Western Tropical Pacific Holocene Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Western Tropical Pacific Holocene Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 9/2004 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Lowell D. Stott, Kevin G. Cannariato, Robert Thunell, Gerald Haug, Athanasios Koutavas, Steve Lund IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2004-054 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Stott, L.D., et al.. 2004. Western Tropical Pacific Holocene Sea Surface Temperature and Salinity Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2004-054. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Stott, L.D., K.G. Cannariato, R. Thunell, G.H. Haug, A. Koutavas, and S. Lund. 2004. Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch. Nature, v. 431, p. 56-59. ABSTRACT: In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocean dynamics, and on interannual timescales significant variability is associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little is known about the variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on timescales of centuries to millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved from three sediment cores in the western tropical Pacific Ocean to reconstruct Holocene sea surface temperatures and salinities in the region. We find a decrease in sea surface temperatures of ~0.5C over the past 10,000 yr, whereas sea surface salinities decreased by ~1.5 practical salinity units. Our data imply either that the Pacific basin as a whole has become progressively less salty or that the present salinity gradient along the Equator has developed relatively recently. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Western Tropical Pacific Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 15 KYrBP - present DESCRIPTION: Holocene planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope values, Mg/Ca-derived sea-surface temperature estimates, and calculated sea-water oxygen isotope records obtained from Globigerinoides ruber from IMAGES cores located in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. Also included are composite Holocene western tropical Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature and sea-water oxygen isotope records. Sites used for these composite records are MD98-2181, MD98-2176, MD98-2170, and ODP Site 806. Cores: MD98-2181, 6.3°N, 125.83°E, 2114 m water depth MD98-2176, 5° 00.18'S, 133° 26.69'E, 2382 m water depth MD98-2170, 10° 35.52'S, 125° 23.29'E, 832 m water depth DATA: 1. Core MD98-2181 isotope and SST data Depth Age ave. ruber Mg/Ca SST ave. ruber d18O d18Ow (cm) (yr BP) (mmol/mol) (°C) (‰ VPDB) (‰ SMOW) 1 13.84 5.21 29.10 3 40.65 -2.81 7 90.90 5.01 28.66 -2.57 0.23 11 136.87 -2.50 12 147.72 -2.94 15 178.81 5.30 29.29 -2.90 0.03 16 188.69 4.98 28.59 -2.67 0.11 19 216.96 4.70 27.94 -2.98 -0.33 21 234.69 4.79 28.15 -2.73 -0.04 23 251.57 4.98 28.60 24 259.69 5.31 29.31 -3.02 -0.09 27 282.86 5.29 29.26 -2.40 30 304.29 5.12 28.90 -3.01 -0.16 31 311.07 4.86 28.32 -2.49 0.24 34 330.33 5.11 28.87 -2.80 0.04 36 342.33 -3.21 38 353.68 5.59 29.86 -2.88 0.18 41 369.54 4.97 28.56 -3.14 -0.36 43 379.38 4.66 27.85 46 393.12 -3.00 50 409.63 5.39 29.47 -3.14 -0.17 56 