# Western North Atlantic Basin 8,000 Year Paleotempestology Database #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 2.0 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21391 # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/oliva2017/oliva2017articles.txt # # Original_Source_URL: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Other Collections # # Parameter_Keywords: #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2017-01-16 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Western North Atlantic Basin 8,000 Year Paleotempestology Database #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Oliva, F.; Peros, M.; Viau, A. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Summary of published paleotempestological studies for the western North Atlantic Basin. # Note: This file updated 9-March-2018 # Provided Keywords: Paleotempestology, hydroclimatology, tropical cyclones, X-ray fluorescence core scanning, geochemistry # # Definitions: # Table Field Definition Values Type # Article Article Integer ID of article 1-59 String # Article Author Author Name varies String # Article Pub_Year Publication year 1993-2016 String # Article Proxy_Grain-size Hurricane event identification uses grain size as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_LOI Hurricane event identification uses loss on ignition as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_Geochemistry Hurricane event identification uses geochemical indicators as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_XRF Hurricane event identification uses x-ray fluorescence as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_XRay Hurricane event identification uses x-ray imaging of cores as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_Micropaleontology "Hurricane event identification uses micropaleontology (e.g. counts, species diversity) as proxy" "1,0" Binary # Article Proxy_Model Hurricane event identification uses numerical climate model as proxy "1,0" Binary # Article Dating_14C Dating model includes AMS 14C "1,0" Binary # Article Dating_137Cs Dating model includes 137Cs "1,0" Binary # Article Dating_210Pb Dating model includes 210Pb "1,0" Binary # Article OSL Dating methodology includes optically stimulated luminescence "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_El_Nino_SO Presence/absence of study reference to El Nino/southern oscillations as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_La_Nina Presence/absence of study reference to La Nina as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_West_African_Monsoon Presence/absence of study reference to West African Monsoon as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_Bermuda_High_Theory Presence/absence of study reference to Bermuda High Theory as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_ITCZ Presence/absence of study reference to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_MDR_SST Presence/absence of study reference to Mean Development Region Sea Surface Temperature (MDR SST) as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Forcings_NAO_mode Presence/absence of study reference to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mode as a significant forcing "1,0" Binary # Article Notes Brief description of article and study with comments and notes related to data entry varies String # Article Event Pre-instrumental paleotempestological single dated event(s) recorded "1,0" Binary # Article Interval "Pre-instrumental paleotempestological time interval(s) recorded, with or without associated quantitative event frequency" "1,0" Binary # Article Cal_Method Dating model calibration method "varies (different versions of intcal, marine, calib). Unknown if calibration performed but method not cited. None if no calibration." String # Article Site_Name "Name of site (feature name, nearby town if available, state if US, country if not US)" varies String # Article Lat "Latitude, decimal. Mean of individual sample locations at a given site, if individuial sample locations are provided." 