Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Tropical Planktonic Mg/Ca and d18O Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Tropical Planktonic Mg/Ca and d18O Data LAST UPDATE: 12/2008 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Aradhna K. Tripati, University of Cambridge IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-124 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Tripati, A.K. and H. Elderfield. 2008. Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Tropical Planktonic Mg/Ca and d18O Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-124. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Tripati, A.K. and H. Elderfield. 2004. Abrupt hydrographic changes in the equatorial Pacific and subtropical Atlantic from foraminiferal Mg/Ca indicate greenhouse origin for the thermal maximum at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 5, No. 2, Q02006, 14 February 2004. doi:10.1029/2003GC000631 ABSTRACT: The Paleocene-Eocene Boundary (PEB) was marked by an extraordinary climatic event, hypothesized to originate from a large perturbation to the carbon cycle which fueled global warming, the rapid dissociation of oceanic methane hydrates. The pattern of surface warming interpreted from existing sea surface temperature records is not consistent with a greenhouse origin for this event, which would have fueled sea surface warming globally. Although oxygen isotope (d18O)-based reconstructions indicate polar warming, results for the tropics and subtropics are ambiguous because of uncertainties associated with interpreting planktonic foraminiferal d18O. To remedy this, we have constructed high- resolution temperature records based on Mg/Ca of multiple species of both surface and thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera across the PEB in the equatorial Pacific and subtropical Atlantic. During the carbon isotope excursion (CIE), surface temperatures increased by 3.5°-4°C and thermocline temperatures warmed by 3°C. Estimates of surface water and thermocline salinity based on paired Mg/Ca and d18O data indicate a pattern of hydrographic changes in the equatorial and subtropical oceans that is different from previously proposed, with a more vigorous hydrologic cycle during warming. The pattern of warming and salinity changes are consistent with this being a greenhouse-induced global warming event, and the timing of hydrographic changes relative to the CIE supports the hypothesis that gradual warming of intermediate/deep waters triggered methane hydrate dissociation. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Tripati, A. and H. Elderfield. 2005. Deep-Sea Temperature and Circulation Changes at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science, Vol. 308, pp. 1894, 24 June 2005. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Tropical Pacific and Atlantic PERIOD OF RECORD: Paleocene-Eocene Boundary, ~55 Million Years BP FUNDING SOURCES: British Council through a Marshall Sherfield Postdoctoral Fellowship to A. Tripati, NERC, and the Comer Foundation. DESCRIPTION: Paired Mg/Ca and d18O data on planktonic foraminifera across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary from three tropical marine sediment cores. Modern site locations: Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 865C, western central equatorial Pacific, on Allison Guyot (18º26'N, 17º33'W, 1530m depth). Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 527, subtropical South Atlantic, on Walvis Ridge (28º2'S, 1º46'W, 4418m depth). Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1209B, tropical N. Pacific, Shatsky Rise, (32º39.10'N 158º30.4'E, 2387 m depth). DATA: 1. Site 865C Mg/Ca Column 1: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Mixed layer species 1 Column 4: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Mixed layer species 2 Column 5: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Thermocline species Age Depth Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca (BK95) mbsf Mixed Mixed Thermo 55.26 102.00 4.49 4.33 4.45 55.28 102.10 4.10 4.38 4.28 55.28 102.10 4.14 55.30 102.20 4.55 4.42 4.22 55.30 102.20 4.41 55.31 102.26 4.54 4.59 4.20 55.31 102.26 4.53 4.38 4.61 55.34 102.40 4.24 4.28 4.65 55.34 102.40 4.70 4.43 55.37 102.51 4.36 4.67 4.25 55.37 102.51 4.67 4.82 4.72 55.39 102.60 4.49 4.46 4.52 55.41 102.72 4.20 4.62 4.12 55.41 102.72 4.44 4.64 4.93 55.42 102.75 4.52 5.10 4.67 55.42 102.75 4.89 4.97 55.44 102.83 4.71 4.69 4.18 55.44 102.83 4.62 4.60 4.14 55.45 102.90 4.12 4.38 3.63 55.45 102.90 4.08 4.25 4.03 55.48 102.96 3.99 4.30 3.62 55.48 102.96 4.19 4.56 3.67 55.51 103.02 4.09 4.02 3.71 55.56 103.11 4.17 3.77 3.67 55.60 103.20 4.10 4.27 3.67 55.66 103.31 4.05 4.13 3.55 55.70 103.40 3.87 4.34 3.65 55.75 103.50 3.80 3.98 3.54 55.80 103.60 3.89 3.60 3.50 55.85 103.70 3.46 3.63 55.90 103.80 3.78 3.94 3.64 55.95 103.90 3.81 4.00 3.55 56.00 104.00 3.76 3.99 3.63 2. Site 865C Mg/Ca detailed by species and size fraction Column 1: Depth (mbsf) Column 2: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 3: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Morozovella velazcoensis Column 4: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Morozovella velazcoensis, 300-355 um Column 5: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Morozovella velazcoensis, 250-300 um Column 6: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Acarinina soldadoensis Column 7: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Acarinina