Atmospheric CO2 20 Million Year Foraminiferal B/Ca Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Atmospheric CO2 20 Million Year Foraminiferal B/Ca Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 6/2010 (Original Receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Tripati, A.K., C.D. Roberts, and R.A. Eagle IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-051 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Tripati, A.K., et al. 2010. Atmospheric CO2 20 Million Year Foraminiferal B/Ca Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-051. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Tripati, A.K., C.D. Roberts, and R.A. Eagle. 2009. Coupling of CO2 and Ice Sheet Stability Over Major Climate Transitions of the Last 20 Million Years. Science, Vol. 326, pp. 1394-1397, 4 December 2009. DOI: 10.1126/science.1178296 ABSTRACT: The carbon dioxide (CO2) content of the atmosphere has varied cyclically between ~180 and ~280 parts per million by volume over the past 800,000 years, closely coupled with temperature and sea level. For earlier periods in Earth's history, the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is much less certain, and the relation between pCO2 and climate remains poorly constrained. We use boron/calcium ratios in foraminifera to estimate pCO2 during major climate transitions of the past 20 million years. During the Middle Miocene, when temperatures were ~3° to 6°C warmer and sea level was 25 to 40 meters higher than at present, pCO2 appears to have been similar to modern levels. Decreases in pCO2 were apparently synchronous with major episodes of glacial expansion during the Middle Miocene (~14 to 10 million years ago) and Late Pliocene (~3.3 to 2.4 million years ago). GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global PERIOD OF RECORD: 20 Million YrBP - present FUNDING SOURCES: National Environmental Research Council (UK), UCLA (USA) DESCRIPTION: Paleoatmospheric CO2 concentrations estimated from the boron/calcium ratio of planktonic foraminifera. Samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 588 and Ocean Drilling Program Site 806 were used to reconstruct pCO2 values from the Miocene through Holocene (~20 to 0 Ma). Average, maximum, and minimum pCO2 estimates are calculated for each time. DSDP Site 588: 26°S, 161°E, 1548m depth, 8-20 Ma ODP Site 806: 0°N, 159°E, 2521m depth, 0-8 Ma DATA: 1. Table S3 B/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios Column 1: Depth (mbsf) Column 2: Species Column 