12.163734 - 43.742754 Double # Article Lon "Longitude, decimal. Mean of individual sample locations at a given site, if individuial sample locations are provided." -31.929006 Double # Article Multi "Site includes multiple sub-sites, represented by one geographic coordinate" Y or N String # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Frank Oliva, Matthew Peros, Andre Viau # Published_Date_or_Year: 2017-01-10 # Published_Title: A review of the spatial distribution of and analytical techniques used in paleotempestological studies in the western North Atlantic Basin # Journal_Name: Progress in Physical Geography # Volume: 41 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1177/0309133316683899 # Online_Resource: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309133316683899 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Paleotempestology, the study of past tropical cyclones (TCs) using geological proxy techniques, is a growing discipline that utilizes data from a broad range of sources. Most paleotempestological studies have been conducted using "established proxies," such as grain-size analysis, loss-on-ignition, and micropaleontological indicators. More recently, however, researchers have been applying more advanced geochemical analyses, such as X-ray fluorescence core scanning and stable isotopic geochemistry, to generate new paleotempestological records. In this paper we begin by providing a list of paleotempestological studies for the western North Atlantic Basin and illustrate the spatial coverage of these studies. We then review the premises behind both established and new proxies and discuss their strengths and limitations at resolving past hurricane activity. Lastly, we suggest future directions for paleotempestological research based on our review of the literature that we argue will ultimately lead to a better understanding of TC dynamics under future climate change scenarios. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Canada Research Chairs # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: NSERC # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Western North Atlantic # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 50.0 # Southernmost_Latitude: 10.0 # Easternmost_Longitude: -50.0 # Westernmost_Longitude: -100 # Elevation: 0 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Oliva2017articles # Earliest_Year: 8000 # Most_Recent_Year: -50 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Article Author Pub_Year Proxy_Grain-size Proxy_LOI Proxy_Geochemistry Proxy_XRF Proxy_XRay Proxy_Gamma_Density Proxy_Micropaleontology Proxy_Model Proxy_d13C Dating_14C Dating_137Cs Dating_210Pb OSL Forcings_El_Nino_SO Forcings_La_Nina Forcings_West_African_Monsoon Forcings_Bermuda_High_Theory Forcings_ITCZ Forcings_MDR_SST Forcings_AMO Forcings_NAO_mode Notes Event Interval Cal_Method Event_Proxy Dating_Media Proxy_ID Site_Name Lat Lon Multi 1 Adomat and Gischler 2016 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Radiocarbon ages provided only for individual samples. Recent observed hurricanes in the study area listed, however landfall coordinates not provided. Measured age is +/- 1 sigma, calibrated age is +/ 2 sigma." 1 1 "Intcal09, Marine09, 2 sigma" Core "Bivalve shell, Coral fragment, Organic matter, Organic matter of underlying organic mud, Organic matter within sand deposit, Three coral fragments from various core depths, Two coral fragments, Underlying mangrove peat" "CP2, ML3, CBi1, CBi4, CBi2, MRB1, MRB2, MRB2, CBi5, CBi5, CP6" Belize 16.991 -88.278 Y 2 Aharon and Lambert 2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Based on co-occurrence of R Cuneata with Sapropel (presumed possible only via storm event) in Lake Shelby, AL. Two events recorded, as well as two active intervals. Additional reservoir correction applied to carbon age (percent modern carbon 96.29±1.01 and 88.56±1.02 for samples 1 and 2, respectively), vs previous studies at the Lake Shelby AL site. minimum category 3 events." 1 1 CALIB 5.0.1 Core R. Cuneata "32697, 36457, Lake Shelby/Little Lake" "Lake Shelby, AL" 30.260 -87.664 N 3 Bertran et al. 2004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 "Article does not identify and date specific storm events. Layer 'S' consisting of grey sand, is associated with storm events. These are indicated on photographs of the cores, but not related back to the graphical time scale provided in the article." 0 0 none na na na "Grand Case, Saint Martin" 18.100 -63.052 Y 4 Boldt et al. 2010 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "23 paleo events, on average 1.5 per century, 30 total if one includes directly observed events since 1800s. Fuzzy on carbon dating calibration methodology for all 30 events. Only a subset has measured carbon dates used for the age model, but the number of dates matches up with the number of reported events (Remaining dates appear on time scale with error bars as events). I have assumed that each sample not directly associated with a carbon date has been calibrated with stratigraphic information and represents an event." 