# Atlantic Ocean Stable Isotope, Geochemistry and Cadmium Seawater Data over the last 25,000 years #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/25010 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/oppo2018/oppo2018-s14-cdw.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Archive: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes, carbon isotopes, geochemistry #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-08-31 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-08-31 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Atlantic Ocean Stable Isotope, Geochemistry and Cadmium Seawater Data over the last 25,000 years #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Oppo, Delia W. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Oppo, D.W., Gebbie, G. , Huang, K. , Curry, W.B., Marchitto, T.M. and Pietro, K.R. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Data Constraints on Glacial Atlantic Water Mass Geometry and Properties # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 33 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1013-1034 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2018PA003408 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The chemical composition of benthic foraminifera from marine sediment cores provides information on how glacial subsurface water properties differed from modern, but separating the influence of changes in the origin and end-member properties of subsurface water from changes in flows and mixing is challenging. Spatial gaps in coverage of glacial data add to the uncertainty. Here we present new data from cores collected from the Demerara Rise in the western tropical North Atlantic, including cores from the modern tropical phosphate maximum at Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) depths. The results suggest lower phosphate concentration and higher carbonate saturation state within the phosphate maximum than modern despite similar carbon isotope values, consistent with less accumulation of respired nutrients and carbon, and reduced air-sea gas exchange in source waters to the region. An inversion of new and published glacial data confirms these inferences and further suggests that lower preformed nutrients in AAIW, and partial replacement of this still relatively high-nutrient AAIW with nutrient-depleted, carbonate-rich waters sourced from the region of the modern-day northern subtropics, also contributed to the observed changes. The results suggest that glacial preformed and remineralized phosphate were lower throughout the upper Atlantic, but deep phosphate concentration was higher. The inversion, which relies on the fidelity of the paleoceanographic data, suggests that the partial replacement of North Atlantic sourced deep water by Southern Ocean Water was largely responsible for the apparent deep North Atlantic phosphate increase, rather than greater remineralization. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: WHOI Internal # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Atlantic Ocean # Location: Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 70 # Southernmost_Latitude: -60 # Easternmost_Longitude: 20 # Westernmost_Longitude: -84 # Elevation: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Atlantic Glacial CdW S14 Oppo2018 # First_Year: # Last_Year: # Time_Unit: # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## core sample identification,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C, ## lat latitude,,,degree north,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## lon longitude,,,degree east,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## depth collection water depth,,,meter,,paleoceanography,,,N,water depth at core location ## CdW_LGM cadmium,sea water,,nanomole per kilogram,,climate reconstructions,,,N,CdW at last glacial maximum ## reference notes,,,,,,,,C,reference for sample data #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA core lat lon depth CdW_LGM reference RC12-292 -16.00 -39.70 3540 0.537 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 RC12-267 -25.78 -38.68 4144 0.420 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. RC12-294 -10.10 -37.27 3308 0.510 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. AII107-65 -36.19 -32.03 2795 0.433 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. AII107-131 -38.05 -30.88 2925 0.358 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V19-240 -13.28 -30.58 3103 0.560 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. KNR-159-73GGC -46.04 -27.89 2397 0.401 Oppo, Unpublished data (average of H. elegans, C. wuellerstorfi & Uvigerina estimates) KNR-159-42JPC -46.63 -27.76 2296 0.326 Oppo, Unpublished data (average of C. wuellerstorfi & Uvigerina estimates) RC16-119 -46.49 -27.70 1567 0.244 Oppo, D. W., & Horowitz, M. (2000). Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and?d13C evidence. Paleoceanography, 15(2), 147–160. http://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000436 KNR-159-17JPC -46.47 -27.70 1627 0.210 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001962 KNR-159-33GGC -46.19 -27.56 2082 0.320 Oppo, Unpublished data (average of H. elegans & Uvigerina estimates) KNR159-5-36GGC -46.49 -27.51 1268 0.330 Came, R. E., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2003), Atlantic Ocean circulation during the Younger Dryas: Insights from a new Cd/Ca record from the western subtropical South Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1086, doi:10.1029/2003PA000888. KNR-159-99GGC -46.63 -27.37 790 0.208 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001962 KNR-159-90GGC -46.49 -27.35 1105 0.415 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001963 KNR-159-95JPC -46.49 -27.35 1485 0.275 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001964 KNR-159-38JPC -46.49 -27.27 936 0.407 Average of new (H. elegans, Uvigerina) and published data Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001965 V24-253 -43.33 -26.95 2069 0.383 Oppo, D. W., & Horowitz, M. (2000). Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and?d13C evidence. Paleoceanography, 15(2), 147–160. http://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000436 RC16-84 -46.60 -26.70 2438 0.447 Oppo, D. W., & Horowitz, M. (2000). Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and?d13C evidence. Paleoceanography, 15(2), 147–160. http://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000436 KNR-159-14GGC -46.04 -26.68 441 0.130 Unpublished data (H. elegans); see also Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001965 KNR-159-137JPC -46.04 -26.52 462 0.108 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001966 KNR-159-10GGC -46.63 -26.48 630 0.166 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001967 KNR-159-153JPC -46.49 -26.39 898 0.267 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001968 KNR-159-105JPC -46.52 -26.12 1108 0.426 Makou, M. C., Oppo, D. W., & Curry, W. B. (2010). South Atlantic intermediate water mass geometry for the last glacial maximum from foraminiferal Cd/Ca. Paleoceanography, 25(4). http://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001969 RC13-229 11.33 -25.50 4191 0.504 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. RC8-19 -15.00 -24.30 3640 0.365 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 RC13-228 11.20 -22.33 3204 0.360 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V22-174 -12.82 -10.07 2630 0.349 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V22-175 -14.00 -8.80 2950 0.508 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 RC24-10 -11.00 -2.20 3450 0.594 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 V30-40 -23.13 0.20 3706 0.520 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V25-59 -39.48 1.37 3824 0.450 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. RC13-188 -34.00 1.80 3450 0.565 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 EN66-32 -19.73 2.47 5003 0.480 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. KNR110-82 -43.49 4.34 2816 0.315 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. EN66-38 -20.50 4.92 2931 0.706 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. EN66-16 -21.13 5.47 3152 0.720 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. EN66-10 -21.90 6.65 3527 0.680 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. KNR197-3-23GGC -53.92 7.58 376 0.296 This study KNR197-3-46GGC -53.67 7.83 947 0.297 This study KNR197-3-9GGC -53.58 7.93 1100 0.274 This study KNR197-3-53GGC -53.18 8.20 1272 0.228 This study KNR197-3-36GGC -52.79 8.42 2422 0.293 This study V22-26 -41.00 8.70 3720 0.700 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 M781/235-1 -60.96 11.61 852 0.220 Poggemann, D.-W., Hathorne, E. C., Nόrnberg, D., Frank, M., Bruhn, I., Reiίig, S., & Bahr, A. (2017). Rapid deglacial injection of nutrients into the tropical Atlantic via Antarctic Intermediate Water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 463, 118–126. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.030 M35003 -61.25 12.08 1299 0.237 Zahn, R., and A. Stόber (2002), Suborbital intermediate water variability inferred from paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and d13C in the tropical West Atlantic and linking with North Atlantic climates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 200, 191–205. MD99-2198 -61.23 12.09 1330 0.240 Poggemann, D.-W., Hathorne, E. C., Nόrnberg, D., Frank, M., Bruhn, I., Reiίig, S., & Bahr, A. (2017). Rapid deglacial injection of nutrients into the tropical Atlantic via Antarctic Intermediate Water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 463, 118–126. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.030 V22-197 -18.58 14.17 3167 0.390 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. KNR64-5 -74.80 16.52 1800 0.174 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V30-49 -21.08 18.43 3093 0.557 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. BOFS31K -20.00 19.00 3330 0.462 Beveridge, N. A. S., H. Elderfield, and N. J. Shackleton (1995), Deep thermohaline circulation in the low-latitude Atlantic during the last glacial, Paleoceanography, 10, 643–660. V30-51 -19.92 19.87 3409 0.470 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. BOFS29K -21.00 20.00 4000 0.545 Beveridge, N. A. S., H. Elderfield, and N. J. Shackleton (1995), Deep thermohaline circulation in the low-latitude Atlantic during the last glacial, Paleoceanography, 10, 643–660. M12328 -19.00 21.00 2778 0.414 Beveridge, N. A. S., H. Elderfield, and N. J. Shackleton (1995), Deep thermohaline circulation in the low-latitude Atlantic during the last glacial, Paleoceanography, 10, 643–660. V23-100 -21.30 22.68 4579 0.520 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. BOFS28K -22.00 24.00 4900 0.545 Beveridge, N. A. S., H. Elderfield, and N. J. Shackleton (1995), Deep thermohaline circulation in the low-latitude Atlantic during the last glacial, Paleoceanography, 10, 643–660. M12392 -16.83 25.17 2573 0.289 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. OC205-2-106ggc -78.18 25.98 743 0.167 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. OC205-2-108ggc -78.18 25.98 654 0.208 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. OC205-2-103ggc -78.06 26.07 965 0.133 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. OC205-2-7jpc -77.74 26.14 1320 0.158 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. OC205-2-33ggc -77.69 26.22 783 0.142 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. OC205-2-149jpc -77.67 26.26 423 0.125 Marchitto, T. M., W. B. Curry, and D. W. Oppo (1998), Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation, Nature, 393, 557–561. KNR-140-22JPC -74.41 28.03 4712 0.551 This study KNR-140-12JPC -72.90 29.08 4250 0.544 This study KNR-140-26GGC -73.40 29.70 3845 0.679 This study V26-17 -45.00 29.90 3620 0.427 Marchitto, T. M., & Broecker, W. S. (2006). Deep water mass geometry in the glacial Atlantic Ocean: A review of constraints from the paleonutrient proxy Cd/Ca. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(12). http://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001323 M16004 -10.65 29.98 1512 0.253 Willamowski, C., and R. Zahn (2000), Upper ocean circulation in the glacial North Atlantic from benthic foraminiferal isotope and trace element fingerprinting, Paleoceanography, 15, 515–527. KNR-140-28GGC -73.84 30.10 4211 0.541 This study V24-1 -73.50 30.50 3012 0.250 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. KNR-140-39GGC -75.42 31.67 2975 0.364 This study KNR-140-37JPC -75.43 31.69 2975 0.312 This study KNR-140-43GGC -76.07 32.02 2590 0.337 This study KNR-140-64GGC -76.13 32.74 2101 0.131 This study KNR-140-64GGC -76.13 32.74 2101 0.215 This study KNR-140-67JPC -76.13 32.74 2102 0.165 This study KNR-140-50GGC -76.24 32.75 1903 0.224 This study KNR-140-51GGC -76.12 32.78 1790 0.210 This study KNR-140-51GGC -76.12 32.78 1790 0.264 This study KNR-140-63JPC -76.41 32.99 900 0.194 This study EN120-GGC1 -57.62 33.67 4450 0.707 Boyle, E. A., & Keigwin, L. (1987). North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature. Nature, 330, 35–40. http://doi.org/10.1038/330035a0 V26-176 -72.00 36.00 3942 0.320 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. SO75-26KL -9.50 37.82 1099 0.139 Willamowski, C., and R. Zahn (2000), Upper ocean circulation in the glacial North Atlantic from benthic foraminiferal isotope and trace element fingerprinting, Paleoceanography, 15, 515–527. V30-97 -33.93 41.00 3371 0.340 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. CHN82-4 -32.85 41.72 3427 0.420 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. CHN82-11 -31.80 42.38 3209 0.432 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. IOS82-PC-SO1 -23.52 42.38 3540 0.470 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. CHN82-15 -28.23 43.37 2153 0.197 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. CHN82-20 -29.87 43.50 3070 0.359 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. V29-179 -24.53 44.00 3331 0.370 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287. NEAP-18k/19B -30.33 52.75 3275 0.577 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. M23414 -20.29 53.54 2196 0.374 Willamowski, C., and R. Zahn (2000), Upper ocean circulation in the glacial North Atlantic from benthic foraminiferal isotope and trace element fingerprinting, Paleoceanography, 15, 515–527. NEAP-17k/18B -28.35 54.68 2880 0.397 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. BOFS11K -20.00 55.00 2004 0.226 Bertram, C. J., H. Elderfield, N. J. Shackleton, and J. A. MacDonald (1995), Cadmium/calcium and carbon isotope reconstructions of the glacial northeast Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 10, 563–578. V29-193 -18.73 55.40 1326 0.220 Marchitto, T. M.Jr., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2002), Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1038, doi:10.1029/2000PA000598. ODP980 -14.70 55.48 2168 0.220 Marchitto, T. M.Jr., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2002), Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1038, doi:10.1029/2000PA000598. NEAP-15k -27.80 56.35 2848 0.481 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. V28-73 -20.87 57.18 2063 0.272 Marchitto, T. M.Jr., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2002), Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1038, doi:10.1029/2000PA000598. BOFS17K -16.00 58.00 1150 0.167 Bertram, C. J., H. Elderfield, N. J. Shackleton, and J. A. MacDonald (1995), Cadmium/calcium and carbon isotope reconstructions of the glacial northeast Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 10, 563–578. BOFS14K -19.00 59.00 1756 0.148 Bertram, C. J., H. Elderfield, N. J. Shackleton, and J. A. MacDonald (1995), Cadmium/calcium and carbon isotope reconstructions of the glacial northeast Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 10, 563–578. SO82-05 -30.91 59.19 1416 0.283 Willamowski, C., and R. Zahn (2000), Upper ocean circulation in the glacial North Atlantic from benthic foraminiferal isotope and trace element fingerprinting, Paleoceanography, 15, 515–527. NEAP-8k -23.90 59.78 2360 0.461 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. V29-202 -20.97 60.38 2658 0.370 Marchitto, T. M.Jr., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2002), Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1038, doi:10.1029/2000PA000598. V29-204 -23.02 61.18 1849 0.176 Marchitto, T. M.Jr., D. W. Oppo, and W. B. Curry (2002), Paired benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca evidence for a greatly increased presence of Southern Ocean Water in the glacial North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1038, doi:10.1029/2000PA000598. NEAP-4k -24.17 61.48 1627 0.238 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. NEAP-3k -23.95 62.83 1510 0.178 Rickaby, R. E. M., and H. Elderfield (2005), Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q05001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000858. V28-14 -29.57 64.78 1855 0.212 Boyle, E. A. (1992). Cadmium and d13C paleochemical distributions durng the stage 2 glacial maximum. Annual Reviews Planetary Science, 20, 245–287.