Northwest Pacific Stable Isotope Data and SSS/SST Reconstructions --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Northwest Pacific Stable Isotope Data and SSS/SST Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 12/2004 (Original Receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Tadamichi Oba, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2004-086 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Oba, T. and M. Murayama. 2004. Northwest Pacific Stable Isotope Data and SSS/SST Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2004-086. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Oba, T. and M. Murayama. 2004. Sea-surface temperature and salinity changes in the northwest Pacific since the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Quaternary Science, Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 335 - 346. ABSTRACT: The oxygen isotope records of both benthic and planktonic Foraminifera in five piston cores, collected from the region between the Oyashio and Kuroshio Currents near Japan, clearly show the marked latitudinal shifts of these two currents during the past 25 kyr. Under the present hydrographic condition, a clear relationship between the sea-surface temperature (SST) and oxygen isotope differences from benthic to planktonic Foraminifera is observed in this region. Using this relationship, we find decreased SSTs of 12-13°C (maximum 15°C) in the southernmost core site at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), indicating the Oyashio Current shifted southward. The SSTs at the southern two core sites abruptly increased more than 10°C at 10-11 ka, suggesting the Kuroshio Current shifted northward over these sites at 10-11 ka. In contrast, the northern two core sites have remained under the influence of the cold Oyashio Current for the past 25 kyr. With the reasonable estimate of bottom-water temperature decrease of 2.5°C at the LGM, the SSTs estimated by this new method give exactly the same SST values calculated from Mg/Ca ratio of planktonic Foraminifera, allowing palaeosea-surface salinities to be reconstructed. The result suggests that the ice volume effect was 1.0 ± 0.1 per mil at the LGM. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Northwest Pacific, off the East Coast of Japan. PERIOD OF RECORD: 25 kyBP - Present DESCRIPTION: Oxygen and carbon isotopes of both benthic and planktonic foraminifera were measured in five piston cores collected from the area off the east coast of Japan, in the northwest Pacific. Paleo-SST and SSS at these core sites were estimated from oxygen isotope differences between benthic and planktonic foraminifera, based on an assumption of latitudinal movements of the oceanic condition similar to the present day. Isotope data for core CH84-04 are presented in the paper of Labeyrie et al. (1990) 1. KT90-9, 21 core (42°27'N, 144°19'E, 1083 m, 123 measurements for the last 20 ka) 2. KT990-9, 5 core (41°07'N, 143°317E, 2098 m, 122 measurements for the last 25 ka) 3. KH94-3, LM-8 core (38(537N, 143°227E, 2353 m, 109 measurements for the last 25 ka) 4. MD01-2421 core (35°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m, 371 measurements for the last 25 ka) 5. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. DATA: 1a. KT90-9, 21 (42°27'N, 144°19'E, 1083 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Globigerina bulloides cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 60 2.1 2.81 60 2.1 2.66 -0.15 70 2.5 2.48 -0.10 80 2.8 2.67 80 2.8 2.37 -0.15 90 3.2 2.51 -0.04 100 3.5 2.23 -0.25 110 3.9 2.53 -0.10 110 3.9 2.43 -0.08 120 4.2 2.37 -0.59 130 4.6 2.23 0.04 140 4.9 2.54 -0.15 140 4.9 2.38 -0.09 150 5.2 2.15 -0.09 160 5.6 1.97 -0.28 170 5.9 2.10 -0.32 180 6.3 2.54 -0.21 190 6.6 2.25 -0.40 200 7.0 2.36 210 7.3 2.18 -0.50 220 7.6 2.36 -0.49 240 8.3 2.28 -0.42 250 8.7 2.19 -0.72 260 9.0 1.91 -0.80 270 9.4 2.28 -0.72 270 9.4 2.14 -0.70 280 9.7 2.55 -0.63 280 9.7 2.70 -0.54 300 10.4 2.56 -1.21 310 12.1 3.05 -0.87 310 12.1 3.01 -1.26 320 12.6 3.26 -1.61 330 13.2 3.86 -0.95 340 13.8 3.66 -2.53 340 13.8 3.80 -2.80 350 14.3 3.71 -2.32 360 14.9 3.16 -0.89 370 15.5 3.49 -0.86 380 16.0 3.47 -1.04 390 16.6 3.84 -0.96 400 17.2 3.98 -3.93 410 17.8 3.62 -1.04 420 18.3 3.36 -4.62 420 18.3 3.73 -4.45 420 18.3 3.60 -5.00 430 18.9 3.65 -5.21 1b. KT90-9, 21 (42°27'N, 144°19'E, 1083 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Elphidium batialis cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0 0.0 2.42 -1.88 10 0.4 2.22 -2.22 20 0.7 2.21 -2.05 30 1.1 2.11 -2.53 40 1.4 2.26 -2.00 50 1.8 2.37 -2.24 60 2.1 2.22 -2.15 70 2.5 2.40 -1.99 80 2.8 2.25 -2.24 90 3.2 2.39 -2.19 100 3.5 2.26 -2.15 110 3.9 2.70 -2.16 120 4.2 2.25 -2.16 130 4.6 2.38 -2.05 130 4.6 2.40 -2.26 140 4.9 2.03 -2.43 140 4.9 2.35 -2.04 150 5.2 2.46 -2.14 160 5.6 2.23 -2.07 170 5.9 2.66 -2.38 180 6.3 2.18 -2.17 190 6.6 2.38 -2.25 200 7.0 2.37 -1.99 210 7.3 2.44 -2.09 220 7.6 2.38 -2.13 230 8.0 2.45 -2.31 230 8.0 2.80 -2.39 240 8.3 2.27 -2.41 250 8.7 2.51 -2.57 260 9.0 2.47 -2.34 260 9.0 2.71 -2.29 270 9.4 2.65 -2.20 270 9.4 2.85 -2.68 280 9.7 2.53 -2.53 280 9.7 2.82 -2.67 300 10.4 2.67 -3.05 320 12.6 3.34 -2.96 330 13.2 3.60 -2.70 340 13.8 3.47 -4.09 340 13.8 3.32 -3.98 340 13.8 3.75 -4.86 350 14.3 3.65 -3.64 360 14.9 3.68 -3.18 370 15.5 3.63 -3.32 380 16.0 3.27 -2.85 380 16.0 3.81 -2.88 390 16.6 3.47 -2.88 390 16.6 3.99 -2.84 400 17.2 3.84 -5.48 400 17.2 3.88 -5.90 410 17.8 3.90 -2.99 420 18.3 3.65 -6.61 420 18.3 4.20 -7.99 420 18.3 3.91 -6.40 430 18.9 4.07 -6.67 1c. KT90-9, 21 (42°27'N, 144°19'E, 1083 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Uvigerina akitaensis cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 260 9.0 3.81 -0.95 270 9.4 3.72 -0.98 280 9.7 3.84 -1.10 300 10.4 3.59 -1.10 320 12.6 4.26 -1.22 330 13.2 4.74 -1.23 340 13.8 4.66 -1.66 350 14.3 4.74 -1.42 360 14.9 4.73 -1.24 370 15.5 4.81 -1.19 370 15.5 4.87 -1.21 370 15.5 4.86 -1.16 380 16.0 4.79 -1.28 390 16.6 4.81 -1.11 390 16.6 4.87 -1.06 400 17.2 4.78 -2.10 400 17.2 4.89 -2.11 410 17.8 4.88 -1.05 420 18.3 4.87 -1.91 420 18.3 4.96 -1.39 430 18.9 4.86 -2.19 430 18.9 4.87 -1.54 2a. 5KT90-9, 5 (41°07'N, 143°31'E, 2098 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Globigerinabulloides cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 80 3.6 1.83 -0.13 90 4.1 2.02 -0.70 100 4.5 1.33 0.06 110 5.0 2.43 -0.54 120 5.5 1.71 -0.29 130 5.9 2.75 -0.19 150 6.8 1.59 -0.81 160 7.3 2.11 -0.23 160 7.3 1.87 -0.80 180 8.2 2.72 -0.01 200 9.1 1.66 -0.26 220 10.0 1.44 -0.46 230 10.5 2.56 -0.65 240 10.9 2.06 -0.40 250 11.4 3.10 -0.31 260 11.8 2.57 -0.30 270 13.6 3.32 -0.34 280 15.6 3.05 -0.37 280 15.6 3.14 -0.53 290 16.1 3.39 -0.67 305 16.8 3.29 -0.39 310 17.1 3.78 -0.62 320 17.6 3.06 -0.54 330 18.0 2.55 -1.16 340 18.5 3.22 340 18.5 2.94 -0.92 350 19.0 3.38 350 19.0 3.71 350 19.0 3.68 -0.95 350 19.0 3.08 -0.95 360 19.5 2.80 -0.72 370 20.0 3.31 -0.74 380 20.5 2.95 -0.75 400 21.5 2.85 -0.99 410 21.9 3.16 -1.14 420 22.4 3.18 -0.97 420 22.4 3.43 -1.27 430 22.9 3.67 -0.96 440 23.4 3.30 -1.63 440 23.4 3.42 -1.85 450 23.9 3.37 -1.01 460 24.4 2.82 -0.32 460 24.4 2.71 -0.90 470 24.9 3.41 -1.28 2b. 5KT90-9, 5 (41°07'N, 143°31'E, 2098 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Elphidium batialis cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0 0.0 2.72 -2.09 10 0.5 2.74 -2.15 20 0.9 2.74 -2.20 30 1.4 2.72 -2.17 40 1.8 2.78 -2.26 50 2.3 2.77 -2.17 60 2.7 2.80 -2.07 70 3.2 2.42 -2.16 80 3.6 2.49 -2.00 90 4.1 2.60 -2.29 100 4.5 2.40 -2.25 110 5.0 2.56 -2.14 120 5.5 2.42 -2.27 130 5.9 2.68 -2.25 140 6.4 2.35 -2.19 140 6.4 2.68 -2.18 150 6.8 2.70 -2.26 160 7.3 2.87 -2.45 170 7.7 2.61 -2.31 170 7.7 2.95 -2.16 180 8.2 2.50 -2.22 180 8.2 3.00 -2.51 190 8.6 2.68 -2.18 190 8.6 2.74 -2.51 200 9.1 2.53 -2.24 210 9.5 2.68 -2.37 210 9.5 2.80 -2.50 220 10.0 2.79 -2.15 230 10.5 2.80 -2.50 240 10.9 2.69 -2.60 250 11.4 3.11 -2.61 260 11.8 3.11 -2.68 260 11.8 2.71 -2.29 270 13.6 3.47 -2.80 280 15.6 3.34 -2.94 290 16.1 3.48 -3.00 305 16.6 3.59 -3.05 310 17.1 3.98 -2.90 320 17.6 3.82 -2.94 330 18.0 4.01 -3.05 340 18.5 3.84 -2.97 340 18.5 4.01 -3.31 350 19.0 3.84 -3.17 350 19.0 4.34 -2.88 350 19.0 4.20 -3.02 360 19.5 4.12 -2.89 370 20.0 4.06 -3.03 380 20.5 4.01 -2.98 380 20.5 3.81 -2.88 390 21.0 3.96 -2.80 390 21.0 3.99 -2.84 390 21.0 4.23 -2.93 400 21.5 4.02 -2.93 410 21.9 3.90 -2.99 410 21.9 4.19 -3.21 420 22.4 3.88 -2.98 420 22.4 4.11 -3.20 430 22.9 4.28 -2.92 440 23.4 3.86 -3.65 440 23.4 4.02 -3.92 440 23.4 4.04 -3.72 450 23.9 4.03 -3.19 450 23.9 4.05 -3.21 460 24.4 3.75 -2.84 460 24.4 4.33 -3.01 460 24.4 4.09 -2.76 470 24.9 4.07 -3.06 470 24.9 4.30 -3.07 470 24.9 4.11 -3.18 2c. 5KT90-9, 5 (41°07'N, 143°31'E, 2098 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Uvigerina akitaensis cm ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 140 6.4 3.61 -1.32 160 6.8 3.70 -1.29 170 7.7 3.65 -1.26 180 8.2 3.68 -1.00 190 8.6 3.63 -1.10 210 9.5 3.71 -0.90 350 19.0 4.98 -1.65 460 24.4 4.70 -1.38 470 24.9 4.88 -1.60 3a. KH94-3,LM-8 (38°53'N, 143°22'E, 2353 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Globigerina bulloides m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0.0 0.0 0.56 -0.77 8.5 0.4 -0.19 -1.18 11.0 0.6 1.43 -0.60 13.4 0.7 1.44 -0.56 15.8 0.9 1.51 -0.44 20.7 1.4 0.39 -0.75 23.1 1.6 0.44 -0.92 28.0 2.0 0.06 -1.01 30.4 2.3 0.94 -0.69 37.7 2.9 0.76 -0.60 40.2 3.1 1.18 -0.62 42.6 3.4 1.56 -0.64 45.0 3.6 1.48 -0.27 49.9 4.0 0.52 -0.64 59.6 4.9 1.83 -0.46 66.9 5.6 1.19 -1.06 71.8 6.0 2.12 -0.38 76.7 6.4 0.67 -0.77 79.1 6.7 1.80 -0.74 81.5 6.9 1.34 -1.09 84.0 7.1 1.68 -0.68 86.4 7.3 1.66 -0.64 88.8 7.5 2.25 -1.01 91.3 7.7 1.96 -0.64 93.7 8.0 2.45 -0.19 96.1 8.2 2.01 -0.63 98.6 8.4 2.18 -0.52 101.0 8.6 1.81 -0.48 105.8 9.2 1.83 -0.73 108.3 9.6 2.09 -0.45 113.1 10.2 2.15 -0.54 115.5 10.5 2.03 -0.47 118.0 10.8 2.43 -0.31 120.4 11.1 2.65 -0.19 122.8 11.4 2.94 -0.57 127.6 12.1 2.61 -0.78 130.1 12.3 