1 0 "Calib 5.0.1, Intcal09, 1 sigma" Core Distichlis spicata rhizome and rootlets "OS-68917, OS-67477, OS-68726, OS-65601, OS-67475, OS-67476, OS-67474, OS-68916, OS-65604" "Mattapoisett Marsh, MA" 41.652 -70.787 N 5 Brandon et al. 2013 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "34 events based on coarse sediment deposits in cores. Calibrated event dates and error bars reported in graphical format, with scales such that dating error bars are not visible. Events recorded without quantifying error" 1 1 intcal09 Core "bark, grass, leaf, twig" na "(Spring Creek Pond, Florida" 30.098 -84.341 N 6 Brandon et al. 2014 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Four cores from Seguine Pond, Staten Island, NY. Event ages listed on graphic, therefore can be reported exactly, but not error. As a result, 1 sigma error bars are estimates from interpretation of the graphic provided by the authors. Archived records start in 1844" 1 0 "IntCal13, 1sigma" Core na SG2 "Seguine Pond, Staten Island, NY" 40.516 -74.192 Y 7 Brown et al. 2014 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Carbon dated core from CKB1 reveals only two events (1960s and 1980s). CKB2 layers are dated to 6kya-7.2kya, but not related to hurricane events, rather overall sea level rise. Not events or intervals recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Laguna Chumkopo, Mexico" 20.101 -87.575 N 8 Burn and Palmer 2015 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 "Enhanced Hurricane Activity (EHA) index. Comparison only of atlantic area forcings (mostly SSTs in different regions, vs MDR). No events or intervals recorded. " 0 0 none na na na Grape Tree Pond in Jamaica 17.890 -76.620 N 9 Buynevich and Donnelly 2006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Figure 2 provides date labels and calibrated BP estimates (2 events dated from core macrofossils, other 4 aren't carbon dated and no error estimate is provided) for coarse deposit events from 977 to 1938 AD." 1 0 "Calibrated AMS carbon date, Calib4.1 Method B, 2sigma range" Core marsh macrofossil "OS-27232, OS-27361" "Little Sippewisset Marsh, Falmouth, MA, United States" 41.574 -70.640 Y 10 Buynevich et al. 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Optically simulated luminescence (OSL) used to date four paleoscarps. Scarp structure also mapped with ground penetrating radar. 1 0 OSL Core paleoscarp "S1, S2, S3, S4" "Popham Beach State Park, Maine" 43.743 -69.789 Y 11 Cheung et al. 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "The paper does not attempt paleo event reconstruction, but states that the complexity is a magnitude greater than the modelling completed with contemporary instrumentally measured event data. The paper discusses the future data requirements for geological proxies. Dates of events from Succotash marsh from Donnelly 2001 are referenced in the paper." 0 0 none na na na Rhode Island 41.371 -71.583 Y 12 Cochran et al. 2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study of paleo events: AMS dating (we presume carbon of 3 sand overwash layers (identified via loss on ignition analysis), dated AD "plus or minus a few decades" . No further details on analysis methods or results." 1 0 unknown Core overwash sand layers na "Mosquitia, Honduras" 14.648 -84.241 Y 13 Collins et al. 1999 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study of 40 beach cores in South Carolina (Myrtle Beach to McClellandville). Dated via 210Pb, back to 1845, and uses instrumental/observersational record of hurricanes to assess viability of multiple lines of evidence (particle size, diversity and abundance of foraminifera) to determine events. Since the only events identified are those in the observtional record, none are retained in this database." 0 0 none na na na South Carolina 33.510 -79.050 Y 14 Das et al. 2013 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Concurrent positive excursions of d13C and d15N in cores indicate storm events. Reconstruction of events, but high uncertainty with carbon dating due to contamination (based on wood and shell fragments), x-ray also used to log cores. Reconstructed event frequencies from 0-1000 and 1000-2900 yrs BP, coded as intervals." 