430.94 4.87 28.34 -2.95 -0.21 61 445.95 5.41 29.51 -3.00 -0.02 66 458.84 5.73 30.15 -3.02 0.09 69 465.70 4.92 28.46 -2.97 -0.21 71 469.96 5.17 29.01 -3.05 -0.17 74 475.93 4.75 28.06 -2.84 -0.16 77 481.45 5.19 29.05 -2.89 -0.01 79 484.92 4.97 28.56 -2.99 -0.21 84 492.99 5.24 29.16 -2.49 0.42 86 496.03 5.18 29.03 -2.40 0.48 87 497.52 5.01 28.65 89 500.44 5.02 28.68 -2.77 0.04 91 503.32 4.80 28.17 -2.33 0.37 94 507.57 5.15 28.97 -2.84 0.02 96 510.39 5.50 29.69 -3.06 -0.04 99 514.65 -2.61 105 523.45 5.36 29.40 -2.94 0.02 110 531.33 5.77 30.22 -3.05 0.08 113 536.41 5.71 30.11 -2.62 115 539.98 5.26 29.19 -2.92 0.00 117 543.69 5.73 30.14 -2.57 120 549.60 5.03 28.71 -2.84 -0.03 125 560.41 4.82 28.22 -3.04 -0.32 141 605.27 5.35 29.39 -2.83 0.13 146 623.13 -2.90 148 630.85 5.13 28.92 -2.72 0.14 151 643.08 -3.19 153 651.67 -2.83 157 669.96 5.46 29.62 -2.72 0.28 161 689.77 5.53 29.75 -2.83 0.20 165 711.15 5.16 28.98 -2.84 0.03 169 734.15 5.54 29.78 -2.97 0.06 173 758.82 5.82 30.32 -2.67 176 778.44 5.91 30.50 -3.05 0.14 179 799.03 5.60 29.89 -2.73 0.33 186 850.94 4.94 28.50 191 891.38 4.97 28.56 -2.86 195 925.79 5.20 29.06 -2.54 0.35 196 934.67 -2.58 201 980.82 5.35 29.39 -2.62 0.34 203 1000.08 5.70 30.09 -2.77 0.33 207 1039.99 5.53 29.75 -2.83 0.20 209 1060.63 -2.65 211 1081.72 5.19 29.04 -2.45 0.44 215 1125.28 5.51 29.71 -2.84 0.18 219 1170.65 5.29 29.25 -2.64 0.28 226 1254.33 5.45 29.60 -2.60 0.40 227 1266.72 5.72 30.12 -2.62 0.49 231 1317.37 5.51 29.71 -2.52 0.50 235 1369.72 5.31 29.31 -2.74 0.20 239 1423.72 5.42 29.52 -2.66 0.33 243 1479.33 -2.51 244 1493.48 4.94 28.51 247 1536.51 -2.60 248 1551.04 4.71 27.96 -2.81 251 1595.18 5.33 29.34 -2.63 0.32 253 1625.06 -2.68 257 1685.87 5.13 28.91 -2.60 0.26 261 1748.02 -2.70 263 1779.58 4.90 28.40 -2.88 265 1811.44 -2.89 269 1876.04 4.89 28.38 -2.69 0.05 271 1908.76 4.98 28.58 -2.65 0.14 273 1941.74 5.09 28.83 -2.72 0.12 277 2008.45 -2.76 279 2042.16 4.94 28.49 -2.89 -0.12 281 2076.08 -3.40 286 2161.75 5.02 28.67 -2.81 -0.01 289 2213.68 4.77 28.10 -2.83 -0.15 296 2336.07 -2.48 297 2353.67 5.00 28.64 -2.93 -0.13 301 2424.27 5.06 28.77 -2.73 0.10 305 2495.11 -2.63 309 2566.05 5.27 29.22 -2.68 0.24 313 2636.96 -2.76 317 2707.70 5.27 29.21 -2.81 0.11 319 2742.96 5.13 28.92 -2.74 0.12 321 2778.12 -2.58 325 2848.07 4.73 28.01 -2.70 -0.03 329 2917.39 5.09 28.83 -2.67 0.17 333 2985.92 5.12 28.89 -2.82 0.03 337 3053.49 5.44 29.57 -2.86 0.14 341 3119.94 4.90 28.42 -3.09 -0.33 345 3185.07 4.83 28.26 -2.74 -0.01 349 3248.71 -2.75 351 3279.91 5.70 30.09 -2.74 0.36 353 3310.67 5.34 29.36 -2.89 0.06 357 3370.76 4.70 27.95 -2.67 -0.02 361 3428.77 -2.95 365 3484.51 5.05 28.75 -2.67 0.15 369 3537.77 5.27 29.22 -2.71 0.22 373 3588.33 4.88 28.36 -2.54 0.20 376 3624.35 5.09 28.83 -2.75 0.09 377 3635.97 5.07 28.78 -2.82 0.01 381 3680.47 4.86 28.31 -2.81 -0.07 385 3721.60 4.84 28.27 -2.84 -0.12 387 3740.82 5.61 29.91 389 3759.12 5.01 28.66 -3.04 -0.24 393 3792.79 5.65 29.98 -2.83 0.25 397 3822.38 5.85 30.38 -2.95 0.21 405 3853.48 5.44 29.58 -2.67 0.33 409 3858.96 -2.69 413 3864.44 -2.74 417 3869.92 5.49 29.68 -2.65 0.37 421 3875.40 5.68 30.05 -2.88 0.21 425 3880.88 -2.49 426 3882.25 5.44 29.58 -2.67 0.33 429 3886.36 5.50 29.69 -2.84 0.18 433 3891.84 5.72 30.12 -2.90 0.21 437 3897.32 