2.17 -0.70 132.5 12.5 2.99 -0.39 134.9 12.7 2.59 -0.48 137.3 13.0 2.83 -0.58 139.8 13.1 2.80 -0.47 142.2 13.4 2.68 -0.76 144.6 13.6 2.49 -0.56 147.0 13.9 2.89 -0.58 149.5 14.1 3.01 -0.50 151.9 14.3 2.95 -0.73 154.3 14.5 2.88 -0.63 156.7 14.8 2.56 -0.60 159.2 15.0 2.91 -0.63 161.6 15.2 3.14 -0.63 164.0 15.4 3.44 -0.88 166.4 15.7 2.88 -1.26 168.9 15.9 2.99 -1.02 173.7 16.3 3.39 -1.01 176.1 16.6 3.33 -0.64 178.6 16.8 3.03 -0.72 181.0 17.0 3.12 -0.67 183.4 17.2 3.25 -1.03 189.2 17.8 3.17 -0.85 191.6 18.0 2.95 -0.99 194.1 18.2 2.80 -1.18 196.5 18.5 2.90 -1.10 198.9 18.7 2.78 -0.81 201.4 18.9 3.18 -0.72 203.8 19.1 2.82 -1.05 206.2 19.4 3.34 -1.21 208.7 19.6 2.67 -1.08 211.1 19.8 2.82 -1.02 213.5 20.0 3.27 -0.65 216.0 20.3 2.64 -1.18 218.4 20.5 3.04 -1.14 223.2 20.9 3.24 -1.07 228.1 21.4 3.14 -0.91 233.0 21.9 3.48 -1.19 237.8 22.3 3.36 -1.03 240.3 22.5 3.03 -1.38 250.0 23.4 3.14 -0.87 259.7 24.4 2.65 -0.95 3b. KH94-3,LM-8 (38°53'N, 143°22'E, 2353 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Uvigerina senticosa m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0.0 0.0 3.32 -0.64 8.5 0.4 3.25 -0.81 20.7 1.4 3.15 -0.84 30.4 2.3 3.17 -0.70 32.9 2.5 3.10 -0.83 40.2 3.1 3.41 -0.74 71.8 6.0 3.15 -1.08 79.1 6.7 3.28 -1.05 86.4 7.3 3.23 -1.06 108.3 9.6 3.39 -0.97 120.4 11.1 3.84 -1.05 127.6 12.1 4.00 -1.03 134.9 12.7 4.04 -1.08 142.2 13.4 4.15 -1.14 149.5 14.1 4.28 -1.13 156.7 14.8 4.51 -1.22 164.0 15.4 4.71 -1.10 173.7 16.3 4.76 -1.12 178.6 16.8 4.78 -1.08 183.4 17.2 4.82 -1.10 189.2 17.8 4.78 -1.10 196.5 18.5 4.78 -1.15 201.4 18.9 4.72 -1.10 208.7 19.6 4.79 -1.15 216.0 20.3 4.60 -1.12 223.2 20.9 4.66 -1.16 230.5 21.6 4.67 -1.09 237.8 22.3 4.79 -1.03 245.1 23.0 4.63 -1.00 257.3 24.1 4.38 -0.92 4a. MD01-2421 (36°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Globigerina bulloides m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0.01 0.2 0.20 -0.54 0.16 0.3 0.30 -0.67 0.35 0.5 -0.29 -1.04 0.55 0.6 0.13 -1.00 0.75 0.7 -0.15 -0.78 1.14 1.0 -0.40 -1.15 1.34 1.1 -0.23 -0.84 1.56 1.3 0.44 -0.98 1.65 1.4 0.34 -0.74 1.85 1.7 -0.18 -0.99 2.05 1.9 0.32 -1.05 2.25 2.1 -0.21 -1.15 2.45 2.4 0.01 -0.98 2.66 2.6 0.05 -1.09 2.85 2.9 -0.40 -1.23 3.05 3.1 0.26 -0.90 3.15 3.3 -0.18 -1.51 3.56 3.8 -0.24 -1.41 3.76 4.0 0.11 -1.13 3.95 4.3 -0.04 -1.44 4.31 4.7 0.32 -1.43 4.36 4.8 0.17 -1.44 4.53 5.0 0.25 -1.22 4.63 5.2 -0.27 -1.49 4.84 5.4 -0.49 -1.45 5.04 5.7 -0.04 -1.38 5.24 6.0 -0.08 -1.61 5.44 6.3 -0.44 -1.82 5.64 6.6 -0.58 -1.95 5.84 6.9 -0.62 -1.79 6.03 7.2 -0.13 -1.62 6.14 7.4 -0.35 -2.17 6.24 7.6 -0.75 -2.08 6.34 7.8 -0.63 -2.03 6.44 8.0 -0.33 -1.87 6.54 8.2 -0.02 -1.95 6.64 8.4 -0.54 -2.06 6.75 8.6 -0.39 -1.82 6.85 8.8 -0.54 -2.10 6.95 9.0 0.20 -1.73 7.05 9.2 0.17 -1.78 7.15 9.4 -0.04 -1.82 7.25 9.6 0.32 -1.76 7.35 9.8 1.27 -1.46 7.46 10.0 1.33 -1.39 7.53 10.2 1.78 -0.62 7.63 10.4 2.39 -0.87 7.68 10.5 2.36 -0.75 7.73 10.6 1.68 -1.08 7.78 10.7 2.28 -0.93 7.84 10.8 2.59 -0.81 7.89 10.9 2.25 -0.77 7.94 11.0 2.01 -0.91 7.99 11.1 2.06 -0.94 8.04 11.2 2.58 -0.84 8.13 11.6 2.61 -1.18 8.19 11.9 2.80 -0.66 8.24 12.2 2.57 -0.66 8.34 12.7 2.48 -1.06 8.39 12.9 2.80 -0.81 8.44 13.1 2.95 -0.94 8.54 13.6 1.77 -0.71 8.54 13.6 1.42 -1.13 8.59 13.8 2.51 -1.15 8.64 14.1 2.30 -1.04 8.74 14.6 2.45 -0.97 8.84 15.0 2.82 -0.85 8.94 15.5 2.84 -1.07 9.02 15.9 2.69 -0.98 9.12 16.4 3.11 -1.27 9.22 16.8 3.04 -1.55 9.24 16.9 2.57 -1.62 9.27 17.1 3.43 -1.12 9.29 17.2 2.65 -0.76 9.32 17.3 2.92 -1.18 9.32 17.3 2.58 -1.29 9.34 17.4 3.45 -1.27 9.37 17.5 3.41 -1.43 9.39 17.6 3.20 -1.26 9.42 17.8 3.39 -1.49 9.44 17.9 2.79 -1.49 9.46 18.0 2.90 -1.46 9.49 18.1 2.99 -1.03 9.51 18.2 3.30 -1.15 9.51 18.2 3.43 -1.10 9.54 18.3 2.92 -1.03 9.56 18.4 2.73 -1.29 9.59 18.6 2.88 -1.28 9.61 18.7 3.31 -1.24 9.64 18.8 2.70 -1.33 9.66 18.9 2.80 -1.08 9.69 19.0 3.42 -1.00 9.71 19.1 2.37 -1.06 9.71 19.1 2.75 -1.11 9.81 19.6 2.80 -1.42 9.91 20.1 3.13 -1.30 10.01 20.5 2.56 -1.15 10.03 20.7 2.38 -1.08 10.06 20.8 2.89 -1.23 10.11 20.9 2.25 -1.14 10.21 21.3 1.91 -1.62 10.31 21.7 1.88 -2.28 10.31 21.7 2.09 -2.00 10.53 22.6 2.33 -1.23 10.63 22.9 2.86 -1.26 10.63 22.9 3.35 -1.35 10.73 23.3 2.28 -1.61 10.83 23.7 2.15 -1.81 10.93 24.1 2.63 -1.38 11.03 24.5 1.76 -1.26 11.13 24.9 1.86 -1.94 4b. MD01-2421 (36°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Globorotalia inflata m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0.01 0.2 0.92 0.82 0.06 0.3 0.62 0.55 0.16 0.3 0.44 0.48 0.35 0.5 0.57 0.65 0.55 0.6 0.47 0.42 0.75 0.7 0.31 0.79 0.94 0.9 0.77 0.72 1.14 1.0 0.73 0.83 1.34 1.1 0.77 0.69 1.56 1.3 0.97 0.57 1.65 1.4 0.62 0.35 1.85 1.7 0.74 0.65 2.05 1.9 0.62 0.54 2.25 2.1 0.56 0.55 2.45 2.4 0.59 0.55 2.66 2.6 0.51 0.33 2.85 2.9 0.49 0.56 3.05 3.1 0.91 0.48 3.15 3.3 1.03 0.59 3.56 3.8 0.88 0.45 3.76 4.0 0.45 0.35 3.86 4.1 0.39 0.23 3.95 4.3 0.82 0.54 4.31 4.7 1.18 -0.05 4.31 4.7 0.93 -0.19 4.36 4.8 0.83 0.26 4.53 5.0 0.73 0.31 4.63 5.2 0.85 0.48 4.84 5.4 0.71 0.29 5.04 5.7 0.82 0.27 5.24 6.0 1.12 0.12 5.44 6.3 0.75 0.27 5.64 6.6 0.60 