3: B/Ca ratio (umol/mol) Column 4: Mg/Ca ratio (mmol/mol) Depth Species B/Ca Mg/Ca 0.09 G.ruber 119.1 4.4 0.09 G.sacculifer 70.5 4.1 0.4 G.ruber 119.8 3.7 0.4 G.ruber 114.7 3.8 0.4 G.sacculifer 77.2 3.4 0.8 G.ruber 114.4 3.5 0.8 G.sacculifer 76.6 3.3 0.95 G.ruber 119.5 3.6 0.95 G.sacculifer 74.5 3.5 1.2 G.ruber 114.5 3.7 1.2 G.sacculifer 78.1 3.4 1.9 G.ruber 109.9 3.9 1.9 G.sacculifer 73.3 3.6 1.92 G.ruber 104.5 4 1.92 G.sacculifer 70.5 3.7 2.3 G.ruber 117.1 4.6 2.3 G.sacculifer 76.3 4.2 2.4 G.ruber 112.1 4.6 2.4 G.sacculifer 83.6 4.4 2.7 G.ruber 109.3 3.8 2.7 G.sacculifer 72.1 3.6 3 G.ruber 108.1 3.5 3 G.sacculifer 73.5 3.3 3.37 G.ruber 111.7 3.5 3.37 G.ruber 109.7 3.7 3.37 G.sacculifer 71.7 3.3 4.2 G.ruber 124.8 4.1 4.2 G.sacculifer 71 3.6 4.5 G.ruber 112.6 4.2 4.5 G.ruber 113.4 4.2 4.9 G.sacculifer 74.1 3.4 5.16 G.ruber 122.6 3.6 5.16 G.ruber 113.4 3.6 5.16 G.sacculifer 73 3.6 5.3 G.ruber 133.2 3.8 5.3 G.sacculifer 76.2 3.5 5.6 G.ruber 111.2 3.9 5.6 G.ruber 108.9 3.9 5.6 G.sacculifer 72 3.8 5.7 G.ruber 134.9 3.6 5.7 G.sacculifer 74.1 3.7 5.85 G.sacculifer 72.1 3.7 6 G.ruber 118.4 3.6 6.42 G.ruber 115.5 3.9 6.42 G.ruber 109.6 3.7 6.42 G.sacculifer 70 3.7 6.66 G.ruber 123.5 4.7 6.66 G.ruber 121.1 4.5 6.66 G.sacculifer 75 4.3 6.8 G.ruber 125.8 4.4 7.35 G.ruber 113.9 3.4 7.35 G.ruber 118.2 3.5 7.35 G.sacculifer 74.1 3.6 7.57 G.ruber 99.5 3.4 7.57 G.ruber 112.3 3.3 7.57 G.sacculifer 68.2 3.6 7.7 G.ruber 110.5 4.5 7.79 G.ruber 109.2 3.5 7.79 G.ruber 96.9 3.7 7.79 G.sacculifer 74 3.5 8.9 G.ruber 91.7 3.6 8.97 G.ruber 106.1 3.4 8.97 G.sacculifer 71.8 3.5 11.03 G.ruber 106.3 4 11.03 G.sacculifer 77.6 3.9 11.34 G.ruber 105.6 3.6 11.34 G.sacculifer 72.9 3.6 12.39 G.ruber 103.7 4.2 12.63 G.ruber 106.5 4 12.63 G.sacculifer 77 3.6 13.28 G.ruber 103.3 3.9 13.38 G.ruber 107.5 4.2 13.38 G.ruber 104.9 4 13.84 G.ruber 112 3.6 13.84 G.sacculifer 79.6 3.6 14.58 G.ruber 104.6 3.5 14.58 G.ruber 101 3.7 15.18 G.ruber 108.4 4.1 15.38 G.ruber 110.8 4 15.58 G.ruber 102.2 3.6 15.58 G.sacculifer 79.2 3.6 15.74 G.ruber 102.7 3.6 15.74 G.sacculifer 74 3.5 16.03 G.ruber 118.3 4.1 16.43 G.ruber 99.2 3.5 17.08 G.ruber 99.2 4 17.34 G.ruber 104.4 4.1 17.43 G.ruber 106.1 4.3 17.61 G.ruber 105.5 4.6 17.88 G.ruber 101.5 3.5 18.24 G.ruber 104 3.5 18.24 G.sacculifer 88.6 3.3 18.63 G.ruber 103.4 3.8 18.83 G.ruber 94.9 3.4 19.03 G.ruber 101.3 3.9 19.24 G.ruber 99.3 3.9 19.36 G.ruber 110 3.9 19.64 G.ruber 100.4 4.3 19.93 G.ruber 97.9 3.8 20.29 G.ruber 102 3.9 21.14 G.ruber 99.3 3.5 21.14 G.sacculifer 78.1 3.7 21.64 