5.48 29.65 -2.67 0.34 441 3902.80 -2.67 443 3905.54 5.06 28.76 -2.79 0.04 452 3917.87 5.14 28.95 -2.87 0.00 459 3927.46 -1.61 461 3930.20 5.25 29.18 -2.42 0.49 463 3932.94 -2.66 467 3938.42 5.29 29.27 -2.48 0.45 471 3943.90 5.42 29.53 -2.53 0.45 475 3949.38 5.42 29.54 -2.79 0.20 479 3954.86 5.46 29.61 -2.62 0.38 483 3960.34 5.10 28.85 -2.84 0.00 486 3964.45 5.08 28.82 -2.75 0.08 495 3976.78 5.23 29.12 -3.01 -0.11 499 3982.26 -3.00 503 3987.74 5.77 30.23 -2.58 507 3993.22 5.03 28.70 -2.91 -0.10 511 4051.16 5.30 29.28 -2.64 0.29 519 4187.50 5.16 28.98 -2.78 0.09 523 4255.66 5.16 28.99 -2.70 0.17 527 4323.83 5.09 28.84 -2.56 0.28 535 4460.17 5.66 30.02 -2.66 0.42 539 4528.33 -3.00 543 4596.50 5.27 29.22 -2.74 0.18 551 4732.84 5.59 29.87 -2.67 0.38 555 4801.01 5.75 30.19 -2.59 0.53 559 4869.17 5.59 29.88 -2.60 0.45 563 4937.34 -2.84 567 5005.51 5.84 30.36 -2.91 0.25 571 5073.68 -2.80 575 5141.85 -2.94 579 5210.01 5.00 28.63 -2.88 -0.08 583 5278.18 5.38 29.44 -2.52 0.45 587 5346.35 5.28 29.25 -2.48 0.45 591 5414.52 -2.59 595 5482.69 4.95 28.52 -2.56 0.22 599 5550.85 5.72 30.13 -2.58 0.53 601 5584.94 5.20 29.08 -2.74 0.15 605 5653.11 5.53 29.74 -2.83 0.20 609 5721.27 -2.74 611 5755.36 5.38 29.45 -2.62 0.35 613 5789.44 5.44 29.56 -2.83 0.17 617 5857.61 5.55 29.79 -2.76 0.28 621 5925.78 5.13 28.93 -2.77 0.09 625 5993.94 5.81 30.31 -2.79 0.36 629 6062.11 5.25 29.18 -2.88 0.03 631 6096.20 5.55 29.78 -2.60 0.44 633 6130.28 5.11 28.88 -2.70 0.15 635 6164.36 5.43 29.55 636 6181.41 5.36 29.40 -1.96 637 6198.45 5.36 29.40 -2.72 0.24 639 6232.53 5.57 29.84 -2.56 0.49 641 6266.62 5.52 29.74 -2.88 0.15 643 6300.70 5.31 29.29 -2.42 0.51 645 6334.78 5.53 29.75 -2.64 0.40 647 6368.87 5.45 29.59 -2.36 0.63 649 6402.95 5.49 29.67 -2.65 0.37 651 6437.04 5.43 29.56 -2.46 0.53 653 6471.12 5.40 29.49 -2.52 0.46 661 6607.46 5.56 29.81 -2.72 0.33 667 6709.71 5.45 29.59 -2.48 0.51 669 6743.79 5.39 29.47 -2.55 0.43 671 6777.88 5.36 29.41 -2.49 0.47 673 6811.96 5.66 30.02 -2.55 0.54 675 6846.04 5.13 28.93 -2.60 0.26 677 6880.13 5.43 29.54 -2.66 0.33 679 6914.21 5.20 29.07 -2.48 0.41 681 6948.30 5.57 29.82 -2.64 0.41 683 6982.38 5.31 29.31 -2.49 0.45 685 7016.46 5.47 29.63 -2.42 0.58 686 7033.51 5.91 30.49 -2.33 0.86 687 7050.55 5.61 29.91 -2.61 0.46 689 7084.63 5.77 30.22 -2.73 0.40 691 7118.72 5.35 29.38 -2.68 0.27 693 7152.80 5.09 28.84 -2.63 0.21 695 7186.88 5.30 29.29 -2.57 0.37 697 7220.97 5.41 29.51 -2.70 0.28 699 7255.05 5.57 29.84 -2.75 0.30 701 7289.13 5.42 29.52 -2.41 0.57 703 7323.22 5.57 29.83 -2.61 0.43 705 7357.30 5.50 29.69 -2.27 0.75 709 7425.47 5.70 30.08 711 7459.55 5.21 29.10 -2.41 0.49 717 7561.81 5.44 29.57 -2.50 0.50 721 7629.97 5.51 29.72 -2.52 0.51 725 7698.14 5.72 30.12 -2.62 0.49 729 7766.31 -2.49 733 7834.48 5.24 29.15 -2.58 0.33 736 7885.60 5.78 30.24 737 7902.65 5.63 29.96 -2.81 0.27 741 7970.81 5.40 29.50 -2.47 0.51 745 8038.98 4.92 28.46 -2.70 0.06 749 8107.15 5.40 29.49 -2.50 0.48 755 8209.40 5.24 29.16 -2.55 0.35 759 8277.57 5.63 29.95 -2.33 0.74 761 8311.65 5.64 29.97 -2.04 1.04 763 8345.74 5.41 29.50 -2.27 0.71 767 8413.91 5.65 29.99 -2.14 0.94 771 8482.07 5.46 29.61 -2.59 0.41 775 8550.24 -2.62 779 8618.41 5.45 29.58 -2.30 0.70 783 8686.58 -2.36 786 8737.70 5.25 29.18 -2.50 0.42 791 8822.91 