0.24 5.84 6.9 0.90 0.17 6.03 7.2 0.94 0.02 6.14 7.4 1.16 0.22 6.24 7.6 1.51 0.39 6.34 7.8 1.10 0.35 6.44 8.0 1.02 0.20 6.54 8.2 0.95 0.22 6.64 8.4 1.38 0.40 6.75 8.6 1.02 0.24 6.85 8.8 1.60 0.15 6.95 9.0 1.17 0.48 7.05 9.2 1.43 0.54 7.15 9.4 1.42 0.39 7.25 9.6 1.29 0.32 7.35 9.8 1.61 0.40 7.46 10.0 1.52 0.40 7.53 10.2 1.49 0.19 7.63 10.4 1.68 0.40 7.68 10.5 1.74 0.34 7.73 10.6 1.86 0.62 7.78 10.7 1.72 0.20 7.84 10.8 1.59 0.15 7.89 10.9 1.88 0.06 7.94 11.0 1.90 0.35 7.99 11.1 1.79 0.15 8.04 11.2 2.13 0.36 8.13 11.6 2.20 0.54 8.19 11.9 2.34 0.51 8.24 12.2 2.00 0.46 8.34 12.7 2.23 0.45 8.39 12.9 2.14 0.53 8.44 13.1 2.02 0.30 8.54 13.6 2.02 0.25 8.59 13.8 2.00 0.24 8.64 14.1 1.77 0.22 8.74 14.6 2.05 0.06 8.94 15.5 1.85 -0.17 9.02 15.9 2.22 0.04 9.02 15.9 2.11 -0.32 9.02 15.9 2.50 -0.25 9.12 16.4 2.41 0.00 9.22 16.8 2.54 -0.12 9.24 16.9 2.74 0.02 9.32 17.3 2.04 0.23 9.32 17.3 2.06 0.08 9.34 17.4 2.52 -0.11 9.34 17.4 2.51 0.07 9.37 17.5 2.27 -0.36 9.39 17.6 2.62 0.39 9.42 17.8 2.54 -0.07 9.44 17.9 2.56 -0.29 9.46 18.0 2.35 -0.27 9.49 18.1 2.01 0.10 9.51 18.2 2.43 0.25 9.54 18.3 2.43 0.14 9.56 18.4 2.39 0.21 9.59 18.6 2.44 0.28 9.61 18.7 2.59 0.28 9.64 18.8 2.49 -0.12 9.69 19.0 2.61 0.14 9.69 19.0 2.55 0.37 9.71 19.1 2.19 0.13 9.81 19.6 2.50 0.02 9.91 20.1 2.00 0.02 10.01 20.5 2.45 0.39 10.11 20.9 2.50 -0.10 10.21 21.3 2.59 0.07 10.31 21.7 1.97 0.01 10.31 21.7 1.98 0.05 10.53 22.6 1.78 -0.10 10.63 22.9 2.15 -0.03 10.73 23.3 2.57 0.03 10.83 23.7 1.84 -0.01 10.93 24.1 2.52 0.37 11.03 24.5 2.20 0.28 11.03 24.5 1.98 0.19 11.13 24.9 2.12 0.24 4c. MD01-2421 (36°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Uvigerina senticosa m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 4.31 4.7 3.77 -1.22 5.24 6.0 3.16 -1.37 5.24 6.0 3.25 -1.66 5.44 6.3 3.58 -1.42 5.44 6.3 3.21 -1.06 6.03 7.2 3.16 -1.30 6.06 7.2 3.56 -1.25 6.24 7.6 3.52 -1.23 6.24 7.6 3.46 -1.41 6.44 8.0 3.69 -1.30 6.64 8.4 3.85 -1.13 6.64 8.4 3.80 -1.20 6.75 8.6 4.01 -1.23 6.75 8.6 3.66 -1.31 6.85 8.8 3.65 -1.39 6.95 9.0 3.70 -1.33 7.05 9.2 3.87 -1.34 7.15 9.4 3.73 -1.35 7.25 9.6 3.83 -1.17 7.63 10.4 3.81 -1.19 7.73 10.6 4.06 -1.13 7.84 10.8 3.92 -1.20 7.94 11.0 4.03 -0.99 8.13 11.6 4.27 -1.23 8.19 11.8 4.17 -0.96 8.24 12.2 4.46 -1.14 8.34 12.7 4.33 -1.07 8.39 12.9 4.49 -1.34 8.44 13.1 4.44 -1.17 8.54 13.6 4.50 -1.12 8.59 13.8 4.34 -1.24 8.64 14.1 4.43 -1.30 8.66 14.2 4.52 -1.27 8.69 14.3 4.64 -1.13 8.76 14.7 4.27 -1.29 8.79 14.8 4.70 -1.18 8.68 14.8 4.12 -1.67 8.86 15.1 4.67 -1.65 8.89 15.3 4.92 -1.53 8.94 15.5 4.78 -1.67 9.02 15.9 4.88 -1.58 9.02 15.9 4.63 -1.62 9.12 16.4 4.99 -1.37 9.22 16.8 5.20 -1.57 9.24 16.9 4.74 -1.69 9.27 17.1 4.92 -1.56 9.29 17.2 4.92 -1.35 9.32 17.3 4.83 -1.54 9.32 17.3 4.71 -1.35 9.34 17.4 5.02 -1.68 9.37 17.5 5.06 -1.49 9.39 17.6 5.12 -1.04 9.42 17.8 5.11 -1.45 9.44 17.9 5.13 -1.20 9.46 18.0 5.40 -1.19 9.49 18.1 5.26 -1.08 9.51 18.7 5.35 -1.15 9.51 18.7 4.92 -1.21 9.54 18.3 5.29 -1.13 9.56 18.4 5.31 -1.13 9.59 18.6 5.34 -1.11 9.61 18.7 5.24 -1.22 9.64 18.8 5.36 -1.15 9.66 18.9 5.30 -1.20 9.69 19.0 5.29 -1.12 9.71 19.1 5.25 -1.20 9.71 19.1 5.25 -1.16 9.81 19.6 5.20 -1.18 9.91 20.1 5.18 -1.23 10.11 20.9 5.24 -1.29 10.11 20.9 5.14 -1.35 10.21 21.3 5.16 -1.23 10.31 21.7 5.17 -1.26 10.31 21.7 5.08 -1.41 10.53 22.6 5.08 -1.41 10.53 22.6 4.67 -1.38 10.63 22.9 5.08 -1.26 10.63 22.9 4.90 -1.47 10.73 23.3 5.15 -1.16 10.83 23.7 4.99 -1.31 10.93 24.1 5.11 -1.15 11.03 24.5 5.09 -1.26 11.13 24.9 5.09 -1.17 4d. MD01-2421 (36°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m) All isotope data per mil PDB Depth Calendar age Bulimina aculeata m ka 18O (PDB) 13C (PDB) 0.06 0.3 3.34 -0.91 0.06 0.3 3.30 -1.02 0.16 0.3 3.57 -0.94 0.35 0.5 3.29 -1.07 0.55 0.6 3.13 -1.02 0.75 0.7 3.37 -0.90 0.94 0.9 3.54 -0.90 0.94 0.9 3.72 -0.94 1.14 1.0 3.19 -1.01 1.34 1.1 3.63 -0.84 1.56 1.3 3.47 -0.86 1.65 1.4 3.69 -0.84 1.85 1.7 3.53 -0.88 2.05 1.9 3.45 -0.99 2.25 2.1 3.51 -0.88 2.45 2.4 3.52 -0.91 2.66 2.6 3.42 -0.98 2.85 2.9 3.63 -0.90 3.05 3.1 3.38 -0.93 3.15 3.3 3.51 -0.93 3.36 3.5 3.35 -0.97 3.56 3.8 3.64 -0.94 3.76 4.0 3.69 -0.87 3.86 4.1 3.48 -0.71 3.95 4.3 3.39 -0.83 4.06 4.4 3.51 -0.71 4.16 4.5 3.61 -0.83 4.23 4.6 3.59 -0.81 4.36 4.8 3.51 -0.90 4.39 4.8 3.42 -0.90 4.53 5.0 3.25 -0.82 4.58 5.1 3.51 -0.88 5.04 5.7 3.43 -0.78 5.24 6.0 3.54 -0.90 8.76 14.7 4.73 -1.08 8.79 14.8 4.30 -1.18 8.84 15.0 4.40 -0.95 8.86 15.1 4.71 -1.06 9.12 16.4 4.47 -1.00 9.12 16.4 4.62 -0.95 9.24 16.9 5.01 -1.07 9.27 17.1 4.64 -0.88 9.29 17.2 4.64 -0.80 9.32 17.3 4.95 -1.06 9.32 17.3 5.08 -1.08 9.34 17.4 4.79 -1.04 9.34 17.4 4.82 -1.06 9.37 17.5 4.93 -0.96 9.39 17.6 4.99 -0.85 9.42 17.8 4.91 -0.88 9.44 17.9 5.17 -0.99 9.46 18.0 5.12 -0.97 9.49 18.1 5.04 -1.00 9.51 18.2 5.10 -0.81 9.54 18.3 5.20 -1.10 9.56 18.4 5.13 -1.02 9.59 18.6 5.06 -1.04 9.61 18.7 5.13 -0.97 9.64 18.8 4.96 -1.16 9.66 18.9 4.90 -0.87 9.69 19.0 5.08 -0.96 9.81 19.6 5.17 -1.03 10.31 21.7 5.20 -0.97 10.63 22.9 4.86 -1.26 10.73 23.3 5.20 -1.04 10.93 24.1 4.79 -1.08 11.03 24.5 5.00 -0.98 5. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. Notes Column C: Mean d18O value of benthic foraminifera, (Uvigerina spp. + Ephidium batialis + 0.90)/2. Values with one place of decimals are estimated from the values just above and below. Column F: Correction derived from differences of present temperatures and d18O values of sea waters between the water depth at the core site and 2,000 m. Column G: SST is caculated from the following equation, SST = 0.331 x D2 + 3.643 X D -0.14. D = d18O difference from benthic foraminifera to G. bulloides. Column H: Corrected SST. We assumed that the bottom temperature at the LGM was 2.5°C lower than today and recovered in accordance with the eustatic sea level rise. Column I: The d18O values of the paleo-seawater are calcurated by substituting the SST and d18O values of G. bulloides into the paleotemperature equation of Shackleton (1974). Column J: Paleo-sea surface salinities are calculated from the following equations; S = (17.955 + dw)/0.521 and S = (17.955 + dw)/0.533 during the Holocene and LGM, respectively. The salinities during the transition are estimated in accodance with the eustatic sea level rise. 5a. KT90-9, 21 (42°27'N, 144°19'E, 1083 m) St. 21, cm Calendar ka Mean B.F. 18O G. bull. 18O B.F. - G. bullDepth cor.+0.21 SST (°C) SST cor. -2.5°C dw vs SMOW SSS, cor. 60 2.11 3.124 2.807 0.317 0.529 1.9 1.9 -0.743 33.04 60 2.11 3.124 2.656 0.468 0.680 2.5 2.5 -0.729 33.06 70 2.46 3.301 2.480 0.821 1.033 4.0 4.0 -0.505 33.49 80 2.81 3.154 2.673 0.481 0.693 2.5 2.5 -0.697 33.12 80 2.81 3.154 2.368 0.786 0.998 3.8 3.8 -0.657 33.20 90 3.16 3.291 2.510 0.781 0.993 3.8 3.8 -0.520 33.46 100 3.51 3.162 2.229 0.933 1.145 4.5 4.5 -0.626 33.26 110 3.86 3.1 2.530 0.570 0.782 2.9 2.9 -0.729 33.06 110 3.86 3.1 2.433 0.667 0.879 3.3 3.3 -0.716 33.09 120 4.21 3.148 2.373 0.775 0.987 3.8 3.8 -0.662 33.19 130 4.56 3.289 2.230 1.059 1.271 5.0 5.0 -0.492 33.52 140 4.90 3.224 2.541 0.683 0.895 3.4 3.4 -0.601 33.31 140 4.90 3.224 2.380 0.844 1.056 4.1 4.1 -0.577 33.36 150 5.24 3.36 2.150 1.210 1.422 5.7 5.7 -0.375 33.74 160 5.59 3.126 1.965 1.161 1.373 5.5 5.5 -0.620 33.27 170 5.93 3.1 2.104 0.996 1.208 4.7 4.7 -0.698 33.12 180 6.27 3.078 2.540 0.538 0.750 2.8 2.8 -0.765 32.99 190 6.61 3.284 2.246 1.038 1.250 4.9 4.9 -0.484 33.53 200 6.96 3.270 2.360 0.910 1.122 4.4 4.4 -0.520 33.46 210 7.30 3.343 2.181 1.162 1.374 5.5 5.5 -0.404 33.69 220 7.64 3.279 2.356 0.923 1.135 4.4 4.4 -0.509 33.49 240 8.33 3.169 2.280 0.889 1.101 4.3 4.2 -0.655 33.15 250 8.67 3.414 2.194 1.220 1.432 5.8 5.5 -0.386 33.60 260 9.01 3.595 1.910 1.685 1.897 8.0 7.5 -0.163 33.91 270 9.36 3.649 2.278 1.371 1.583 6.5 6.0 -0.184 33.87 270 9.36 3.649 2.138 1.511 1.723 7.1 6.6 -0.150 33.94 280 9.70 3.663 2.550 1.113 1.325 5.3 4.7 -0.254 33.68 280 9.70 3.663 2.698 0.965 1.177 4.6 4.0 -0.284 33.61 300 10.39 3.573 2.562 1.011 1.223 4.8 4.0 -0.425 33.23 310 12.05 3.9 3.050 0.850 1.062 4.1 2.7 -0.280 33.26 310 12.05 3.9 3.012 0.888 1.100 4.3 3.0 -0.245 33.33 320 12.62 4.251 3.260 0.991 1.203 4.7 3.4 0.109 34.01 330 13.19 4.739 3.855 0.884 1.096 4.3 2.7 0.536 34.71 340 13.76 4.652 3.656 0.996 1.208 4.7 2.9 0.385 34.37 340 13.76 4.652 3.803 0.849 1.061 4.1 2.3 0.371 34.34 350 14.33 4.643 3.714 0.929 1.141 4.4 2.3 0.290 34.06 360 14.91 4.655 3.163 1.492 1.704 7.0 4.9 0.425 34.26 370 15.48 4.870 3.490 1.380 1.592 6.5 4.2 0.579 34.50 380 16.05 4.750 3.465 1.285 1.497 6.1 3.8 0.375 34.14 390 16.62 4.855 3.840 1.015 1.227 4.8 2.5 0.448 34.18 400 17.19 4.799 3.979 0.820 1.032 4.0 1.5 0.329 33.86 410 17.76 4.842 3.620 1.222 1.434 5.8 3.3 0.446 34.12 420 18.33 4.880 3.362 1.518 1.730 7.2 4.7 0.559 34.34 420 18.33 4.880 3.727 1.153 1.365 5.4 2.9 0.442 34.12 420 18.33 4.880 3.596 1.284 1.496 6.0 3.5 0.496 34.22 430 18.90 4.765 3.650 1.115 1.327 5.3 3.0 0.396 34.09 5b. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. 5KT90-9, 5 (41°07'N, 143°31'E, 2098 m) St. 5, cm Calendar ka Mean B.F. 18O G. bull. 18O B.F. - G. buDepth cor.-0.031 SST (°C) SST cor. -2.5°C dw vs SMOW SSS, cor. 80 3.64 3.390 1.826 1.564 1.533 6.2 6.2 -0.564 33.38 90 4.09 3.500 2.020 1.480 1.449 5.8 5.8 -0.475 33.55 100 4.55 3.300 1.326 1.974 1.943 8.2 8.2 -0.564 33.38 110 5.00 3.460 2.430 1.030 0.999 3.8 3.8 -0.590 33.33 120 5.46 3.315 1.709 1.606 1.575 6.4 6.4 -0.631 33.25 130 5.91 3.580 2.750 0.830 0.799 3.0 3.0 -0.500 33.50 150 6.82 3.600 1.590 2.010 1.979 8.4 8.4 -0.255 33.97 160 7.28 3.733 2.109 1.624 1.593 6.5 6.5 -0.211 34.06 160 7.28 3.733 1.873 1.860 1.829 7.6 7.6 -0.157 34.16 180 8.19 3.659 2.715 0.944 0.913 3.5 3.5 -0.405 33.34 200 9.09 3.434 1.655 1.779 1.748 7.2 6.5 -0.668 32.83 220 10.00 3.687 1.438 2.249 2.218 9.6 8.8 -0.293 33.49 230 10.46 3.700 2.560 1.140 1.109 4.3 3.4 -0.568 32.91 240 10.91 3.591 2.057 1.534 1.503 6.1 5.1 -0.632 32.73 250 11.37 4.010 3.100 0.910 0.879 3.3 2.2 -0.365 33.18 260 11.82 3.812 2.574 1.238 1.207 4.7 3.5 -0.539 32.62 270 13.58 4.370 3.320 1.050 1.019 3.9 2.2 -0.152 