0 1 Calib 6.1.0 core "bulk organic, wood, shells" "052109-03, 052209-02, 052209-03" "Weatern + Eastern Lake, FL" 30.318 -86.122 Y 15 Denommee et al. 2014 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 "Paleo-tropical cyclone strikes from sedimentary cores collected at the Blue Hole of Lighthouse Reef, Belize. "TC regimes have occurred contemporaneously with shifts hemispheric-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns such as MDR SSTs and NAO mode". Frequencies recorded from histogram (Figure 4). Date error not quantified." 0 1 unknown core varve na "Blue Hole of Lighthouse Reef, Belize" 17.246 -87.568 N 16 Donnelly 2005 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 " There is one specific storm event identified but it is already included in the NOAA observational records. They mention occurrence of hurricane events in the last 2,200 years, but do not provide any estimate of frequency. " 0 0 none na na na "Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA" 18.320 -65.230 N 17 Donnelly and Woodruff 2007 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 "5,000 year hurricane record from coarse deposits at lagoon at Laguna Playa Grande (LPG), Vieques, Puerto Rico. Limited to providing high and low hurricane intensity time intervals. Date error not quantified." 0 1 IntCal04 and Marine04 core "wood, seeds and shells" LPG4 "Laguna Playa Grande (LPG), Vieques, Puerto Rico" 18.090 -65.517 Y 18 Donnelly et al. 2001a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Nine cores from Whale Beach, NJ. Three events recorded in the geological record, two of which are corroborated by observation (1962 and 1821). Study yields a frequency/probability of strikes with winds >50m/s for the past 700 years. 14C AMS dating of peat, plus corroboration with pollen strata (agri), lead, marsh accretion rates and cesium activity." 1 0 Calib 4.1 Core S. alterniflora WB1-WB9 "Whale Beach, NJ" 39.191 -74.662 N 19 Donnelly et al. 2001b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study site is Succotash Marsh, Rhode Island. Cores from barrier overwash fans. Two are dated via cores and carbon dating (along with pollen), while three are observational but used to correlate the cores and corroborate the dating." 1 0 Calib 4.1 Core salt-marsh peat underlying overwash fans "Fan V, Fan VI, Fan III, Fan IV" "Succorash Salt Marsh, RI" 41.380 -71.521 N 20 Donnelly et al. 2004 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study site is barrier beach at Brigantine, NJ. Overwash layers could be from multiple storms, however coded them as events." 1 0 Calib 4.1 Core S. alterniflora "BRIG1, BRIG2" "Brigantine, NJ" 39.409 -74.357 N 21 Donnelly et al. 2015 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 "Study of cores at Salt Pond, MA, 3 modern event beds, 32 prehistoric event beds. The events are identified with respect to % fraction of particles %63um, with events identified based on exceedence of a threshold based on a running mean filter. Ages are extracted from a carbon dating model. Therefore, i have retained only the 2 high event frequency periods as intervals, which more appropriately represents the uncertainty." 0 1 IntCal13 core plant macrofossils SP2 "Salt Pond, MA" 41.544 -70.626 Y 22 Ercolani et al. 2015 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 "Island Bay, Keewaydin Island, near Naples FL (southwest Florida) study site. Range of frequencies based on uncertainty with regards to the number of events per intensity period (7-11 between 500 and 1000 yrs BP)" 0 1 "Calib7, IntCal13 and MARINE13" core plant and wood fragments 1206-22 and 1206-23 "Keewaydin Island, FL" 26.070 -81.790 Y 23 Frappier et al. 2007 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "A 23 yr record, 1977 to 2000, for Actun Tunichil Muknal cave (central Belize). No prehistorical events recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Actun Tunichil Muknal, Belize" 17.117 -88.780 N 24 Gischler et al. 2008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Blue Hole (sinkhole), Lighthouse Reef, Belize. d18O and 14C dating of short and long cores. Interpreted age (with no error bar) of storm events provided in tabular format." 1 0 none Core organic residue Long Core "Blue Hole (sinkhole), Lighthouse Reef, Belize" 17.246 -87.568 N 25 Hawkes and Horton 2012 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "no prehistorical events - study is focused on developing improved proxies for modern hurricane, via hurricane Ike. No events recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Galveston and San Luis Islands, Texas" 29.170 -95.120 Y 26 Hippensteel 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Methodology improvement study. Prehistorical events referenced only from Lui and Hearn. Tracer study only, to study bioturbation, no dating of paleotempestites." 