G.ruber 97.5 4 22.23 G.ruber 86.4 3.4 22.73 G.ruber 103.6 4 23.03 G.ruber 98.5 3.9 23.33 G.ruber 94.9 3.7 23.43 G.ruber 106.8 4.1 23.89 G.ruber 95.4 3.8 24.28 G.ruber 108.1 4 24.28 G.sacculifer 77.2 4.1 24.58 G.ruber 101.3 3.9 24.83 G.ruber 104.3 4 25.58 G.ruber 104.4 4.4 25.93 G.ruber 104.6 4 26.17 G.ruber 103.5 4.2 26.94 G.ruber 103.9 3.9 26.94 G.sacculifer 74.3 3.8 27.25 G.ruber 104.8 3.8 27.81 G.ruber 108.3 4.2 28.34 G.ruber 101.6 3.6 28.34 G.sacculifer 75.6 3.7 28.5 G.ruber 114.4 4.2 49.83 G.ruber 100.7 3.9 49.83 G.sacculifer 63.7 3.4 50.54 G.ruber 107.6 3.9 50.54 G.sacculifer 77.2 3.7 50.73 G.ruber 104.3 4 50.73 G.sacculifer 82.1 3.6 50.94 G.ruber 112.8 4 50.94 G.ruber 115 4.1 50.94 G.sacculifer 73.9 3.7 51.34 G.ruber 109.3 3.9 51.34 G.sacculifer 73.7 3.2 51.74 G.ruber 108.4 4.1 51.74 G.ruber 112.5 3.8 51.74 G.sacculifer 67.7 3.5 51.94 G.ruber 113.1 3.8 51.94 G.sacculifer 79.5 3.6 52.04 G.ruber 111.3 4.1 52.04 G.sacculifer 83.5 3.8 52.18 G.ruber 112.3 3.7 52.18 G.sacculifer 74.1 3.6 52.64 G.ruber 107.1 4.1 52.64 G.sacculifer 64.2 3.5 52.78 G.ruber 120.6 3.9 52.78 G.sacculifer 67.5 3.6 53.38 G.ruber 107 4 53.38 G.sacculifer 66.1 3.5 53.54 G.ruber 109.6 3.3 53.54 G.sacculifer 70.7 3.2 53.74 G.ruber 99.9 3.6 53.74 G.sacculifer 72.2 3.3 54.15 G.ruber 112.8 3.6 54.15 G.sacculifer 69.1 3.4 54.35 G.ruber 105.9 3.8 54.35 G.sacculifer 75.2 3.4 54.59 G.ruber 103.3 4 54.59 G.sacculifer 81.4 3.4 57.98 G.ruber 113.4 3.9 57.98 G.sacculifer 86.5 3.5 62.55 G.ruber 111.8 3.9 62.55 G.sacculifer 79.6 3.5 64.75 G.ruber 118.6 3.8 64.75 G.sacculifer 84.3 3.4 68.49 G.ruber 107.1 3.7 68.49 G.ruber 109.1 3.9 68.49 G.sacculifer 107.1 3.7 72.92 G.ruber 117.8 3.9 72.92 G.sacculifer 83.9 3.7 73.78 G.ruber 112.5 4 73.78 G.sacculifer 79 3.8 78.9 G.ruber 115.3 3.9 78.9 G.sacculifer 76.6 3.8 80.7 G.ruber 126.8 3.9 80.7 G.sacculifer 81.1 3.8 82.53 G.ruber 103.7 3.9 155.59 G.sacculifer 60.8 3.8 156.38 G.sacculifer 62.4 3.7 158.8 G.sacculifer 74.6 3.6 168.39 G.sacculifer 67.6 3.9 177.89 G.sacculifer 70.5 3.3 187.35 G.sacculifer 73.3 3.4 196.82 G.sacculifer 83.1 4 206.25 G.sacculifer 75.8 3.7 215.87 G.sacculifer 73.6 3.5 225.37 G.sacculifer 75.4 3.6 251.5 G.ruber 98.3 4 269.29 G.ruber 106.9 4.7 297.72 G.ruber 80.8 4.1 307.35 G.ruber 100.7 4.6 310.72 G.ruber 95 4.3 319.18 G.ruber 87.8 4.2 327.76 G.ruber 92.6 4 2. Table S4 Stable isotope ratios Column 1: Hole Column 2: Core Column 3: Section Column 4: Top (cm) Column 5: Bottom (cm) Column 6: Species Column 7: d18O (per mil PDB) Column 8: d13C (per mil PDB) Hole