33.13 280 15.62 4.380 3.052 1.328 1.297 5.1 2.9 -0.222 32.99 280 15.62 4.490 3.142 1.348 1.317 5.2 3.0 -0.107 33.15 290 16.10 4.380 3.390 0.990 0.959 3.7 1.3 -0.326 32.68 305 16.83 4.490 3.288 1.202 1.171 4.6 2.1 -0.208 32.90 310 17.08 4.880 3.780 1.100 1.069 4.1 1.6 0.161 33.61 320 17.56 4.722 3.060 1.662 1.631 6.7 4.2 0.132 33.56 330 18.05 4.910 2.550 2.360 2.329 10.1 7.6 0.522 34.36 340 18.53 4.739 3.216 1.523 1.492 6.0 3.7 0.148 33.64 340 18.53 4.739 2.942 1.797 1.766 7.3 5.0 0.218 33.78 350 19.02 4.920 3.380 1.540 1.509 6.1 3.7 0.333 34.00 350 19.02 4.920 3.714 1.206 1.175 4.6 2.2 0.257 33.85 350 19.02 4.920 3.678 1.242 1.211 4.8 2.4 0.265 33.87 350 19.02 4.920 3.076 1.844 1.813 7.6 5.2 0.412 34.15 360 19.51 5.016 2.801 2.215 2.184 9.4 7.0 0.613 34.54 370 19.99 4.960 3.310 1.650 1.619 6.6 4.3 0.401 34.13 380 20.48 4.810 2.947 1.863 1.832 7.6 5.3 0.307 33.95 400 21.45 4.850 2.846 2.004 1.973 8.3 6.0 0.386 34.10 410 21.94 5.021 3.160 1.861 1.830 7.6 5.3 0.518 34.41 420 22.42 4.962 3.183 1.779 1.748 7.2 5.0 0.470 34.32 420 22.42 4.962 3.426 1.536 1.505 6.1 3.8 0.408 34.20 430 22.91 5.180 3.670 1.510 1.479 6.0 3.7 0.619 34.61 440 23.39 4.874 3.298 1.576 1.545 6.3 4.0 0.329 34.05 440 23.39 4.874 3.424 1.450 1.419 5.7 3.4 0.299 34.05 450 23.88 4.942 3.370 1.572 1.541 6.3 4.1 0.430 34.30 460 24.37 4.893 2.821 2.072 2.041 8.7 6.6 0.514 34.46 460 24.37 4.893 2.713 2.180 2.149 9.2 7.1 0.545 34.58 470 24.85 5.015 3.410 1.605 1.574 6.4 4.4 0.544 34.58 5c. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. KH94-3,LM-8 (38°53'N, 143°22'E, 2353 m) LM-8, cm Calendar ka Uvig. 18O G. bull. 18OB.F. - G. bulDepth cor.-0.063 SST (°C) SST cor. -2.5°C dw vs SMOW SSS, cor. 0.0 0.00 3.323 0.561 2.762 2.699 12.1 12.1 -0.364 33.76 8.5 0.44 3.248 -0.191 3.439 3.376 15.9 15.9 -0.214 34.05 11.0 0.56 3.2 1.430 1.770 1.707 7.3 7.3 -0.697 33.13 13.4 0.73 3.2 1.440 1.760 1.697 7.2 7.2 -0.700 33.12 15.8 0.95 3.2 1.510 1.690 1.627 6.9 6.9 -0.716 33.09 20.7 1.39 3.15 0.394 2.756 2.693 12.1 12.1 -0.538 33.43 23.1 1.61 3.1 0.440 2.660 2.597 12.3 12.3 -0.432 33.63 28.0 2.05 3.1 0.060 3.040 2.977 14.5 14.5 -0.307 33.87 30.4 2.26 3.169 0.937 2.232 2.169 9.3 9.3 -0.668 33.18 37.7 2.92 3.2 0.760 2.440 2.377 10.6 10.6 -0.526 33.45 40.2 3.15 3.407 1.178 2.229 2.166 9.3 9.3 -0.432 33.63 42.6 3.36 3.4 1.560 1.840 1.777 6.6 6.6 -0.726 33.07 45.0 3.58 3.3 1.480 1.820 1.757 7.0 7.0 -0.708 33.10 49.9 4.02 3.3 0.520 2.780 2.717 11.9 11.9 -0.455 33.59 59.6 4.89 3.2 1.830 1.370 1.307 5.4 5.4 -0.780 32.97 66.9 5.55 3.2 1.194 2.006 1.943 8.4 8.4 -0.641 33.23 71.8 5.99 3.15 2.120 1.030 0.967 3.7 3.7 -0.938 32.66 76.7 6.43 3.2 0.670 2.530 2.467 11.1 11.1 -0.499 33.50 79.1 6.65 3.28 1.802 1.478 1.415 5.7 5.7 -0.733 33.06 81.5 6.87 3.2 1.338 1.862 1.799 7.7 7.7 -0.677 33.16 84.0 7.09 3.2 1.680 1.520 1.457 6.1 6.1 -0.751 33.02 86.4 7.31 3.23 1.660 1.570 1.507 6.1 6.1 -0.763 33.00 88.8 7.52 3.2 2.253 0.947 0.884 3.5 3.5 -0.851 32.83 91.3 7.75 3.2 1.960 1.240 1.177 4.8 4.8 -0.806 32.92 93.7 7.97 3.2 2.450 0.750 0.687 2.7 2.7 -0.878 32.78 96.1 8.18 3.3 2.010 1.290 1.227 4.6 4.4 -0.847 32.78 98.6 8.41 3.3 2.180 1.120 1.057 3.8 3.6 -0.908 32.60 101.0 8.62 3.3 1.810 1.490 1.427 5.5 5.1 -0.875 32.61 105.8 9.24 3.3 1.830 1.470 1.407 5.4 4.9 -0.912 32.48 108.3 9.56 3.39 2.090 1.300 1.237 4.9 4.2 -0.820 32.60 113.1 10.18 3.5 2.149 1.351 1.288 5.4 4.7 -0.646 32.88 115.5 10.49 3.6 2.030 1.570 1.507 6.4 5.5 -0.545 33.01 118.0 10.81 3.7 2.430 1.270 1.207 5.0 4.0 -0.553 32.94 120.4 11.12 3.84 2.650 1.190 1.127 4.4 3.3 -0.525 32.93 122.8 11.43 3.9 2.940 0.960 0.897 3.4 2.1 -0.547 32.83 127.6 12.05 4.00 2.610 1.390 1.327 5.3 3.9 -0.393 33.07 130.1 12.28 4.0 2.170 1.830 1.767 7.4 6.0 -0.275 33.30 132.5 12.51 4.0 2.990 1.010 0.947 3.7 2.3 -0.438 32.98 134.9 12.73 4.04 2.590 1.450 1.387 5.6 4.1 -0.372 33.05 137.3 12.95 4.0 2.831 1.169 1.106 4.5 3.0 -0.419 32.96 139.8 13.08 4.1 2.800 1.300 1.237 4.7 3.0 -0.435 32.87 142.2 13.41 4.15 2.683 1.467 1.404 5.6 3.9 -0.327 33.02 144.6 13.63 4.2 2.493 1.707 1.644 6.7 5.0 -0.228 33.21 147.0 13.85 4.2 2.890 1.310 1.247 5.1 3.2 -0.304 33.01 149.5 14.09 4.28 3.010 1.270 1.207 4.7 2.9 -0.271 33.07 151.9 14.31 4.3 2.950 1.350 1.287 5.3 3.3 -0.205 33.14 154.3 14.53 4.4 2.880 1.520 1.457 6.0 4.0 -0.090 33.36 156.7 14.76 4.51 2.560 1.950 1.887 7.9 5.8 0.055 33.58 159.2 14.99 4.5 2.910 1.590 1.527 6.5 4.4 0.032 33.54 161.6 15.21 4.6 3.140 1.460 1.397 5.8 3.5 0.041 33.50 164.0 15.44 4.71 3.440 1.270 1.207 4.7 2.5 0.057 33.53 166.4 15.66 4.7 2.884 1.816 1.753 7.1 4.8 0.129 33.66 168.9 15.89 4.7 2.994 1.706 1.643 6.9 4.6 0.169 33.68 173.7 16.34 4.76 3.392 1.368 1.305 5.2 2.8 0.092 33.54 176.1 16.56 4.7 3.329 1.371 1.308 5.5 3.1 0.110 33.57 178.6 16.79 4.78 3.030 1.750 1.687 6.9 4.4 0.172 33.63 181.0 17.02 4.8 3.120 1.680 1.617 6.6 4.1 0.179 33.65 183.4 17.24 4.82 3.254 1.566 1.503 6.1 3.6 0.166 33.62 189.2 17.78 4.78 3.170 1.610 1.547 6.3 3.8 0.136 33.56 191.6 18.00 4.8 2.950 1.850 1.787 7.3 4.8 0.198 33.68 194.1 