soldadoensis, 300-355 um Column 8: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Acarinina soldadoensis, 250-300 um Column 9: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Subbotina spp. Column 10: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Subbotina spp., 300-355 um Column 11: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Subbotina spp., 250-300 um Depth Age Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Ca mbsf (BK95) M.v M.v355 M.v250 A.s A.s355 A.s250 S.sp. S.355 S.250 102.00 55.26 4.49 4.49 4.33 4.33 4.45 4.45 102.10 55.28 4.10 4.10 4.38 4.38 4.28 4.28 102.10 55.28 4.14 4.14 102.20 55.30 4.55 4.55 4.42 4.42 4.22 4.22 102.20 55.30 4.41 4.41 102.26 55.31 4.54 4.54 4.59 4.59 4.20 4.20 102.26 55.31 4.53 4.53 4.38 4.38 4.61 4.61 102.40 55.34 4.24 4.24 4.28 4.28 4.65 4.65 102.40 55.34 4.70 4.70 4.43 4.43 102.51 55.37 4.36 4.36 4.67 4.67 4.25 4.25 102.51 55.37 4.67 4.67 4.82 4.82 4.72 4.72 102.60 55.39 4.49 4.49 4.46 4.46 4.52 4.52 102.72 55.41 4.20 4.20 4.62 4.62 4.12 4.12 102.72 55.41 4.44 4.44 4.64 4.64 4.93 4.93 102.75 55.42 4.52 4.52 5.10 5.10 4.67 4.67 102.75 55.42 4.89 4.89 4.97 4.97 102.83 55.44 4.71 4.71 4.69 4.69 4.18 4.18 102.83 55.44 4.62 4.62 4.60 4.60 4.14 4.14 102.90 55.45 4.12 4.12 4.38 4.38 3.63 3.63 102.90 55.45 4.08 4.08 4.25 4.25 4.03 4.03 102.96 55.48 3.99 3.99 4.30 4.30 3.62 3.62 102.96 55.48 4.19 4.19 4.56 4.56 3.67 3.67 103.02 55.51 4.09 4.09 4.02 4.02 3.71 3.71 103.11 55.56 4.17 4.17 3.77 3.77 3.67 3.67 103.20 55.60 4.10 4.10 4.27 4.27 3.67 3.67 103.31 55.66 4.05 4.05 4.13 4.13 3.55 3.55 103.40 55.70 3.87 3.87 4.34 4.34 3.65 3.65 103.50 55.75 3.80 3.80 3.98 3.98 3.54 3.54 103.60 55.80 3.89 3.89 3.60 3.60 3.50 3.50 103.70 55.85 3.46 3.46 3.63 3.63 103.80 55.90 3.78 3.78 3.94 3.94 3.64 3.64 103.90 55.95 3.81 3.81 4.00 4.00 3.55 3.55 104.00 56.00 3.76 3.76 3.99 3.99 3.63 3.63 3. Site 865C stable isotope data Column 1: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: d13C (V-PDB) Morozovella velazcoensis Column 4: d18O (V-PDB) Morozovella velazcoensis Column 5: d13C (V-PDB) Acarinina soldadoensis Column 6: d18O (V-PDB) Acarinina soldadoensis Column 7: d13C (V-PDB) Subbotina sp. Column 8: d18O (V-PDB) Subbotina sp. Age Depth M.v d13C M.v d18O A.s d13C A.s d18O Sub. d13C Sub. d18O 55.257 102 3.53 -2.09 3.33 -2.16 1.78 -1.06 55.28 102.1 3.38 -2.04 3.26 -2.05 1.79 -1.18 55.301 102.2 3.33 -1.96 2.99 -1.95 1.66 -0.78 55.314 102.26 -1.97 -1.93 -0.8 55.344 102.4 3.16 -1.99 -1.89 -0.85 55.365 102.5 3.08 -2.03 1.45 -0.88 55.367 102.51 -2.04 -1.86 -0.87 55.386 102.6 3 -2.14 -1.83 1.47 -0.8 55.408 102.7 4 -1.82 2.05 -1.8 1.97 -1.04 55.412 102.72 -1.82 -1.82 -1.1 55.418 102.75 -1.83 -1.85 -1.19 55.429 102.8 2.11 -1.83 1.91 -1.9 55.435 102.83 -1.82 -1.97 -1.43 55.45 