5.43 29.54 -2.18 0.81 794 8874.04 5.45 29.59 -2.46 0.54 799 8959.25 5.18 29.03 -2.20 0.68 803 9027.42 4.96 28.54 -2.18 0.60 807 9095.58 5.29 29.26 -2.41 0.52 811 9135.00 5.48 29.66 815 9233.60 5.35 29.39 -2.41 0.54 819 9332.20 5.54 29.78 823 9430.70 5.71 30.11 -2.32 0.79 827 9529.30 5.53 29.74 -2.44 0.59 831 9627.80 5.91 30.50 -2.58 0.60 835 9726.40 -2.65 836 9751.00 5.14 28.93 -2.76 0.10 839 9825.00 5.77 30.23 -2.62 0.51 843 9923.50 5.45 29.58 -2.64 0.35 847 10022.00 5.42 29.52 -2.53 0.45 851 10121.00 5.71 30.10 -2.36 0.75 855 10219.00 5.75 30.18 -2.43 0.69 859 10318.00 5.90 30.47 -2.43 0.75 861 10367.00 -2.22 863 10416.00 5.59 29.87 -2.38 0.68 864 10441.00 -2.18 867 10515.00 5.59 29.87 -2.21 0.85 869 10564.00 5.36 29.40 -2.01 0.95 871 10613.00 6.12 30.89 -2.01 875 10712.00 5.56 29.81 -2.56 0.49 879 10811.00 5.68 30.04 -2.39 0.70 881 10860.00 -2.27 883 10909.00 -2.22 885 10958.00 5.66 30.02 -2.11 0.98 886 10983.00 5.39 29.47 -2.30 0.67 887 11008.00 -2.39 891 11106.00 5.58 29.86 -2.52 0.54 893 11156.00 5.47 29.63 -2.25 0.76 895 11205.00 5.70 30.08 -2.57 0.53 897 11254.00 -2.29 899 11303.00 -2.97 901 11353.00 -2.32 903 11402.00 -1.95 905 11451.00 5.38 29.45 -2.38 0.59 907 11500.00 5.11 28.88 -2.01 0.84 909 11550.00 -2.30 911 11599.00 5.41 29.51 -2.21 0.78 913 11648.00 5.44 29.57 -2.39 0.60 915 11698.00 5.67 30.02 -2.47 0.62 917 11747.00 5.41 29.51 -2.41 0.57 919 11796.00 5.14 28.95 -1.72 1.15 921 11845.00 6.07 30.78 -2.21 925 11944.00 5.23 29.13 -2.54 0.36 929 12043.00 5.98 30.63 -2.11 1.11 933 12141.00 5.26 29.19 -2.02 0.89 934 12166.00 -2.28 935 12190.00 5.19 29.04 -2.19 0.70 936 12215.00 5.51 29.71 -1.88 1.15 937 12240.00 5.19 29.04 -1.82 1.06 941 12338.00 5.60 29.89 -1.71 1.35 943 12388.00 5.46 29.61 -1.84 1.16 947 12486.00 4.99 28.61 -1.77 1.02 949 12535.00 5.54 29.78 -1.74 1.30 951 12585.00 5.10 28.86 -1.37 1.47 953 12634.00 4.75 28.06 -1.22 1.46 955 12683.00 6.21 31.03 -1.20 2.10 957 12732.00 5.94 30.54 -1.41 1.79 959 12782.00 5.15 28.96 -1.31 1.56 961 12831.00 5.47 29.64 -1.64 1.37 963 12880.00 5.33 29.34 -1.75 1.20 965 12930.00 5.30 29.28 -1.90 1.03 969 13028.00 5.40 29.48 -1.80 1.18 973 13127.00 5.56 29.81 -1.62 1.42 977 13225.00 5.36 29.41 -1.80 1.16 981 13324.00 5.58 29.85 -1.72 1.33 985 13422.00 5.24 29.16 -1.70 1.20 986 13447.00 5.58 29.86 -1.80 1.26 989 13521.00 4.78 28.13 -1.66 1.03 993 13620.00 5.32 29.33 -1.57 1.37 997 13638.00 5.03 28.69 -1.71 1.10 1001 13718.00 4.97 28.56 -1.83 0.95 1005 13798.00 5.27 29.22 -1.52 1.40 1009 13878.00 5.37 29.43 -1.58 1.38 1011 13918.00 5.51 29.72 -1.83 1.20 1013 13958.00 4.90 28.42 -1.66 1.09 1017 14038.00 5.13 28.92 -1.78 1.08 1021 14119.00 5.00 28.63 -1.66 1.14 1025 14199.00 5.02 28.67 -1.73 1.07 1029 14279.00 5.04 28.73 -1.71 1.10 1033 14359.00 5.07 28.79 -1.65 1.19 1036 14419.00 5.28 29.23 -1.78 1.14 1037 14439.00 5.36 29.41 -1.39 1041 14519.00 4.72 28.00 -1.71 1045 14599.00 -1.97 1049 14679.00 -1.75 1054 14779.00 5.23 29.14 -1.46 1058 14859.00 -1.80 1061 14920.00 -1.60 2. Core MD98-2176 isotope and SST data Depth Age ave. ruber Mg/Ca SST ave. ruber d18 d18Ow (cm) (yr BP) (mmol/mol) (°C) (‰ VPDB) (‰ SMOW) 1 139.34 4.88 28.4 -2.56 0.19 3 161.07 4.97 28.6 -2.60 0.19 5 182.81 5.28 29.2 -2.56 0.36 7 204.54 5.04 28.7 -2.44 0.37 9 226.27 5.03 