18.23 4.8 2.795 2.005 1.942 8.0 5.5 0.216 33.72 196.5 18.46 4.78 2.899 1.881 1.818 7.6 5.1 0.207 33.70 198.9 18.68 4.7 2.780 1.920 1.857 8.0 5.6 0.239 33.82 201.4 18.91 4.72 3.180 1.540 1.477 6.0 3.6 0.093 33.54 203.8 19.14 4.7 2.822 1.878 1.815 7.9 5.5 0.242 33.82 206.2 19.36 4.8 3.337 1.463 1.400 5.4 3.1 0.110 33.57 208.7 19.59 4.79 2.673 2.117 2.054 8.6 6.3 0.293 33.92 211.1 19.81 4.7 2.820 1.880 1.817 7.7 5.3 0.190 33.72 213.5 20.04 4.6 3.267 1.333 1.270 5.3 2.9 0.002 33.36 216.0 20.27 4.60 2.640 1.960 1.897 8.0 5.6 0.083 33.52 218.4 20.49 4.6 3.036 1.564 1.501 5.9 3.5 -0.067 33.23 223.2 20.94 4.66 3.238 1.422 1.359 5.4 3.0 0.006 33.37 228.1 21.40 4.7 3.140 1.560 1.497 6.4 4.0 0.158 33.66 233.0 21.85 4.7 3.478 1.222 1.159 5.3 2.9 0.200 33.74 237.8 22.30 4.79 3.361 1.429 1.366 5.5 3.2 0.171 33.75 240.3 22.53 4.8 3.033 1.767 1.704 6.9 4.6 0.217 33.83 250.0 23.43 4.9 3.139 1.761 1.698 6.8 4.6 0.315 34.02 259.7 24.35 4.38 2.651 1.729 1.666 8.7 6.5 0.158 33.66 5d. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. CH84-04 CH84-04, cm Calendar ka Uvig. 18O G. bull. 18OB.F. -G. bulDepth cor.-0.098 SST (°C) SST cor. -2.5°C dw vs SMOW SSS, cor. 0 2.20 3.62 0.30 3.32 3.222 15.0 15.0 0.046 34.55 10 2.76 3.46 1.02 2.44 2.342 10.2 10.2 -0.390 33.71 20 3.32 3.38 1.40 1.98 1.882 7.9 7.9 -0.590 33.33 30 3.87 3.44 -0.33 3.77 3.672 17.7 17.7 0.029 34.52 40 4.43 3.46 -0.23 3.69 3.592 17.2 17.2 0.019 34.50 50 4.99 3.58 -0.22 3.80 3.702 17.9 17.9 0.180 34.81 60 5.55 3.67 -0.16 3.83 3.732 18.1 18.1 0.282 35.00 70 6.10 3.53 -0.11 3.64 3.542 16.9 16.9 0.071 34.60 80 6.66 3.62 0.56 3.06 2.962 13.6 13.6 -0.042 34.38 90 7.22 3.44 -0.40 3.84 3.742 18.1 18.1 0.056 34.57 100 7.78 3.62 -0.65 4.27 4.172 20.8 20.8 0.405 35.24 110 8.25 3.78 -0.65 4.43 4.332 21.9 21.7 0.604 35.56 120 8.73 3.81 0.20 3.61 3.512 16.7 16.4 0.282 34.88 130 9.21 3.65 -0.63 4.28 4.182 20.9 20.3 0.329 34.85 140 9.69 3.51 -0.85 4.36 4.262 21.4 20.7 0.195 34.54 150 9.99 3.71 -0.93 4.64 4.542 23.2 22.4 0.488 35.04 160 10.28 3.73 1.28 2.45 2.352 10.3 9.4 -0.303 33.52 170 10.58 3.93 0.33 3.60 3.502 16.7 15.7 0.255 34.53 180 10.88 3.92 0.91 3.01 2.912 13.3 12.2 0.003 33.99 190 11.17 4.03 1.57 2.46 2.362 10.3 9.1 -0.093 33.74 200 11.47 4.10 1.95 2.15 2.052 8.7 7.4 -0.144 33.59 210 12.01 4.17 1.57 2.60 2.502 11.0 9.6 0.027 33.86 220 12.53 4.17 2.49 1.68 1.582 6.4 5.0 -0.227 33.37 230 12.65 4.25 2.17 2.08 1.982 8.4 6.8 -0.077 33.59 240 12.77 4.35 2.29 2.06 1.962 8.3 6.7 0.017 33.78 250 12.90 4.58 2.80 1.78 1.682 6.9 5.3 0.175 34.08 260 13.02 4.71 3.08 1.63 1.532 6.2 4.5 0.235 34.14 270 13.22 4.77 3.02 1.75 1.652 6.8 4.9 0.291 34.24 280 13.41 4.58 2.85 1.73 1.632 6.7 4.8 0.096 33.81 290 13.61 4.72 2.82 1.90 1.802 7.5 5.5 0.247 34.10 300 13.81 4.61 2.64 1.97 1.872 7.8 5.9 0.156 33.86 310 14.01 4.64 2.80 1.84 1.742 7.2 5.2 0.151 33.85 320 14.20 4.68 2.90 1.78 1.682 6.9 4.8 0.143 33.78 330 14.40 4.83 2.83 2.00 1.902 8.0 5.9 0.351 34.18 340 14.60 4.93 3.16 1.77 1.672 6.9 4.8 0.391 34.19 350 14.80 4.88 3.43 1.45 1.352 5.4 3.2 0.230 33.88 360 14.99 4.89 3.43 1.46 1.362 5.4 3.2 0.242 33.91 370 15.21 4.99 3.22 1.77 1.672 6.9 4.5 0.384 34.12 380 15.42 5.06 3.54 1.52 1.422 5.7 3.4 0.393 34.14 390 15.63 5.00 3.17 1.83 1.732 7.2 4.8 0.410 34.17 400 15.84 4.91 3.05 1.86 1.762 7.3 4.8 0.295 33.89 410 16.06 4.86 3.09 1.77 1.672 6.9 4.4 0.221 33.75 420 16.27 5.13 2.71 2.42 2.322 10.1 7.6 0.679 34.63 430 16.48 5.28 3.27 2.01 1.912 8.0 5.6 0.706 34.68 440 16.72 5.34 2.68 2.66 2.562 11.4 8.8 0.936 35.06 450 16.96 5.21 3.07 2.14 2.042 8.7 6.1 0.642 34.49 460 17.20 5.26 2.76 2.50 2.402 10.5 7.9 0.803 34.81 470 17.44 5.32 3.10 2.22 2.122 9.1 6.5 0.775 34.75 480 17.68 5.35 3.37 1.98 1.882 7.9 5.3 0.735 34.67 490 17.92 5.15 3.11 2.04 1.942 8.2 5.6 0.552 34.32 500 18.16 5.25 3.29 1.96 1.862 7.8 5.2 0.630 34.47 510 18.40 5.02 3.05 1.97 1.872 7.8 5.2 0.402 34.04 520 18.65 5.07 3.22 1.85 1.752 7.3 4.8 0.452 34.19 530 18.89 4.91 3.02 1.89 1.792 7.4 5.0 0.303 33.91 540 19.13 4.88 2.90 1.98 1.882 7.9 5.4 0.298 33.90 5e. Calculation steps used for paleo-SST and SSS estimations. MD01-2421 (36°01'N, 141°47'E, 2224 m) MD01-2421,m Calendar ka Uvig. 18O G. bull. 18OB.F. -G. bulDepth cor.-0.047 SST (°C) SST cor. -2.5°C dw vs SMOW SSS, cor. 0.01 0.24 3.4 0.199 3.201 3.154 14.9 14.9 -0.071 34.33 0.16 0.38 3.680 0.295 3.385 3.338 15.9 15.9 0.273 34.99 0.35 0.58 3.400 -0.286 3.686 3.639 17.7 17.7 0.104 34.66 0.55 0.77 3.239 0.134 3.105 3.058 14.3 14.3 -0.265 33.95 0.75 0.96 3.477 -0.152 3.629 3.582 17.4 17.4 0.159 34.77 1.14 1.35 3.299 -0.397 3.696 3.649 17.8 17.8 0.007 34.48 1.34 1.55 3.740 -0.231 3.971 3.924 19.5 19.5 0.554 35.53 1.56 1.77 3.580 0.437 3.143 3.096 14.5 14.5 0.089 34.63 1.65 1.88 3.804 0.342 3.462 3.415 16.4 16.4 0.425 35.28 1.85 2.12 3.641 -0.181 3.822 3.775 18.6 18.6 0.397 35.22 2.05 2.37 3.557 0.322 3.235 3.188 15.1 15.1 0.098 34.65 2.25 2.61 3.620 -0.207 3.827 3.780 18.6 18.6 0.378 35.19 2.45 2.86 3.633 0.007 3.626 3.579 17.4 17.4 0.314 35.07 2.65 3.10 3.526 