102.9 3.39 -1.78 1.6 -2.12 1.53 -1.64 55.48 102.96 -1.85 -2.09 -1.51 55.5 103 3.98 -1.9 4.16 -2.08 2.24 -1.42 55.51 103.02 -1.9 -2.05 -1.39 55.55 103.1 4 -1.9 4.28 -1.96 2.39 -1.26 55.555 103.11 -1.9 -1.97 -1.21 55.6 103.2 4.28 -1.89 4.05 -2.03 2.14 -0.8 55.65 103.3 4.41 -1.94 4.23 -2.04 2.61 -1.48 55.655 103.31 -1.92 -2.04 -1.42 55.7 103.4 4.36 -1.79 4.14 -2.05 2.17 -0.9 55.75 103.5 4.28 -1.83 3.93 -1.86 2.01 -0.42 55.8 103.6 4.43 -1.94 4.34 -2.05 2.55 -1.29 55.85 103.7 4.51 -1.8 4.32 -2.04 3.72 -1.55 55.95 103.9 4.41 -1.77 4.3 -1.94 2.77 -1.5 56 104 4.45 -1.84 4.26 -2.01 2.77 -1.51 4. Site 527 stable isotope data Column 1: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: d13C (V-PDB) Acarinina spp. Column 4: d18O (V-PDB) Acarinina spp. Age Depth d13C d18O 54.579 191.55 2.44 -0.95 54.592 191.71 2.55 -0.8 54.604 191.86 2.84 -0.37 55.212 199.27 2.44 -0.38 55.23 199.49 1.71 -0.08 55.25 199.73 55.255 199.8 55.26 199.85 2.46 -0.37 55.269 199.96 55.273 200.02 2.32 0.3 55.28 200.1 2.18 -0.43 55.333 200.31 55.346 200.36 2.13 -0.49 55.359 200.41 1.72 -0.59 55.392 200.54 55.394 200.55 1.8 -0.87 55.404 200.59 2 -1.08 55.412 200.62 1.49 -1.38 55.422 200.66 0.91 -1.38 55.435 200.71 0.78 -1.32 55.445 200.75 0.44 -1.5 55.45 200.77 0.7 -1.49 55.455 200.8 0.1 -1.54 55.463 200.85 55.468 200.88 1.89 -0.83 55.487 201 1.82 -0.86 55.497 201.06 1.72 -0.54 55.5 201.08 3.15 -0.74 55.503 201.1 3.5 -0.78 55.51 201.14 2.55 -0.61 55.513 201.16 3.6 -0.97 55.516 201.18 3.23 -0.77 55.524 201.23 3.26 -0.59 55.535 201.3 55.548 201.38 3.65 -0.79 55.56 201.45 3.57 -0.66 55.577 201.56 55.592 201.65 3.78 -0.74 55.595 201.67 3.66 -0.9 55.665 202.1 55.694 202.28 3.73 -0.83 55.715 202.41 55.726 202.48 3.71 -0.88 55.766 202.73 55.769 202.75 55.777 202.8 3.61 -0.62 55.858 203.3 55.971 204 5. Site 1209B Mg/Ca Column 1: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) Mixed layer species 1 Age Depth Mg/Ca 54.99 209.92 3.78 55.00 209.96 3.85 55.03 210.04 3.65 55.05 210.08 4.03 55.06 210.12 3.55 55.07 210.16 3.78 55.09 210.20 3.72 55.10 210.24 3.57 55.11 210.28 4.15 55.14 210.36 3.59 55.16 210.40 3.64 55.16 210.42 3.68 55.20 210.52 3.51 55.21 210.56 3.94 55.23 210.62 3.84 55.24 210.64 3.82 55.25 210.68 3.73 55.27 210.72 3.59 55.28 210.76 3.83 55.29 210.80 3.85 55.29 210.80 3.58 55.32 210.86 3.60 55.32 210.88 3.65 55.34 210.92 3.82 55.35 210.96 3.82 55.37 211.00 4.03 55.37 211.02 4.42 55.38 211.04 4.91 55.39 211.08 5.18 55.41 211.12 4.76 55.42 211.16 4.86 55.44 211.22 5.25 55.44 211.22 55.45 211.24 4.98 55.55 211.28 3.80 55.60 211.30 3.82 55.65 211.32 55.65 211.32 3.67 55.70 211.34 3.61 55.75 211.36 3.65 55.85 211.40 3.94 6. Site 1209B stable isotope data Column 1: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 2: Depth (mbsf) Column 3: d13C (V-PDB) Morozovella velazcoensis Column 4: d18O (V-PDB) Morozovella velazcoensis Column 5: Age (BK95) MMYrBP Column 6: Depth (mbsf) Column 7: d13C (V-PDB) Acarinina soldadoensis Column 8: d18O (V-PDB) Acarinina soldadoensis Age Depth M.v d13C M.v d18O Age Depth A.s d13C A.s d18O 55.29 210.80 2.86 -1.43 55.294 210.8 3.27 -1.46 55.29 210.80 2.71 -1.23 55.294 210.8 2.89 -1.07 55.29 210.80 2.75 -1.55 55.312 210.85 3.45 -1.51 55.29 210.80 3.54 -1.36 55.312 210.85 2.95 -1.39 55.31 210.85 3.25 -1.67 55.33 210.9 2.76 -1.27 55.31 210.85 2.48 -1.39 55.33 210.9 2.69 -1.43 55.31 210.85 2.88 -1.46 55.347 210.95 2.63 -1.38 55.31 210.85 3.43 -1.54 55.347 210.95 2.71 -1.26 55.31 210.85 2.75 -1.26 55.347 210.95 2.23 -1.23 55.33 210.90 2.55 -1.44 55.365 211 2.33 -1.12 55.33 210.90 2.99 -1.47 55.365 211 2.04 -1.03 55.33 210.90 2.37 -1.54 55.365 211 1.72 -1.21 55.33 210.90 2.75 -1.45 55.383 211.05 2.22 -1.34 55.33 210.90 2.44 -1.54 55.383 211.05 1.89 -1.47 55.35 210.95 3.16 -1.74 55.383 211.05 1.83 -1.23 55.35 210.95 2.84 -1.49 55.4 211.1 1.39 -1.53 55.35 210.95 3.09 -1.71 55.4 211.1 1.33 -1.34 55.35 210.95 3.31 -1.86 55.4 211.1 1.53 -1.56 55.35 210.95 1.64 -1.67 55.404 211.11 1.81 -1.51 55.37 211.00 2.81 -1.56 55.404 211.11 2.61 -1.17 55.37 211.00 1.78 -1.55 55.404 211.11 1.48 -1.56 55.37 211.00 2.14 -1.71 55.404 211.11 1.25 -1.7 55.37 211.00 1.92 -1.25 55.408 211.12 2.25 -1.31 55.37 211.00 2.76 -1.49 55.408 211.12 1.09 -1.25 55.38 211.05 1.95 -1.24 55.408 211.12 1.49 -1.33 55.38 211.05 1.72 -1.61 55.411 211.13 1.17 -1.61 55.38 211.05 1.97 -1.83 55.411 211.13 2.42 -1.17 55.38 211.05 1.70 -1.65 55.411 211.13 1.08 -1.08 55.38 211.05 2.20 -1.55 55.415 211.14 2.44 -1.11 55.40 211.10 1.24 -1.67 55.415 211.14 0.84 -1.62 55.40 211.10 1.05 -1.79 55.415 211.14 1.22 -1.62 55.40 211.10 1.73 -1.90 55.418 211.15 1.71 -1.99 55.40 211.10 1.42 -1.57 55.418 211.15 1.15 -1.76 55.40 211.10 1.29 -1.58 55.418 211.15 0.83 -2.03 55.40 211.11 1.64 -1.63 55.422 211.16 1.32 -1.47 55.40 211.11 1.48 -1.67 55.422 211.16 1.27 -1.65 55.40 211.11 1.72 -1.92 55.422 211.16 1.35 -1.64 55.40 211.11 1.93 -1.80 55.425 211.17 1.13 -1.7 55.40 211.11 1.85 -1.72 55.425 211.17 2.19 -1.4 55.41 211.12 1.22 -1.49 55.425 211.17 1.05 -1.58 55.41 211.12 1.79 -1.87 55.429 211.18 0.89 -1.74 55.41 211.12 1.26 -1.63 55.429 211.18 0.91 -1.61 55.41 211.12 1.51 -1.65 55.429 211.18 0.63 -1.79 55.41 211.13 1.40 -1.61 55.432 211.19 1.38 -1.59 55.41 211.13 1.55 -1.31 55.432 211.19 1.27 -1.29 55.41 211.13 1.28 -1.68 55.432 211.19 0.97 -1.64 55.41 211.13 1.41 -1.68 55.436 211.2 0.92 -1.58 55.42 211.14 1.37 -1.77 55.436 211.2 0.92 -1.69 55.42 211.14 1.20 -1.75 55.436 211.2 0.83 -1.63 55.42 211.14 1.13 -1.54 55.439 211.21 0.96 -1.77 55.42 211.15 1.00 -2.19 55.439 211.21 0.89 -1.72 55.42 211.15 