28.7 -2.81 0.00 11 247.99 4.96 28.5 -2.67 0.10 13 269.72 4.68 27.9 -2.92 -0.27 15 291.45 4.77 28.1 -2.68 0.01 17 313.19 4.87 28.3 -2.41 0.32 19 334.92 4.71 28 -2.58 0.09 21 356.65 4.93 28.5 -2.82 -0.05 23 378.37 5.23 29.1 -2.74 0.16 25 400.1 5.08 28.8 -2.91 -0.07 27 421.83 4.90 28.4 -3.02 -0.27 29 443.56 6.23 31.1 -2.71 0.61 31 465.3 4.82 28.2 -2.82 -0.11 33 487.03 4.92 28.5 -2.84 -0.07 35 508.76 5.02 28.7 -2.87 -0.06 36 519.62 5.44 29.6 -2.72 0.28 37 530.48 4.86 28.3 -2.80 -0.07 39 561.06 5.05 28.7 -2.77 0.05 43 583.96 5.15 29 -2.70 0.17 47 609.55 4.75 28.1 -2.83 -0.14 51 637.92 4.94 28.5 -2.84 -0.07 55 669.15 5.13 28.9 -2.98 -0.13 59 703.25 5.08 28.8 -2.57 0.26 61 721.37 4.99 28.6 -2.83 -0.04 63 740.21 4.91 28.4 -2.73 0.02 67 780.02 4.89 28.4 -2.88 -0.13 71 822.61 5.62 29.9 -3.02 0.04 75 867.91 5.23 29.1 -2.82 0.08 79 915.82 5.14 28.9 -2.60 0.25 83 970.56 4.78 28.1 -2.89 -0.21 86 1037.2 5.38 29.4 -2.64 0.32 87 1060.2 5.03 28.7 -2.82 -0.01 91 1155.8 5.01 28.7 -2.66 0.15 95 1256.6 5.25 29.2 -2.72 0.19 99 1361.9 5.00 28.6 -2.97 -0.18 103 1470.9 5.10 28.9 -2.76 0.09 107 1583 5.40 29.5 -2.76 0.22 111 1697.2 4.84 28.3 -2.82 -0.09 115 1812.9 4.99 28.6 -2.69 0.10 119 1911.6 5.11 28.9 -2.88 -0.03 123 1956.9 4.95 28.5 -2.64 0.14 127 2002.2 4.75 28.1 -2.96 -0.27 131 2047.4 4.70 28 -2.79 -0.12 135 2092.6 5.01 28.7 -2.65 0.16 136 2103.9 5.12 28.9 -2.76 0.09 139 2137.7 5.26 29.2 -2.85 0.07 143 2182.6 5.11 28.9 -2.50 0.35 147 2227.5 5.24 29.1 -2.82 0.08 151 2272.1 4.93 28.5 -2.79 -0.02 155 2316.5 5.03 28.7 -2.58 0.23 159 2360.7 4.95 28.5 -2.78 -0.01 161 2382.7 5.17 29 163 2404.7 5.25 29.2 -2.76 0.16 167 2448.4 5.18 29 -2.59 0.29 171 2491.8 5.16 29 -2.52 0.36 175 2534.8 5.46 29.6 -2.60 0.40 179 2577.6 5.15 29 -2.69 0.19 183 2620 5.50 29.7 -2.62 0.40 186 2651.6 5.09 28.8 -2.98 -0.15 187 2662.1 5.29 29.3 -2.71 0.23 191 2700 5.50 29.7 -2.84 0.18 195 2726.3 5.10 28.9 -2.62 0.24 199 2752.4 5.41 29.5 -2.88 0.09 203 2778.3 6.26 31.1 -2.70 0.61 207 2804.1 5.44 29.6 -2.66 0.34 211 2829.8 4.88 28.4 -2.63 0.12 215 2855.3 5.01 28.6 -2.64 0.15 219 2880.6 5.01 28.6 -2.33 0.46 223 2905.8 5.28 29.2 -2.56 0.36 227 2930.8 5.28 29.2 -2.72 0.20 231 2955.7 4.74 28 -2.79 -0.13 235 2980.4 5.44 29.6 -2.68 0.32 239 3005 5.33 29.3 -2.66 0.28 243 3029.4 5.19 29 -2.55 0.33 247 3053.7 5.37 29.4 -2.78 0.18 251 3077.8 4.94 28.5 -2.75 0.02 255 3101.8 5.46 29.6 -2.84 0.16 259 3172.4 5.23 29.1 -2.61 0.29 263 3241.7 4.92 28.5 -2.83 -0.06 267 3309.9 4.95 28.5 -2.57 0.20 271 3377 5.64 30 -2.72 0.37 275 3443.2 5.32 29.3 -2.41 0.53 279 3508.6 5.15 29 -2.49 0.39 283 3573.2 4.96 28.5 -2.49 0.28 286 3621.3 5.03 28.7 287 3637.3 5.04 28.7 -2.53 0.28 291 3701 4.89 28.4 -2.46 0.29 295 3764.5 5.03 28.7 -2.45 0.36 299 3827.9 5.10 28.9 -2.43 0.43 303 3891.4 4.99 28.6 -2.49 0.31 307 3955.2 4.86 28.3 -2.48 0.24 311 4019.5 5.06 28.8 -2.61 0.22 315 4084.5 4.63 27.8 -2.68 -0.06 319 4106.9 4.91 28.4 -2.70 0.05 323 4129.3 5.20 29.1 -2.52 0.37 327 4151.9 5.06 28.8 -2.41 0.42 331 4174.6 4.68 27.9 -2.45 0.20 335 4197.4 5.05 28.7 -2.60 0.21 336 4203.1 5.54 29.8 -2.73 0.31 339 4220.3 5.11 28.9 -2.80 0.06 343 4243.4 4.94 28.5 -2.51 0.26 347 4266.7 5.03 28.7 -2.62 0.19 351 4290.1 4.99 28.6 -2.65 0.14 355 4313.7 5.05 28.7 -2.45 0.36 359 4374.2 5.05 28.7 -2.58 0.24 363 