0 0 none na na na "Folly and Rat Islands, South Carolina" 32.690 -79.910 Y 27 Hippensteel and Garcia 2014 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Onslow Bay, (Tar Landing Bay and Alligator Bay were the only two locations with storm events), foraminifera. 26 storm deposits throughout the different cores, 5-9 storm events. Only two storm events (Tar Bay Landing only) were directly carbon dated, and are retained here. There are otherwise no estimates of event frequency for the overall record. The article does not attempt to date any of the event layers except the two mentioned above. Additional interpretation of the results would be needed." 1 0 CALIB REV 6.0.0 Core plant FMAC 06 "Alligator Bay, NC" 34.515 -77.405 Y 28 Hippensteel and Martin 1999 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methodological paper on the importance of combining lithology with micropaleontology when studying overwash deposits. No event dating provided. No events or intervals recorded. 0 0 none na na na "Folly Island, South Carolina" 32.670 -79.970 N 29 Hippensteel et al. 2013 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Synthesis paper on multiple east US coast overwash studies. Reference to Hippenwash and Garcia paper, including graphs and figures. No dating of events or intervals. No events recorded" 0 0 none na na na North Carolina 34.515 -77.405 Y 30 Horton et al. 2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Mississippi and Alabama coastlines. Includes PCA analysis of multi-species depth distribution - producing a 1st PC 'signal'. Paper focused on describing the distribution of overwash deposits and associated foraminifera, but no dating is done of the layers and contents." 0 0 none na na na "Ocean Springs, MS, St. Andrews, MS, Dauphine Island, AL" 30.343 -88.518 N 31 Kiage et al. 2011 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "1900 year record from Wassaw Island, Georgia Bight. 2 active time intervels identified, providing frequency" 0 1 CALIB 6.0 core organic sediments Core W-8 "Wassaw Island, Georgia" 31.891 -80.966 N 32 Kilbourne et al. 2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "d18O record in corals, 2 sites southwest corner and 1 site est edge, of Puerto Rico. Only contemporary record (1950-present). No events or intervals recorded" 0 0 none na na na "Turrumote, Guanica, Fajardo, Puerto Rico" 18.071 -66.498 N 33 Lambert et al. 2008 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Lake Shelby, AL. d13C d15N excursions. More storms recorded than previous work in this area. (10 fold increase in frequency). Intervals + frequency recorded only. Authors feel there is too much uncertainty to date storms exactly" 0 1 CALIB 5.0.1 core sapropel Cores 2 & 11 "Lake Shelby, AL" 30.260 -87.664 Y 34 Lane et al. 2011 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Mullet Pond, Apalachee Bay, Florida. Sand content + carbon dating. High storm frequency periods from past 4.5K yrs digitized from figure." 0 1 "IntCal09, Calib6" core "plant fragments, wood, bark" "MLT1, MLT2" "Mullet Pond, Apalachee Bay, Florida" 29.925 -84.338 Y 35 Lawrence et al. 2008 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Record of tropical storm Allison only, over southeast Texas based on d18O in Ostracoda. No other events discussed, no interval or events recorded" 0 0 none na na na "Galena Park, Texas" 29.655 -94.981 N 36 Li et al. 2011 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Methodology improvement study. New method for studying tree rings, analyzing for d13C and d18O, relationship with precipitation, and therefore proxy for hurricane events. Contemporary events dicsussed, no pre-historic events. No events or intervals recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Anderson County, TN" 36.081 -84.228 N 37 Liu and Fearn 2000 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Western Lake, Florida 7000 yr record, millenial scale hurricane activity variation. Uncertainty around the 3400-5000 yr BP (uncalibrated) where fewer events were recorded, based on the hypothesis that the coastal ridge was higher. One interval recorded." 