.718 295 76.55 11.572 298 78.07 9.2663 301 79.58 10.203 304 81.1 10.048 307 82.61 6.8032 310 84.12 5.8596 313 85.64 7.3602 316 87.15 9.9048 319 88.67 11.102 322 90.18 11.235 325 91.7 11.248 328 93.21 11.248 331 94.72 12.597 334 96.24 13.627 337 97.75 13.492 340 99.27 14.905 343 100.78 14.24 346 102.29 13.459 349 103.81 14.031 352 105.32 12.37 355 106.84 12.383 358 108.35 12.026 361 109.87 11.624 364 111.38 13.517 367 112.89 13.365 370 114.41 15.017 373 115.92 17.386 376 117.44 14.127 379 118.95 16.994 382 120.47 18.206 385 121.98 19.384 388 123.5 18.754 391 124.56 19.315 394 125.4 17.221 397 126.24 18.82 400 127.08 14.426 403 127.92 13.77 406 128.76 12.677 409 129.6 9.596 412 130.44 9.3733 415 131.35 10.003 418 132.39 9.1279 421 133.43 14.092 424 134.48 11.462 427 135.52 16.635 430 136.57 16.408 433 137.61 17.74 436 138.65 16.091 439 139.7 17.897 442 140.74 17.733 445 141.78 17.777 448 142.83 15.731 451 143.87 14.553 454 144.91 14.655 457 145.96 14.367 460 147 15.452 463 148.04 16.275 466 149.09 16.43 469 150.13 16.583 472 151.17 17.276 475 152.22 13.188 478 153.26 12.704 481 154.3 11.462 484 155.35 12.445 487 156.39 13.204 490 157.43 13.898 493 158.48 13.843 496 159.52 14.508 498 160.22 13.915 501 161.26 14.653 504 162.3 12.062 507 163.35 11.351 510 164.39 11.866 513 165.43 12.059 516 166.48 11.442 519 167.52 11.056 522 168.57 10.894 525 169.61 12.659 528 170.65 10.675 531 171.7 10.143 534 172.74 9.9292 537 173.78 10.759 540 174.83 10.742 543 175.87 10.488 546 176.91 10.129 549 177.96 9.6768 552 179 10.25 555 180.04 9.4151 558 181.09 10.921 561 182.13 12.705 564 183.17 10.525 567 184.22 10.846 570 185.26 10.77 573 186.3 11.003 576 187.35 11.128 579 188.39 12.297 582 189.43 11.41 585 190.48 10.474 588 191.52 11.151 591 192.57 11.379 594 193.61 10.063 597 194.65 9.436 600 195.7 9.9299 2. Opal flux for 5 Cores Core TR163-19 depth(cm) Age(kyr) exTh0(dpm/g) opal(wt%) Th-norm opal (g m-2 y-1) 13 4.35 8.12 7.776 0.6 28 8.62 5.57 7.352 0.83 43 12.99 5.01 6.14 0.77 43 12.99 5.26 6.14 0.73 46 13.86 4.28 6.47 0.95 49 14.74 3.74 6.64 1.11 52 15.61 3.88 6.64 1.07 58 17.05 4.26 5.317 0.78 73 20.36 4.87 5.63 0.72 88 23.15 5.61 7.61 0.85 103 25.95 4.97 5.85 0.74 118 28.86 5.29 5.671 0.67 133 32.1 4.31 6.85 1 139 33.4 4.42 6.76 0.96 145 34.7 3.38 7.25 1.34 148 35.34 4.64 10.784 1.46 166 39.23 4.32 9.78 1.42 183 42.9 4.66 12.36 1.66 193 45.06 5.35 12.347 1.45 208 48.3 3.29 14.56 2.77 223 51.54 3.32 13.12 2.48 238 54.78 5.01 11.263 1.41 244 56.78 4.51 11.28 1.57 252 59.62 5.96 10.181 1.07 271 66.38 6.71 9.31 0.87 292 75.04 5.56 10.36 1.17 298 78.07 5.02 10.392 1.3 325 91.7 5.97 7.91 0.83 343 100.78 6.45 8.738 0.85 352 105.32 7.44 8.7 0.73 373 115.92 8.28 13.612 1.03 403 127.92 8.07 11.946 0.93 448 142.83 6.81 9.154 0.84 Core TR163-31 depth(cm) Age(kyr) exTh0(dpm/g) opal(wt%) Th-norm opal (g m-2 y-1) 0.5 5.1 6.47 17.62 2.34 16 7.26 5.69 10.72 1.61 31 9.66 4.85 16.02 2.83 46 12.6 4.78 14.26 2.55 61 14.51 4.68 16.13 2.95 76 16 4.5 15.07 2.87 91 17.5 4.5 10.73 2.04 121 20.19 4.43 14.15 2.74 151 21.58 5.02 12.74 2.17 196 23.18 4.11 12.07 2.51 211 23.68 4.2 14.43 2.94 226 24.26 4.81 12.9 2.3 241 25.21 4.86 10.38 1.83 271 27.59 4.41 12.27 2.38 331 33.2 5.91 14.44 2.09 361 37.98 4.39 27.06 5.28 391 42.41 4.34 31.05 6.13 406 44.34 3.92 36.31 7.93 406 44.62 3.83 36.31 8.13 466 53.42 4.67 22.87 4.2 496 57.94 5.36 19.03 3.04 556 67.23 4.6 15.85 2.95 586 71.6 5.77 21.41 3.18 706 94.66 8.31 15.47 1.6 Core V21-40 depth(cm) Age(kyr) exTh0(dpm/g) opal(wt%) Th-norm opal (g m-2 y-1) 10 4.04 10.35 9.22 0.76 48 10.84 12.6 8.56 0.58 60 13.94 11.88 6.91 0.49 65 15.3 12.85 4.66 0.31 71 16.95 11.22 3.97 0.3 75 18.04 10.44 3.64 0.3 84.5 20.27 11.83 4.58 0.33 97 22.97 11.37 5.06 0.38 115 26.86 11.01 4.43 0.34 120 27.94 10.96 4.92 0.38 163 37.25 10.99 4.65 0.36 Core VNT01-8PC depth(cm) Age(kyr) exTh0(dpm/g) opal(wt%) Th-norm opal (g m-2 y-1) 5 2.2 13.69 17.12 1.27 9.5 4.18 13.08 15.8 1.23 16.5 7.26 10.22 13.5 1.34 21.5 9.46 9.62 12.76 1.35 26.5 11.73 13.75 11.36 0.84 31.5 14.03 12.4 10.55 0.86 34.5 15.43 12.22 11.05 0.92 41.5 18.16 12.68 9.81 0.78 44.5 19.01 12.28 9.34 0.77 50.5 20.52 11.4 8.06 0.72 55.5 21.72 11.09 8.45 0.77 59.5 22.68 10.06 8.14 0.82 Core Y71-9-101 depth(cm) Age(kyr) exTh0(dpm/g) opal(wt%) Th-norm opal (g m-2 y-1) 15.5 4.73 10.08 6.56 0.55 20.5 6.25 10.05 4.75 0.4 30.5 9.3 10.8 3.4 0.27 40.5 12.28 9.94 2 0.17 51.5 15.44 9.76 2 0.17 61.5 18 9.16 2 0.19 70.5 20.07 8.93 2 0.19 80.5 22.38 8.64 1.8 0.18 90.5 25.53 8.55 1.75 0.17 99.5 29.4 9.93 2 0.17 110.5 35.2 9.96 2 0.17 120.5 40.67 9.79 2.6 0.22