4436 5.29 29.3 -2.80 0.14 367 4499.2 4.86 28.3 -2.54 0.19 371 4563.8 5.29 29.3 -2.43 0.51 375 4630 5.16 29 -2.64 0.24 379 4697.8 5.26 29.2 -2.57 0.34 383 4767.4 5.03 28.7 -2.62 0.19 386 4820.9 5.46 29.6 -2.66 0.34 387 4839 5.23 29.1 -2.66 0.23 389 4875.4 5.01 28.7 391 4912.4 5.54 29.8 -2.77 0.28 395 4987.9 5.74 30.2 -2.76 0.36 399 5065.6 5.18 29 -2.55 0.32 403 5145.4 5.29 29.3 -2.51 0.43 407 5227.5 5.29 29.3 -2.66 0.28 411 5311.8 5.30 29.3 -2.68 0.26 415 5398.6 -2.67 419 5449.5 5.19 29 -2.59 0.28 423 5501.2 5.14 28.9 -2.37 0.48 427 5553.7 -2.62 431 5607 5.28 29.2 435 5661.1 5.48 29.6 -2.74 0.26 436 5674.8 5.48 29.6 -2.63 0.37 439 5716.1 5.39 29.5 -2.66 0.32 443 5771.9 5.16 29 -2.62 0.25 447 5828.5 5.47 29.6 -2.60 0.40 451 5885.9 5.36 29.4 -2.79 0.16 455 5944.1 5.76 30.2 -2.47 0.65 459 6003.2 5.47 29.6 -2.66 0.34 461 6033.1 5.44 29.6 463 6063.1 5.39 29.5 -2.68 0.30 467 6123.9 5.69 30.1 471 6177.4 5.17 29 -2.55 0.33 475 6207.3 5.34 29.4 -2.49 0.47 479 6237.3 5.36 29.4 -2.67 0.29 483 6267.6 4.89 28.4 -2.57 0.18 487 6298 5.08 28.8 -2.56 0.28 491 6328.6 5.22 29.1 -2.76 0.14 495 6359.4 5.31 29.3 -2.53 0.41 499 6390.4 4.99 28.6 -2.63 0.16 503 6421.6 5.43 29.6 -2.65 0.35 507 6453 5.27 29.2 -2.53 0.39 511 6484.5 5.28 29.2 -2.48 0.44 515 6516.2 5.74 30.2 -2.46 0.67 519 6548.1 5.30 29.3 -2.42 0.51 523 6580.2 5.47 29.6 -2.40 0.60 527 6612.5 5.34 29.4 -2.50 0.45 531 6645 5.17 29 -2.28 0.60 535 6677.6 5.23 29.1 -2.50 0.39 536 6685.8 5.69 30.1 -2.64 0.47 539 6710.4 5.61 29.9 -2.51 0.55 543 6743.4 5.03 28.7 -2.52 0.29 547 6776.6 5.28 29.2 -2.57 0.35 551 6818.7 5.18 29 -2.69 0.19 555 6887.7 4.96 28.5 -2.58 0.19 559 6957.4 5.22 29.1 -2.37 0.52 563 7027.8 5.40 29.5 -2.56 0.42 567 7099 5.39 29.5 -2.49 0.49 571 7170.7 5.11 28.9 -2.39 0.46 575 7243.2 5.16 29 -2.46 0.42 579 7316.3 4.81 28.2 -2.20 0.51 583 7390 5.17 29 -2.34 0.53 586 7445.8 5.64 30 -2.57 0.51 587 7464.4 5.02 28.7 -2.55 0.27 591 7539.4 5.11 28.9 -2.72 0.14 595 7614.9 5.72 30.1 -2.65 0.45 599 7691 5.22 29.1 -2.76 0.13 603 7767.7 5.26 29.2 -2.69 0.23 607 7844.9 5.55 29.8 -2.69 0.35 611 7922.6 5.41 29.5 -2.69 0.29 615 8000.9 5.16 29 -2.31 0.57 619 8079.6 5.52 29.7 -2.58 0.44 623 8158.8 5.53 29.8 -2.65 0.39 627 8238.4 5.56 29.8 -2.18 0.86 631 8318.4 5.40 29.5 -2.92 0.06 635 8398.9 5.30 29.3 -2.57 0.36 639 8479.7 5.31 29.3 -2.27 0.67 643 8560.9 5.01 28.7 -2.20 0.61 647 8642.4 5.51 29.7 -2.47 0.55 651 8724.3 5.30 29.3 -2.59 0.35 655 8806.5 5.27 29.2 -2.24 0.68 659 8888.9 5.21 29.1 -2.34 0.56 661 8930.2 5.46 29.6 -2.51 0.49 663 8971.6 5.21 29.1 -2.31 0.58 667 9054.6 5.61 29.9 -2.42 0.64 671 9137.8 5.11 28.9 -2.21 0.64 675 9221.2 5.66 30 679 9304.8 5.27 29.2 -2.29 0.62 683 9388.5 5.08 28.8 -2.30 0.54 687 9472.4 5.19 29.1 -2.75 0.14 691 9556.4 4.99 28.6 -2.52 0.27 695 9640.5 5.45 29.6 -2.58 0.42 699 9724.7 5.31 29.3 -2.55 0.38 703 9808.9 5.12 28.9 -2.32 0.54 707 9893.3 5.05 28.7 -2.63 0.18 711 9977.6 4.96 28.55 -2.43 0.35 715 10062 5.34 29.4 -2.26 0.70 719 10146 5.05 28.7 -2.45 0.36 723 10231 5.25 29.2 -2.30 0.62 727 10315 5.26 29.2 -2.41 0.50 731 10399 5.13 28.9 -2.25 0.60 735 10483 4.90 28.4 -2.18 0.57 739 10567 4.85 28.3 -2.14 0.58 743 10651 4.98 28.6 -2.06 0.73 747 10742 5.06 28.8 -2.10 0.73 751 10840 4.68 27.9 755 10938 5.10 28.9 -1.93 0.92 759 11035 5.02 