0.64 -2.03 55.439 211.21 1.33 -1.44 55.42 211.15 0.78 -1.76 55.443 211.22 0.79 -1.82 55.42 211.15 0.90 -1.62 55.443 211.22 0.61 -1.85 55.42 211.15 0.93 -2.11 55.443 211.22 1.15 -1.68 55.42 211.16 1.47 -2.05 55.446 211.23 1.02 -1.6 55.42 211.16 1.48 -2.14 55.446 211.23 1.41 -1.57 55.42 211.16 0.64 -1.92 55.446 211.23 0.62 -1.83 55.42 211.16 1.39 -1.89 55.45 211.24 0.52 -1.99 55.42 211.16 1.27 -1.58 55.45 211.24 0.59 -1.93 55.43 211.17 1.12 -1.76 55.45 211.24 0.06 -2.1 55.43 211.17 0.48 -1.99 55.475 211.25 0.86 -1.9 55.43 211.17 1.32 -2.14 55.475 211.25 2.27 -1.51 55.43 211.17 1.03 -2.20 55.475 211.25 1.67 -1.54 55.43 211.17 1.02 -1.71 55.475 211.25 1.23 -1.58 55.43 211.18 0.94 -1.95 55.475 211.25 1.89 -1.61 55.43 211.18 1.00 -2.10 55.475 211.25 1.85 -1.41 55.43 211.18 0.57 -1.93 55.475 211.25 1.99 -1.47 55.43 211.18 0.72 -2.08 55.6 211.3 4.07 -1.42 55.43 211.18 1.02 -1.93 55.6 211.3 4.02 -1.21 55.43 211.19 0.66 -1.70 55.6 211.3 4.03 -1.66 55.43 211.19 0.99 -1.93 55.725 211.35 3.77 -1.25 55.43 211.19 1.31 -1.70 55.725 211.35 3.43 -1.5 55.43 211.19 1.08 -1.81 55.725 211.35 3.78 -1.44 55.43 211.19 0.85 -1.98 55.825 211.39 4.14 -1.37 55.44 211.20 0.62 -1.86 55.825 211.39 3.64 -1.34 55.44 211.20 0.77 -2.17 55.825 211.39 4.17 -1.68 55.44 211.20 1.02 -2.13 55.825 211.39 3.38 -1.19 55.44 211.20 1.14 -1.89 55.825 211.39 4.05 -1.55 55.44 211.20 0.93 -1.90 55.44 211.21 0.31 -1.98 55.44 211.21 0.97 -1.79 55.44 211.21 0.59 -2.14 55.44 211.21 0.47 -1.96 55.44 211.21 0.57 -2.21 55.44 211.22 0.67 -1.91 55.44 211.22 0.63 -2.06 55.44 211.22 0.58 -1.95 55.44 211.22 0.70 -1.99 55.44 211.22 0.63 -1.96 55.45 211.23 0.75 -1.93 55.45 211.23 0.40 -2.09 55.45 211.23 0.73 -1.68 55.45 211.23 0.43 -2.01 55.45 211.23 0.71 -1.79 55.45 211.23 1.00 -1.58 55.45 211.23 1.74 -1.77 55.45 211.24 0.72 -2.32 55.45 211.24 0.70 -2.14 55.45 211.24 0.68 -1.96 55.45 211.24 0.62 -1.85 55.45 211.24 0.30 -2.16 55.45 211.24 1.01 -1.94 55.45 211.24 1.13 -1.83 55.45 211.24 1.24 -1.93 55.48 211.25 0.61 -1.90 55.48 211.25 0.47 -1.89 55.48 211.25 0.90 -1.97 55.48 211.25 1.10 -1.86 55.48 211.25 1.20 -1.71 55.48 211.25 0.88 -1.88 55.48 211.25 0.85 -1.86 55.50 211.26 4.10 -1.56 55.50 211.26 0.89 -1.66 55.50 211.26 0.98 -1.82 55.50 211.26 1.28 -1.79 55.53 211.27 4.01 -1.24 55.53 211.27 4.17 -1.64 55.53 211.27 3.87 -1.47 55.53 211.27 4.18 -1.61 55.55 211.28 4.03 -1.58 55.55 211.28 4.28 -0.73 55.55 211.28 4.18 -1.31 55.58 211.29 3.90 -1.24 55.58 211.29 4.47 -1.83 55.58 211.29 4.17 -1.61 55.60 211.30 4.09 -1.51 55.60 211.30 4.01 -1.50 55.60 211.30 3.76 -1.47 55.60 211.30 3.87 -1.73 55.60 211.30 3.97 -1.90 55.73 211.35 3.64 -1.31 55.73 211.35 4.34 -1.43 55.73 211.35 2.09 -1.52 55.73 211.35 4.28 -1.56 55.83 211.39 3.94 -1.42 55.83 211.39 4.30 -1.51 55.83 211.39 3.81 -1.14