0 1 unknown core organic lake mud "1,9 & 14" "Western Lake, Florida" 30.317 -86.150 N 38 Liu and Fearn 1993 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Lake Shelby, AL. 137Cs and 14C dating of cores. Events cat 4 or 5 records. Recorded as intervals. Results are uncalibrated. Intervals extracted from p 795, 4th paragraph" 0 1 unknown core "clay, organic debris, shell" "A, B, E, L & S" "Lake Shelby, AL" 30.260 -87.664 Y 39 Liu et al. 2008 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Little Lake (Shelby Lakes, AL)Hurricane fire interactions. Multi-proxy record including microscopic charcoal, pollen, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. No error provided for category 3 events. Calibration method not provided, but error bars provided for two cat 4 events. Preference given to recording individual events" 1 0 "unknown, 2sigma" Core "charcoal, pollen, diatoms, and dinoflagellates" core 3 "Shelby Lakes, Alabama" 30.255 -87.664 N 40 Liu et al. 2011 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Bay Champagne, LA, 11 cores. Study of pollen content, hydrodynamics before and after hurricanes Gustav and Ike. No dating of prehistoric events in this paper. No events recorded, no intervals recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Bay Champagne, LA" 29.115 -90.171 N 41 Malaizé et al. 2011 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 "Grand-Case Pond, Saint-Martin, 3700 yr record. Frequencies for two oldest intervals from text, frequencies for youngest period taken from the graph (4 event bars counted)." 0 1 INTCAL04 core "Ruppia maritima and ostracod abundance, and Perissocytheridea bisulcata" GC6 + GC4 "Grand-Case Pond, Saint-Martin" 18.125 -63.053 Y 42 Mattheus and Fowler 2015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Study of paleotempestite cores, but no radiocarbon dating and calibration. No events or intervals recorded." 0 0 none na na na "San Salvador Island, Bahamas" 24.078 -74.476 Y 43 McCloskey and Keller 2009 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 "Belize central coast (Gale Point), 5,000 yr record. Periods of multicentennial hyperactivity identified. Recorded as intervals" 0 1 CALIB5.0.2 core peat layers or larger organic fragments "GP15, GP16" "Gales Point, Mullins River, Belize" 17.144 -88.304 N 44 McCloskey and Liu 2012a 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 "Belize. Interval dates listed in text, number of events counted from figure 8. combination of XRF, gamma density, and carbon dating." 0 1 CALIB 6.0 core plant material "CB1, CB7, HPN" "Sittee River, Belize" 16.899 -88.288 N 45 McCloskey and Liu 2012b 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 "Nicaragua. Pollen, grain size. Short useful record of hurricane activity (<=800 yr cal BP), due to site specific conditions 800-5400 yr cal BP." 0 1 CALIB 6.0 core plant detritus "FBM1, FBM2, FBM4, FBM5" "Falso Bluff, Nicaragua" 12.164 -83.689 N 46 Naquin et al. 2014 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study completed in Louisana (Champagne bay). Record sensitivity for last decade only, no pre-historical events recorded. No events or intervals recorded." 0 0 none na na na "Bay Champagne, LA" 29.114 -90.173 N 47 Nikitina et al. 2014 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Delaware Bay, Sea Breeze, NJ Site. Erosional process dominant at salt marsh study site. Good stratigraphic cross-sections. 7 events resulting in significant erosion, 2,000 yr record." 1 0 CALIB v6.1.0 Core plant macrofossils "Sequence 1, Sequence 2, Sequence 3, Sequence 4, Sequence 5, Sequence 6, Sequence 7" "Sea Breeze, NJ" 39.373 -74.886 N 48 Peros et al. 2015 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 "Unnamed lagoon, coast of southeastern Cuba. Core collected with 4,000 yr record. Proxy data includes benthic foraminifera, fossil pollen, particle size analysis, and macrocharcoal. Interpreted active hurricane intervals recorded from Hurricane Activity section on p 1491." 0 1 Calib & Intcal09 core "foraminifera, fossil pollen, particle size analysis, and macrocharcoal" SC01 Southeastern Cuba 19.949 -76.540 N 49 Reese et al. 2008 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "16 cores along 2 transects through Pearl River Marsh, AL. Discussion only of modern hurricanes (Camille and Katrina). Discussion of paleotempestological implications, but includes only a study of the uppermost layers in the cores. Identification of pre-historical events or intervals absent." 