28.7 -2.12 0.69 761 11083 4.99 28.6 -1.82 0.97 763 11132 4.94 28.5 -1.92 0.85 767 11229 5.02 28.7 -2.16 0.66 771 11325 4.64 27.8 775 11422 4.73 28 -1.92 0.74 779 11518 4.73 28 -2.01 0.66 783 11614 5.08 28.8 -1.76 1.07 787 11709 4.83 28.3 -2.03 0.70 791 11804 5.04 28.7 -2.04 0.77 795 11899 5.13 28.9 -2.10 0.75 799 11993 4.81 28.2 -2.03 0.68 803 12087 4.95 28.5 -1.91 0.86 807 12181 4.72 28 -1.61 1.05 811 12275 4.48 27.4 -1.40 1.14 815 12368 4.22 26.7 -1.39 1.01 819 12461 4.56 27.6 -1.42 1.16 823 12553 4.48 27.4 -1.34 1.20 827 12645 4.89 28.4 -1.36 1.39 831 12737 4.38 27.2 -1.54 0.96 835 12829 4.36 27.1 -1.23 1.25 839 12920 4.12 26.5 -1.51 0.84 843 13011 4.25 26.8 -1.37 1.05 847 13101 4.18 26.6 -1.23 1.15 851 13215 4.22 26.8 -1.44 0.98 855 13397 4.13 26.5 -1.40 0.95 859 13579 4.46 27.4 -1.68 0.86 861 13669 4.05 26.3 -1.16 1.16 863 13759 4.22 26.7 -1.20 1.20 867 13939 4.04 26.3 -1.40 0.91 871 14118 4.13 26.5 -1.55 0.81 875 14297 3.95 26 -1.18 1.07 879 14475 4.29 26.9 -0.77 1.66 883 14653 4.14 26.5 -1.21 1.15 887 14831 3.97 26.1 -1.09 1.18 3. Core MD98-2170 isotope and SST data Depth Age ave. ruber Mg/Ca SST ave. ruber d18 d18Ow (cm) (yr BP) (mmol/mol) (°C) (‰ VPDB) (‰ SMOW) 5 0 -2.83 7.5 96.2 5.37 29.42 -2.79 0.17 10 192.3 5.32 29.31 -2.79 0.15 12.5 288.5 5.41 29.51 -2.57 0.42 15 384.6 5.30 29.27 -2.93 0.01 17.5 480.8 5.30 29.29 -2.80 0.14 20 576.9 5.28 29.25 -2.93 0.00 22.5 673.1 5.40 29.49 -2.96 0.02 25 769.2 5.27 29.21 -2.88 0.04 30 961.5 5.46 29.61 -2.98 0.02 40 1346.2 5.36 29.4 -2.90 0.06 50 1730.8 5.48 29.65 -2.76 0.25 65 2307.7 5.26 29.19 -2.92 0.00 80 2884.6 5.40 29.49 -2.80 0.18 90 3269.2 5.41 29.52 -2.81 0.17 100 3653.8 5.08 28.81 -2.76 0.07 110 4038.5 5.26 29.21 -2.81 0.11 120 4423.1 5.45 29.59 -2.94 0.06 130 4807.7 5.00 28.62 -2.58 0.21 154 5730.8 5.46 29.62 -2.87 0.14 162 6038.5 5.43 29.54 -2.76 0.23 168 6269.2 5.53 29.76 -2.91 0.12 174 6500 5.53 29.75 -2.78 0.25 180 6730.8 5.49 29.68 183 6846.2 5.46 29.6 -2.88 0.12 200 7203 5.29 29.25 -2.83 0.09 221 7897.8 5.45 29.6 -2.52 0.48 240 8558.3 5.66 30 -2.67 0.42 258 9212.1 5.49 29.68 -2.64 0.37 283 10165.1 5.74 30.16 -2.56 0.55 302 10670.6 5.60 29.9 -2.59 0.48 308 10961.6 5.68 30.04 -2.59 0.50 321 11469.9 5.38 29.44 -2.37 0.60 327 11728.6 5.31 29.29 -2.55 0.38 333 12034.3 5.35 29.39 -2.36 0.60 340 12299.5 5.15 28.96 -2.11 0.76 346 12567.8 5.03 28.69 -1.90 0.91 358 13159.4 5.15 28.95 -1.87 1.00 365 13437.3 4.73 28.03 -1.89 0.78 377 14002 4.60 27.71 -1.76 0.85 383 14288.9 4.59 27.68 -1.53 1.07 389 14578.9 4.45 27.33 -1.02 1.50 4. Bined isotope and SST data Bin Age ODP 806B ODP 806B MD70 MD70 d18Ow MD76 SST MD76 d18Ow MD81 MD81 d18Ow ave. SST ave. d18Ow (yr BP (yr B SST (°C) d18Ow SST (°C) (‰ SMOW) (°C) (‰ SMOW) SST (°C) (‰ SMOW) (°C) (‰ SMOW) (‰ SMOW) 250 125 29.37 0.16 28.68 0.20 28.62 0.00 28.89 0.12 500 375 29.36 0.19 28.63 0.03 28.90 0.01 28.96 0.08 750 625 29.37 0.01 28.69 0.02 29.29 0.12 29.12 0.05 1000 875 29.41 0.03 28.88 0.01 29.46 0.26 29.25 0.10 1250 1125 29.52 0.04 28.93 0.16 29.57 0.29 29.34 0.16 1500 1375 29.40 0.06 28.90 0.04 29.46 0.38 29.25 0.16 1750 1625 29.65 0.25 28.90 0.06 28.74 0.14 29.10 0.15 2000 1875 29.54 0.19 28.67 0.07 28.55 0.05 28.92 0.10 2250 2125 29.34 0.08 28.70 0.05 28.42 -0.09 28.82 0.01 2500 2375 29.19 