0.049 3.477 3.430 16.5 16.5 0.153 34.76 2.85 3.34 3.743 -0.398 4.141 4.094 20.6 20.6 0.625 35.66 3.05 3.59 3.493 0.258 3.235 3.188 15.1 15.1 0.034 34.53 3.15 3.72 3.618 -0.176 3.794 3.747 18.4 18.4 0.363 35.16 3.56 4.25 3.748 -0.243 3.991 3.944 19.6 19.6 0.570 35.56 3.76 4.51 3.803 0.109 3.694 3.647 17.8 17.8 0.510 35.44 3.95 4.77 3.504 -0.043 3.547 3.500 16.9 16.9 0.156 34.76 4.31 5.24 3.512 0.317 3.195 3.148 14.8 14.8 0.040 34.54 4.36 5.30 3.624 0.174 3.450 3.403 16.3 16.3 0.241 34.92 4.53 5.53 3.363 0.253 3.110 3.063 14.3 14.3 -0.139 34.20 4.63 5.67 3.6 -0.272 3.872 3.825 18.9 18.9 0.375 35.18 4.84 5.94 3.6 -0.488 4.088 4.041 19.6 19.6 0.321 35.08 5.04 6.20 3.542 -0.037 3.579 3.532 17.1 17.1 0.206 34.86 5.24 6.48 3.555 -0.077 3.632 3.585 17.1 17.1 0.163 34.78 5.44 6.75 3.391 -0.439 3.830 3.783 19.2 19.2 0.279 35.00 5.64 7.01 3.3 -0.575 3.875 3.828 18.9 18.9 0.076 34.61 5.84 7.28 3.2 -0.624 3.824 3.777 18.6 18.6 -0.044 34.38 6.03 7.53 3.159 -0.130 3.289 3.242 15.4 15.4 -0.282 33.92 6.14 7.74 3.5 -0.348 3.848 3.801 15.7 15.7 -0.428 33.64 6.24 7.96 3.488 -0.752 4.240 4.193 21.2 21.2 0.410 35.25 6.34 8.19 3.5 -0.632 4.132 4.085 20.5 20.4 0.351 35.08 6.44 8.41 3.688 -0.328 4.016 3.969 19.8 19.5 0.464 35.23 6.54 8.64 3.7 -0.021 3.721 3.674 18.0 17.6 0.332 34.92 6.64 8.86 3.815 -0.538 4.353 4.306 22.0 21.6 0.718 35.66 6.75 9.09 3.748 -0.394 4.142 4.095 20.6 20.2 0.548 35.33 6.85 9.31 3.650 -0.535 4.185 4.138 20.9 20.4 0.440 35.07 6.95 9.54 3.702 0.202 3.500 3.453 16.6 16.1 0.222 34.65 7.05 9.76 3.871 0.169 3.702 3.655 17.8 17.2 0.439 35.01 7.15 9.99 3.730 -0.036 3.766 3.719 18.2 17.5 0.295 34.67 7.25 10.21 3.830 0.323 3.507 3.460 16.7 15.9 0.295 34.67 7.35 10.43 3.8 1.269 2.531 2.484 11.2 10.3 -0.100 33.85 7.46 10.67 3.8 1.329 2.471 2.424 10.8 9.8 -0.149 33.70 7.53 10.83 3.8 1.782 2.018 1.971 8.5 7.5 -0.279 33.45 7.63 11.06 3.809 2.385 1.424 1.377 5.7 4.5 -0.446 33.07 7.73 11.29 4.057 1.683 2.374 2.327 10.3 9.1 0.017 33.89 7.84 11.51 3.921 2.592 1.329 1.282 5.2 4.0 -0.387 33.12 7.94 11.73 4.031 2.008 2.023 1.976 8.5 7.3 -0.110 33.65 8.04 11.96 4.1 2.581 1.519 1.472 6.1 4.7 -0.200 33.42 8.13 12.33 4.266 2.605 1.661 1.614 6.8 5.4 0.000 33.80 8.24 12.78 4.458 2.571 1.887 1.840 7.9 6.4 0.216 34.16 8.34 13.23 4.493 2.477 2.016 1.969 7.7 6.1 0.043 33.77 8.44 13.71 4.438 2.95 1.488 1.441 6.0 4.2 0.032 33.68 8.54 14.17 4.418 1.769 2.649 2.602 12.2 10.3 0.415 34.36 8.54 14.17 4.418 1.417 3.001 2.954 14.2 12.3 0.539 34.60 8.64 14.63 4.428 2.295 2.133 2.086 9.1 7.1 0.126 33.75 8.74 15.09 4.5 2.454 2.046 1.999 8.7 6.5 0.141 33.71 8.84 15.55 4.511 2.821 1.690 1.643 6.9 4.7 0.022 33.42 8.94 16.02 4.919 2.84 2.079 2.032 7.7 5.3 0.212 33.73 9.02 16.42 4.749 2.689 2.060 2.013 8.6 6.3 0.305 33.91 9.12 16.88 4.821 3.114 1.707 1.660 6.7 4.2 0.200 33.65 9.22 17.34 5.196 3.042 2.154 2.107 9.2 6.7 0.772 34.74 9.24 17.45 4.932 2.568 2.364 2.317 11.3 8.8 0.824 34.84 9.27 17.57 4.832 3.433 1.399 1.352 5.3 2.8 0.135 33.52 9.29 17.68 4.837 2.651 2.186 2.139 9.1 6.6 0.351 33.94 9.32 17.80 4.945 2.921 2.024 1.977 7.8 5.3 0.296 33.83 9.32 17.80 4.945 2.583 2.362 2.315 10.0 7.5 0.513 34.25 9.34 17.92 4.969 3.447 1.522 1.475 5.9 3.4 0.302 33.84 9.37 18.03 5.049 3.407 1.642 1.595 6.7 4.2 0.490 34.20 9.39 18.14 5.079 3.204 1.875 1.828 7.7 5.2 0.545 34.31 9.42 18.25 5.068 3.389 1.679 1.632 6.6 4.1 0.439 34.11 9.44 18.36 5.202 2.787 2.415 2.368 10.3 7.8 0.788 34.77 9.46 18.47 5.312 2.899 2.413 2.366 10.2 7.7 0.897 34.98 9.49 18.59 5.207 2.994 2.213 2.166 9.2 6.7 0.730 34.66 9.51 18.71 5.106 3.301 1.805 1.758 8.0 5.7 0.761 34.78 9.51 18.71 5.106 3.43 1.676 1.629 7.4 5.0 0.725 34.71 9.54 18.82 5.298 2.922 2.376 2.329 10.1 7.7 0.903 35.06 9.56 18.94 5.271 2.734 2.537 2.490 10.9 8.5 0.928 35.10 9.59 19.05 5.252 2.875 2.377 2.330 10.1 7.7 0.857 34.97 9.61 19.17 5.236 3.312 1.924 1.877 7.8 5.4 0.706 34.68 9.64 19.28 5.216 2.704 2.512 2.465 10.8 8.4 0.864 34.98 9.66 19.39 5.157 2.797 2.360 2.313 10.0 7.6 0.756 34.77 9.69 19.51 5.244 3.421 1.823 1.776 7.3 4.9 0.687 34.64 9.71 19.62 5.249 2.749 2.500 2.453 11.0 8.6 0.967 35.18 9.81 20.08 5.240 2.803 2.437 2.390 10.4 8.0 0.865 34.98 9.91 20.54 5.176 3.125 2.051 2.004 8.7 6.3 0.754 34.77 10.03 21.12 5.2 2.382 2.818 2.771 12.7 10.3 1.027 35.29 10.06 21.21 5.2 2.891 2.309 2.262 10.0 7.6 0.856 34.97 10.11 21.39 5.192 2.249 2.943 2.896 8.2 5.9 0.744 34.75 10.21 21.75 5.164 1.909 3.255 3.208 15.2 12.8 1.152 35.53 10.31 22.11 5.216 1.875 3.341 3.294 15.4 13.0 1.160 35.55 10.31 22.11 5.216 2.092 3.124 3.077 14.1 11.7 1.078 35.39 10.53 22.91 4.801 2.334 2.467 2.420 12.3 10.1 0.912 35.13 10.63 23.28 4.978 2.862 2.116 2.069 8.7 6.5 0.536 34.41 10.63 23.28 4.978 3.354 1.624 1.577 13.2 10.9 1.062 35.42 10.73 23.64 5.231 2.275 2.956 2.909 12.8 10.7 0.881 35.13 10.83 24.00 4.986 2.149 2.837 2.790 10.0 7.9 0.672 34.73 10.93 24.37 5.004 2.629 2.375 2.328 15.3 13.2 1.097 35.55 11.03 24.73 5.096 1.763 3.333 3.286 15.0 12.9 1.129 35.61 11.13 25.09 5.092 1.864 3.228 3.181 14.5 12.4 1.056 35.47