Core Sect Top Bot Species d18O d13C 806A 1 1 9 11 G.ruber -2.31 1.58 806A 1 1 40 42 G.ruber -1.05 1.62 806A 1 1 80 82 G.ruber -1.52 1.48 806A 1 1 95 97 G.ruber -1.5 1.68 806A 1 1 120 122 G.ruber -1.29 1.42 806A 1 2 40 42 G.ruber -1.9 1.9 806A 1 2 42 44 G.sacculifer -1.28 2.14 806A 1 2 80 82 G.sacculifer -1.97 1.91 806A 1 2 90 92 G.sacculifer -1.64 1.75 806A 1 2 120 122 G.sacculifer -0.65 1.66 806A 1 3 37 39 G.ruber -1.26 1.37 806A 1 3 0 2 G.sacculifer -0.78 1.93 806A 1 3 72 74 G.sacculifer -1.39 1.86 806A 1 3 120 122 G.sacculifer -1.15 1.82 806A 1 4 0 2 G.ruber -1.84 1.64 806A 1 4 15 17 G.ruber -1.74 1.55 806A 1 4 40 42 G.ruber -1.16 1.22 806A 1 4 66 68 G.ruber -1.22 1.08 806A 1 4 110 112 G.ruber -1.49 1.9 806A 1 4 135 137 G.ruber -1.31 1.57 806A 1 4 80 82 G.sacculifer -1.06 1.96 806A 1 4 120 122 G.sacculifer -1.15 2.06 806A 1 5 42 44 G.ruber -1.94 1.47 806A 1 5 66 68 G.ruber -1.67 1.4 806A 1 5 0 2 G.sacculifer -1.21 1.86 806A 1 5 80 82 G.sacculifer -0.76 1.36 806A 1 5 135 137 G.sacculifer -1.14 1.75 806A 1 6 7 9 G.ruber -1.67 2.33 806A 2 1 0 2 G.ruber -1.78 1.47 806A 2 1 9 11 G.ruber -1.26 1.6 806A 2 1 40 42 G.ruber -1.46 1.81 806A 2 1 120 122 G.ruber -1.06 1.52 806A 2 1 66 68 G.sacculifer -0.42 2.18 806A 2 1 77 79 G.sacculifer -0.37 2.14 806A 2 1 127 129 G.sacculifer -0.4 2.19 806B 2 4 3 5 G.sacculifer -1.2 1.79 806B 2 4 34 36 G.sacculifer -0.74 1.84 806B 2 4 139 141 G.sacculifer -1.21 2.02 806B 2 5 88 90 G.ruber -1.67 1.48 806B 2 5 13 15 G.sacculifer -0.96 1.97 806B 2 5 78 80 G.sacculifer -1.14 1.72 806B 2 5 134 136 G.sacculifer -0.74 1.92 806B 2 6 58 60 G.ruber -1.19 1.66 806B 2 6 118 120 G.sacculifer -1.33 1.7 806B 2 6 138 140 G.sacculifer -0.95 1.52 806B 2 7 8 10 G.sacculifer -0.75 1.68 806B 2 7 24 26 G.sacculifer -0.71 1.67 806B 3 1 3 5 G.ruber -1.74 1.6 806B 3 1 43 45 G.ruber -4.96 -0.56 806B 3 1 108 110 G.ruber -1.63 1.37 806B 3 1 134 136 G.ruber -1.68 1.42 806B 3 1 143 145 G.ruber -1.7 1.4 806B 3 2 11 13 G.ruber -1.54 1.42 806B 3 2 38 40 G.ruber -0.95 0.64 806B 3 2 113 115 G.ruber -1.14 0.73 806B 3 2 133 135 G.ruber -1.15 1.23 806B 3 2 74 76 G.sacculifer -0.67 1.69 806B 3 3 3 5 G.ruber -1.43 1.55 806B 3 3 24 26 G.ruber -1.9 1.01 806B 3 3 129 131 G.ruber -1.38 1.48 806B 3 4 114 116 G.ruber -1.43 1.64 806B 3 4 64 66 G.sacculifer -1.11 1.95 806B 3 5 23 25 G.ruber -1.3 1.17 806B 3 5 73 75 G.ruber -1.67 1.53 806B 3 5 103 105 G.ruber -1.51 1.74 806B 3 5 133 135 G.ruber -1.22 1.68 806B 3 5 143 145 G.ruber -1.5 1.63 806B 3 6 39 41 G.ruber -0.53 1.9 806B 3 6 108 110 G.ruber -1.66 1.88 806B 3 6 133 135 G.ruber -1.56 1.66 806B 3 6 78 80 G.sacculifer -1.03 1.63 806B 4 1 8 10 G.ruber -1.38 1.42 806B 4 1 43 45 G.ruber -1.34 1.85 806B 4 1 67 69 G.ruber -1.36 1.41 806B 4 1 144 146 G.ruber -1.32 1.45 806B 4 2 25 27 G.ruber -1.41 1.86 806B 4 2 81 83 G.ruber -1.59 1.53 806B 4 2 134 136 G.sacculifer -1.18 1.87 806B 4 3 0 2 G.ruber -1.51 1.85 806B 4 3 19 21 G.ruber -1.55 1.52 806B 4 3 38 40 G.ruber -1.44 1.59 806B 4 3 60 62 G.ruber -1.37 1.6 806B 4 3 98 100 G.ruber -1.41 2.06 806B 4 3 123 125 G.ruber -1.3 1.47 806B 4 3 139 141 G.ruber -1.4 1.33 806B 4 4 3 5 G.ruber -1.57 1.29 806B 4 4 19 21 G.ruber -1.42 1.84 806B 4 4 41 43 G.ruber -1.45 1.51 806B 4 4 60 62 G.ruber -1.66 1.77 806B 6 5 44 46 G.ruber -1.88 1.68 806B 6 5 124 126 G.ruber -1.53 2.26 806B 6 5 4 6 G.sacculifer -1.55 2.4 806B 6 5 23 25 G.sacculifer -1.32 2.04 806B 6 5 86 88 G.sacculifer -1.22 2.08 806B 6 5 144 146 G.sacculifer -1.07 2.13 806B 6 6 4 6 G.sacculifer -1.24 1.97 806B 6 6 18 20 G.sacculifer -1.26 2.21 806B 6 6 64 66 G.sacculifer -1.27 2.13 806B 6 6 78 80 G.sacculifer -1.3 2.17 806B 6 6 138 140 G.sacculifer -1.04 1.76 806B 6 7 4 6 G.sacculifer -0.77 2.08 806B 6 7 24 26 G.sacculifer -0.6 2.07 806B 6 7 65 67 G.sacculifer -0.93 1.96 806B 6 7 85 87 G.sacculifer -1.23 2.2 806B 7 1 59 61 G.sacculifer -1.22 2.09 806B 7 3 98 100 G.sacculifer -1.32 2.2 806B 7 6 105 107 G.sacculifer -1.5 2.3 806B 8 1 125 127 G.sacculifer -1.34 2.05 806B 8 4 49 51 G.sacculifer -1.45 1.98 806B 8 7 42 44 G.sacculifer -1.35 1.71 806B 9 1 78 80 G.sacculifer -1.38 2.29 806B 9 4 140 142 G.sacculifer -0.92 1.66 806B 9 6 20 22 G.sacculifer -1.38 2.05 806B 10 1 3 5 G.ruber -1.94 1.69 806B 10 1 22 24 G.ruber -1.67 1.72 806B 10 1 79 81 G.ruber -1.87 2.04 806B 10 1 99 101 G.ruber -1.71 1.93 806B 10 1 117 119 G.ruber -1.69 1.85 806B 10 1 138 140 G.ruber -1.88 2.17 806B 10 1 30 32 G.sacculifer -1.49 2.1 806B 10 2 20 22 G.ruber -1.72 1.77 806B 10 2 39 41 G.ruber -1.88 1.95 806B 10 2 59 61 G.ruber -1.87 2.4 806B 10 2 98 100 G.ruber -1.71 1.95 806B 10 3 40 42 G.ruber -1.33 1.72 806B 10 4 58 60 G.ruber -1.43 1.64 806B 17 5 59 61 G.sacculifer -1.17 1.97 806B 17 5 138 140 G.sacculifer -1.16 1.86 806B 17 CC 9 11 G.sacculifer -1.15 2.02 806B 18 CC 3 5 G.sacculifer -0.77 2.32 806B 19 CC 4 6 G.sacculifer -1.48 2.24 806B 20 CC 4 6 G.sacculifer -1.46 2.16 806B 21 CC 5 7 G.sacculifer -0.91 2.18 806B 22 CC 7 9 G.sacculifer -1.17 2.2 806B 23 CC 7 9 G.sacculifer -1.18 1.99 806B 24 CC 14 16 G.sacculifer -0.9 2.21 3. pCO2 Reconstruction Column 1: Age (millions of years before present) Column 2: Average pCO2 Column 3: Maximum pCO2 estimate Column 4: Minimum pCO2 estimate Age pCO2avg pCO2min pCO2max 0.006 254 275 229 0.014 206 232 190 0.028 188 208 169 0.037 198 219 179 0.052 203 226 185 0.09 224 246 203 0.091 246 269 224 0.106 270 299 249 0.111 267 296 246 0.128 221 243 200 0.146 203 226 186 0.164 205 228 187 0.198 226 252 207 0.212 246 271 226 0.244 207 232 190 0.247 193 219 177 0.253 242 269 224 0.255 191 215 174 0.259 239 268 222 0.267 189 210 170 0.297 225 247 204 0.316 270 301 252 0.33 233 262 215 0.36 198 222 182 0.367 207 227 187 0.374 279 309 259 0.379 220 247 204 0.424 276 308 257 0.426 214 243 200 0.529 242 271 224 0.541 222 248 204 0.581 278 308 258 0.588 230 258 212 0.613 249 273 227 0.617 258 287 239 0.636 206 235 192 0.67 227 254 210 0.7 253 281 233 0.71 236 264 218 0.72 214 242 198 0.728 217 244 200 0.785 231 259 212 0.801 236 264 219 0.85 272 302 252 0.86 269 300 250 0.864 278 310 259 0.872 312 350 287 0.886 227 257 210 0.904 183 209 167 0.923 251 283 232 0.933 236 264 218 0.942 259 290 241 0.95 260 287 239 0.953 232 261 214 0.961 301 335 280 0.97 255 283 235 0.981 264 296 246 1.012 210 234 191 1.033 285 318 265 1.06 265 293 246 1.079 259 288 239 1.093 273 304 254 1.108 267 299 249 1.113 259 291 241 1.139 289 330 257 1.158 247 278 229 1.172 260 289 240 1.184 262 293 243 1.22 299 336 275 1.236 265 298 247 1.247 282 317 262 1.283 242 269 221 1.297 246 276 227 1.27 264 296 245 1.295 229 256 210 1.302 253 285 235 1.307 285 318 265 1.316 285 319 266 1.326 245 272 225 1.335 275 308 256 1.344 315 351 294 1.353 318 355 295 1.359 295 329 276 1.364 235 261 214 1.371 281 313 261 1.382 332 368 311 1.391 313 346 291 1.401 319 360 291 2.504 206 232 184 2.674 217 243 194 2.746 201 226 179 2.857 181 203 159 3.008 215 242 192 3.034 236 264 212 3.194 243 275 222 3.266 211 238 189 3.317 254 278 225 3.322 267 295 240 3.327 229 258 206 3.338 247 271 219 3.343 266 294 239 3.348 237 263 211 3.354 243 270 216 3.363 279 308 251 3.368 271 297 242 3.373 289 317 260 3.383 312 345 285 3.388 302 336 277 3.393 308 341 282 3.396 277 308 252 3.401 267 298 242 3.406 261 292 237 3.41 255 283 229 3.415 245 272 220 3.42 274 304 248 3.447 266 295 241 5.061 331 371 305 5.085 309 347 283 5.156 237 270 212 7.274 308 351 282 7.685 216 242 186 8.094 221 249 191 8.503 236 255 220 8.91 242 276 212 9.326 240 273 208 9.736 247 284 217 12 368 439 324 13.06 405 476 362 15.04 450 496 407 15.99 407 454 366 17.16 408 455 367 18.1 426 474 384 19.06 386 435 346