0 0 none na na na "Pearl river, LA" 30.176 -89.648 Y 50 Scileppi and Donnelly 2007 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 "3 study sides near NY City: Hicks Beach, Lido Beach, and Alder Island marshes (Reynolds Channel), position is average of coordinates of each three sites. Multiple cores from each site. Discussion of historical event records to 1788. Dating completed using a combination of heavy-metal (lead and copper) concentrations (XRF), pollen stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, and sediment age constraining using estimates for local rates of sea level rise. Pre-historic overwash layers not consistent across three sites. The older interval is specified as pre-2800, however there is a mention of a period of 'numerous strong hurricanes' between 3500 and present, therefore 3500 yr bp was used as the max of the age range for that interval." 0 1 "Calib5, 2sigma" core "organics (alterniflora root, leaf)" AI1 "Long Island, NY" 40.595 73.625 Y 51 Scott et al. 2003 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 "Extensive record from coastal marsh at Myrtle Beach, SC, to 5700 yr BP, from 15 cores. Interpreted storm events from table 2 of the paper. Dating via foraminifera and sedimentology from 3 cores. (2, 6 and 15). No error bars on event dates, and intervals based on arbitrary age intervals (e.g. 500-1000 yr bp), therefore chose to record individual events." 1 0 none Core "organic mud, oyster shells, peat" "core 15, core 2, core 6" "Singleton Swash, Myrtle Beach, SC" 33.761 -78.792 Y 52 Toomey et al. 2013 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 "Forcings vs cyclone frequency in the bahamas. Bulk of paper is spectral analysys of grain size. 4 intervals of increased coarse fraction deposition are given, but with no event frequencies." 0 1 CALIB 6.0 core "G. ruber, G. sacculifer, Mixed planktonics" "JPC119, JPC 135" Grand Bahama Bank 24.713 -79.244 Y 53 van Hengstum et al. 2014 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 "1000 yr core record study at Little Bahama Bank from a Karst feature (blue hole). Analysis of sedimentology vs climate forcings. 2 hurricane activity intervals identified by the study, but no quantitation of frequency (only sedimentation rate)" 0 1 "IntCAL09, CALIbomb (NH zone 2)" core Barbatia domingenesis TPBH-C1 Little Bahama Bank 25.704 -77.907 N 54 van Hengstum et al. 2016 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 "3000 year record from Abaco Island Bahamas, coastal sinkhole (Blackwood Sinkhole) overwash deposits. Outlines importance of ITCZ centennial signal vs hurricane landfalls along western North Atlantic margin." 0 1 IntCal13 core terrestrial plant macrofossils "BWLD-C1, BWLD-C2" "Great Abaco, Bahamas" 26.790 -77.420 Y 55 Wallace and Anderson 2010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "4,400 yr record from 4 cores at Laguna Madre, TX., providing annual landfall probabilities for 4 overlapping periods loosely defined as 'overwashl' or 'washover' deposits or records." 0 1 unknown core mollusc shells "core 25, core 30, core 32, core 33" "Laguna Madre, TX" 26.251 -97.199 Y 56 Williams 2013 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 "Use of a prograding beach ridge plain vs coastl lake/marsh sediment. Category 3 threshold for hurricane events. 600 year record. 4 prehistoric events recorded (1851 and prior). Provides a good graphical summary of strike frequencies for 8 papers for record >5,000 yrs." 1 0 "calib 6.0, intcal09" Core + Trench foraminifera C1-C72 "Chenier Plain, Louisiana" 29.786 -93.575 N 57 Williams 2010 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study of hurricane Ike at McFaddin NWR, TX. Study determine Clam Lake provides poor record of strikes due to absence of Ike overwash. Concludes that far inland impacts are more probable than previously thought. No pre-historical events or intervals provided. " 0 0 none na na na McFaddin N.W.R. TX 29.673 -94.070 N 58 Williams 2009 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "Study of Hurricane Rita related overwash deposits at Constance Beach, LA. No pre-historic events or intervals recorded. " 0 0 none na na na "Constance Beach, LA" 29.759 -93.580 N 59 Woodruff et al. 2008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "29 overwash deposits over 5000 year record. Events individually recorded as hb>2 vs depth, but most not dated. Hence, recurrence estimated for periods based on known dates as delimiters of activity periods, presented vs core depth in Figure 4. " 0 1 "intcal04, marine04" core "wood, seeds, gastropod shells" "core 4, core 12" "Laguna Playa Grande, Vieques, Puerto Rico" 18.090 -65.520 Y