# Clarion Island, Revillagigedos Archipelago, Mexico Porites d18O Data from 1819-1998 #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21310 # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/sanchez2016/sanchez2016-clarion.txt # # Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges # # Parameter_Keywords: #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2017-01-31 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Clarion Island, Revillagigedos Archipelago, Mexico Porites d18O Data from 1819-1998 #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Sanchez, Sara C.; Charles, Chris D.; Carriquiry, Jose D.; Villaescusa, Julio A. #--------------------------------------- # Description and Notes # Description: Modern eastern tropical north Pacific coral. Measurement precision of d18O: 0.07 per mil PDB. Basis of d18O climate relation: SST and d18O of seawater (~salinity). # Provided Keywords: d18O, decadal variability, NPGO #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Sanchez, S.C., C.D. Charles, J.D. Carriquiry, and J.A. Villaescusa # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016 # Published_Title: Two centuries of coherent decadal climate variability across the Pacific North American region  # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 43 # Edition: # Issue: 17 # Pages:  9208–9216 # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069037 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The decadal variability of the Pacific Ocean and North American hydroclimate are subjects of immediate concern for society, yet the length of the instrumental record limits full mechanistic understanding of this variability. Here we introduce a 178?year, seasonally resolved coral oxygen isotopic record from Clarion Island (18°N, 115°W), a region that is strongly influenced by the decadal-scale fluctuations of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and a subtropical region that serves as a critical locus for the communication of climate anomalies with the tropics. This Mexican Pacific coral record is highly correlated to coral records from the central tropical Pacific and tree ring records from western North America. Significant changes in the amplitude of oceanic decadal variability in the early 19thcentury are mirrored in the drought reconstructions in western North America. The spatial manifestation of this relationship was relatively invariant, despite notable changes in the climatic mean state. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site Information # Site_Name: Clarion Island, Revillagigedos Archipelago # Location: Mexico # Country: Mexico # Northernmost_Latitude: 18.4 # Southernmost_Latitude: 18.4 # Easternmost_Longitude: -114.7 # Westernmost_Longitude: -114.7 # Elevation: -8 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Clarion Coral d18O Sanchez16 # First_Year: 1819 # Last_Year: 1998 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Species # Species_Name: # Common_Name: # Tree_Species_Code: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## age_AD age,,,years AD,,,,,N ## d18Oporites delta 18O,Porites sp.,,per mil PDB,fitted to seasonal resolution,Coral and Sclerosponge,,analytical technique: isotope ratio mass spectrometry,MAT253,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,MAT254,N #------------------------ # Data # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Value: NA age_AD d18Oporites 1819.5 -3.699 1819.750084 -3.10883 1820.000168 -3.23987 1820.250252 -3.60419 1820.500336 -4.06688 1820.75042 -4.0401 1821.000504 -3.93047 1821.250588 -3.99664 1821.500672 -4.02531 1821.750756 -3.7319 1822.00084 -3.49961 1822.250924 -3.72659 1822.501008 -3.79775 1822.751092 -3.4993 1823.001176 -3.23651 1823.251261 -3.13549 1823.501345 -3.36651 1823.751429 -3.33422 1824.001513 -3.2545 1824.251597 -3.40863 1824.501681 -3.60131 1824.751765 -3.56045 1825.001849 -3.52342 1825.251933 -3.71466 1825.502017 -3.82071 1825.752101 -3.61264 1826.002185 -3.62369 1826.252269 -4.14848 1826.502353 -4.07814 1826.752437 -3.68312 1827.002521 -3.62114 1827.252605 -3.91986 1827.502689 -4.0072 