0.00 28.84 0.17 28.71 -0.01 28.91 0.05 2750 2625 29.36 0.10 29.29 0.21 29.12 0.16 29.25 0.15 3000 2875 29.49 0.18 29.18 0.25 28.58 0.06 29.08 0.16 3250 3125 29.51 0.18 29.02 0.15 28.75 -0.07 29.09 0.09 3500 3375 29.52 0.17 29.27 0.37 29.04 0.14 29.27 0.23 3750 3625 28.81 0.07 28.66 0.31 28.81 0.05 28.76 0.14 4000 3875 29.04 0.09 28.63 0.34 29.45 0.21 29.04 0.21 4250 4125 29.21 0.11 28.67 0.20 29.13 0.19 29.00 0.17 4500 4375 28.60 0.49 29.59 0.06 28.72 0.21 29.28 0.29 29.05 0.26 4750 4625 28.62 0.47 29.08 0.14 29.17 0.36 29.55 0.28 29.10 0.31 5000 4875 28.63 0.46 28.62 0.21 29.35 0.28 30.04 0.49 29.16 0.36 5250 5125 28.65 0.45 28.96 0.19 29.20 0.34 29.50 0.08 29.08 0.26 5500 5375 28.66 0.43 29.23 0.17 29.15 0.27 29.07 0.37 29.03 0.31 5750 5625 28.68 0.42 29.62 0.14 29.36 0.36 29.65 0.30 29.33 0.30 6000 5875 28.70 0.40 29.58 0.18 29.55 0.37 29.61 0.25 29.36 0.30 6250 6125 28.83 0.46 29.54 0.23 29.51 0.34 29.43 0.39 29.33 0.36 6500 6375 29.20 0.65 29.76 0.19 29.03 0.29 29.58 0.44 29.39 0.39 6750 6625 29.17 0.64 29.68 0.20 29.48 0.50 29.62 0.42 29.49 0.44 7000 6875 29.11 0.63 29.60 0.12 28.95 0.31 29.44 0.41 29.27 0.37 7250 7125 29.04 0.62 29.25 0.09 29.23 0.45 29.66 0.43 29.29 0.40 7500 7375 28.97 0.72 29.34 0.19 28.98 0.46 29.68 0.51 29.24 0.47 7750 7625 28.85 0.64 29.46 0.33 29.37 0.24 29.80 0.50 29.37 0.43 8000 7875 28.73 0.66 29.60 0.48 29.50 0.29 29.71 0.37 29.39 0.45 8250 8125 28.62 0.68 29.74 0.46 29.58 0.56 29.04 0.30 29.24 0.50 8500 8375 28.50 0.70 29.89 0.43 29.37 0.36 29.80 0.77 29.39 0.57 8750 8625 28.40 0.73 30.00 0.42 29.23 0.50 29.38 0.56 29.25 0.55 9000 8875 28.84 0.85 29.85 0.40 29.25 0.57 29.39 0.68 29.33 0.62 9250 9125 29.20 0.96 29.68 0.37 29.60 0.64 29.21 0.70 29.42 0.67 9500 9375 29.17 0.89 29.76 0.40 29.03 0.43 29.94 0.97 29.48 0.67 9750 9625 29.13 0.82 29.89 0.45 29.17 0.36 30.12 0.60 29.58 0.56 10000 9875 29.10 0.75 30.01 0.50 28.72 0.36 29.58 0.32 29.35 0.48 10250 10125 29.07 0.80 30.16 0.55 29.10 0.56 29.93 0.63 29.56 0.63 10500 10375 29.03 0.85 30.05 0.52 28.83 0.56 30.17 0.72 29.52 0.66 10750 10625 28.99 0.90 29.90 0.48 28.57 0.68 29.99 0.88 29.36 0.74 11000 10875 28.95 0.95 30.04 0.50 28.40 0.92 29.84 0.78 29.31 0.79 11250 11125 28.90 1.02 29.85 0.53 28.63 0.79 29.86 0.61 29.31 0.74 11500 11375 28.80 1.04 29.44 0.60 27.90 0.74 29.45 0.59 28.90 0.74 11750 11625 28.60 1.08 29.29 0.38 28.37 0.81 29.50 0.68 28.94 0.74 12000 11875 28.60 1.02 29.34 0.49 28.60 0.73 29.62 0.85 29.04 0.77 12250 12125 28.60 0.94 29.39 0.60 28.25 0.96 29.52 0.98 28.94 0.87 12500 12375 28.60 0.82 28.96 0.76 27.23 1.10 29.37 1.18 28.54 0.97 12750 12625 28.55 0.85 28.69 0.91 27.67 1.18 29.65 1.62 28.64 1.14 13000 12875 28.46 0.91 28.83 0.95 26.80 1.05 29.31 1.29 28.35 1.05 13250 13125 28.36 0.96 28.95 1.00 26.73 1.06 29.57 1.25 28.40 1.07 13500 13375 28.26 1.02 28.03 0.78 26.50 0.95 29.62 1.27 28.10 1.00 13750 13625 28.17 1.08 27.92 0.80 26.85 1.01 28.68 1.11 27.90 1.00 14000 13875 28.10 1.12 27.78 0.83 26.50 1.06 29.20 1.27 27.89 1.07 14250 14125 28.17 1.26 27.71 0.85 26.50 0.81 28.74 1.10 27.78 1.00 14500 14375 28.20 1.33 27.68 1.07 26.45 1.37 29.04 1.25 27.84 1.25 14750 14625 28.08 1.25 27.33 1.50 26.50 1.15 28.00 0.96 27.48 1.21 15000 14875 27.98 1.19 27.03 1.16 26.10 1.18 29.14 1.44 27.56 1.24