2000 Year Precipitation-Based Southern Oscillation Index Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: 2000 Year Precipitation-Based Southern Oscillation Index Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 10/2011 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Yan, H., L. Sun, Y. Wang, W. Huang, S. Qiu, and C. Yang IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2011-132 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Yan, H., et al. 2011. 2000 Year Precipitation-Based Southern Oscillation Index Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2011-132. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Yan, H., L. Sun, Y. Wang, W. Huang, S. Qiu, and C. Yang. A record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the past 2,000 years from precipitation proxies. Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1231 ABSTRACT: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate phenomenon in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The interannual climate variations have been shown to modify both the Hadley and Walker meridional and zonal atmospheric circulations, with strong impacts on global climate. Proxy-based reconstructions of the Southern Oscillation Index on a multi-decadal scale have shown that the strength and frequency of El Niño occurrences have varied over the past millennium. Here we compile reconstructions of precipitation from regions that experience substantial ENSO variability to extend the multidecadal-scale Southern Oscillation Index to include the past 2,000 years. We find that the Medieval Warm Period (~AD 800–1300) was characterized by a negative index, which indicates more El Niño-dominated conditions, whereas during the Little Ice Age (~AD 1400-1850) more La Niña-dominated conditions prevailed. The Southern Oscillation Index we derive is significantly correlated with reconstructions of solar irradiance and mean Northern Hemisphere temperature fluctuations. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Conroy, J.L., J.T. Overpeck, J.E. Cole, T.M. Shanahan, and M. Steinitz-Kannan. 2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(11-12): 1166-1180. Oppo, D.W., Y. Rosenthal, and B.K. Linsley. 2009. 2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature, Vol. 460, No. 7259, pp. 1113-1116, 27 August 2009. doi:10.1038/nature08233 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Pacific Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 50 - 1955 AD FUNDING SOURCES: Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (40730107), Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No.2010CB428902). DESCRIPTION: Reconstruction of a precipitation-based Southern Oscillation Index (SOIpr) for the past 2000 years. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is positively correlated with precipitation over the Indo-Pacific warm pool, and negatively correlated with precipitation over the eastern and mid-tropical Pacific. Based on this correlation between SOI and precipitation, we propose a novel and SOI-like index, SOIpr, as the difference between normalized annual rainfalls in the positive rainfall anomaly area (PA) of the tropical western Pacific, and the negative rainfall anomaly area (NA) of the equatorial eastern and mid-Pacific. Proxy precipitation records from Indonesia and Galapagos were used to calculate SOIpr for the past two millennia. The Indonesian rainfall was derived from a salinity reconstruction based on planktonic-foraminifera d18O and the Mg/Ca ratio (Oppo et al. 2009). Data available from WDC Paleo at: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/ oppo2009/oppo2009.txt The rainfall history of the Galapagos (7241 BC - AD 2004) is derived from a lake level reconstruction which is based on the grain size data from the Lago El Junco sediment core (Conroy et al. 2008). Data available from WDC Paleo at: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ southamerica/ecuador/galapagos/eljunco2008.txt DATA: Age(AD) SOIpr 50 -1.160 51 -1.147 52 -1.134 53 -1.120 54 -1.107 55 -1.093 56 -1.051 57 -1.008 58 -0.969 59 -0.930 60 -0.890 61 -0.851 62 -0.812 63 -0.773 64 -0.734 65 -0.694 66 -0.685 67 -0.675 68 -0.665 69 -0.655 70 -0.645 71 -0.635 72 -0.626 73 -0.616 74 -0.606 75 -0.596 76 -0.604 77 -0.612 78 -0.619 79 -0.627 80 -0.655 81 -0.682 82 -0.710 83 -0.738 84 -0.765 85 -0.793 86 -0.785 87 -0.777 88 -0.770 89 -0.762 90 -0.755 91 -0.747 92 -0.739 93 -0.732 94 -0.724 95 -0.716 96 -0.744 97 -0.771 98 -0.799 99 -0.827 100 -0.854 101 -0.882 102 -0.909 103 -0.917 104 -0.924 105 -0.932 106 -0.915 107 -0.899 108 -0.883 109 -0.867 110 -0.851 111 -0.835 112 -0.819 113 -0.802 114 -0.786 115 -0.770 116 -0.772 117 -0.773 118 -0.775 119 -0.776 120 -0.778 121 -0.779 122 -0.781 123 -0.782 124 -0.784 125 -0.785 126 -0.771 127 -0.758 128 -0.744 129 -0.730 130 -0.717 131 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