1827.752773 -3.78769 1828.002857 -3.73533 1828.252941 -4.26289 1828.503025 -4.57914 1828.753109 -4.50291 1829.003193 -4.22503 1829.253277 -4.28874 1829.503361 -4.42983 1829.753445 -4.26813 1830.003529 -3.87148 1830.253613 -3.94642 1830.503697 -4.55965 1830.753782 -4.49214 1831.003866 -3.79429 1831.25395 -4.20905 1831.504034 -4.39268 1831.754118 -4.01833 1832.004202 -3.83575 1832.254286 -4.10257 1832.50437 -4.24858 1832.754454 -3.94381 1833.004538 -3.4629 1833.254622 -3.48883 1833.504706 -3.70109 1833.75479 -3.62617 1834.004874 -3.48527 1834.254958 -3.63218 1834.505042 -3.83318 1834.755126 -3.45068 1835.00521 -3.21925 1835.255294 -3.82539 1835.505378 -4.33352 1835.755462 -4.01897 1836.005546 -3.75884 1836.25563 -4.07046 1836.505714 -4.19252 1836.755798 -3.90106 1837.005882 -3.90375 1837.255966 -4.31552 1837.50605 -4.23783 1837.756134 -3.87833 1838.006218 -3.6252 1838.256303 -3.52359 1838.506387 -3.8095 1838.756471 -3.8021 1839.006555 -3.71198 1839.256639 -4.03071 1839.506723 -4.02307 1839.756807 -3.7381 1840.006891 -3.36795 1840.256975 -3.45372 1840.507059 -3.65985 1840.757143 -3.61809 1841.007227 -3.27507 1841.257311 -3.45588 1841.507395 -3.69784 1841.757479 -3.47479 1842.007563 -3.42552 1842.257647 -3.55794 1842.507731 -3.83911 1842.757815 -3.82157 1843.007899 -3.6354 1843.257983 -3.74139 1843.508067 -3.94618 1843.758151 -3.90698 1844.008235 -3.80022 1844.258319 -3.89338 1844.508403 -4.60564 1844.758487 -4.53537 1845.008571 -3.82834 1845.258655 -3.96842 1845.508739 -4.16327 1845.758824 -3.64991 1846.008908 -3.65213 1846.258992 -3.9936 1846.509076 -4.74293 1846.75916 -4.30396 1847.009244 -3.70632 1847.259328 -4.17984 1847.509412 -4.52224 1847.759496 -4.39128 1848.00958 -4.34696 1848.259664 -4.58662 1848.509748 -4.73439 1848.759832 -4.55066 1849.009916 -4.3872 1849.26 -4.52795 1849.510084 -4.57993 1849.760168 -4.24602 1850.010252 -3.82407 1850.260336 -4.10688 1850.51042 -4.35355 1850.760504 -3.9346 1851.010588 -3.91603 1851.260672 -4.16316 1851.510756 -4.30917 1851.76084 -4.23943 1852.010924 -4.22391 1852.261008 -4.39953 1852.511092 -4.29458 1852.761176 -3.80824 1853.011261 -3.67849 1853.261345 -3.75722 1853.511429 -4.04365 1853.761513 -3.61362 1854.011597 -3.41245 1854.261681 -3.57231 1854.511765 -3.64563 1854.761849 -3.42563 1855.011933 -3.37889 1855.262017 -3.79258 1855.512101 -4.0499 1855.762185 -4.01785 1856.012269 -3.97032 1856.262353 -4.10867 1856.512437 -4.04418 1856.762521 -3.6227 1857.012605 -3.46831 1857.262689 -3.72477 1857.512773 -3.93765 1857.762857 -3.73774 1858.012941 -3.68641 1858.263025 -4.19832 1858.513109 -3.87577 1858.763193 -3.70152 1859.013277 -3.54092 1859.263361 -3.77643 1859.513445 -4.03103 1859.763529 -3.75681 1860.013613 -3.44978 1860.263697 -3.95699 1860.513782 -4.84475 1860.763866 -4.34632 1861.01395 -4.12137 1861.264034 -4.15793 1861.514118 -4.27419 1861.764202 -4.14185 1862.014286 -4.07147 1862.26437 -4.30356 1862.514454 -4.32449 1862.764538 -3.99425 1863.014622 -3.89856 1863.264706 -4.15923 1863.51479 -4.38472 1863.764874 -4.19937 1864.014958 -4.24942 1864.265042 -4.45924 1864.515126 -4.71562 1864.76521 -4.2328 1865.015294 -4.38165 1865.265378 -4.4627 1865.515462 -4.62676 1865.765546 -4.28741 1866.01563 -4.09205 1866.265714 -4.32799 1866.515798 -4.42924 1866.765882 -4.26315 1867.015966 -4.13902 1867.26605 -4.23398 1867.516134 -4.34014 1867.766218 -4.02685 1868.016303 -3.77696 1868.266387 -3.82908 1868.516471 -3.90157 1868.766555 -3.67409 1869.016639 -3.71428 1869.266723 -4.014 1869.516807 -4.27376 1869.766891 -4.37855 1870.016975 -4.25012 1870.267059 -3.98043 1870.517143 -4.08218 1870.767227 -4.30006 1871.017311 -4.10151 1871.267395 -4.08326 1871.517479 -4.22602 1871.767563 -3.82792 1872.017647 -3.77332 1872.267731 -4.10897 1872.517815 -4.14595 1872.767899 -4.05036 1873.017983 -3.82487 1873.268067 -3.82557 1873.518151 -4.01055 1873.768235 -3.91555 1874.018319 -3.78197 1874.268403 -3.89056 1874.518487 -4.02958 1874.768571 -3.93391 1875.018655 -3.73315 1875.268739 -3.77771 1875.518824 -3.93436 1875.768908 -3.83723 1876.018992 -3.80666 1876.269076 -4.11507 1876.51916 -4.30231 1876.769244 -4.02328 1877.019328 -3.73738 1877.269412 -3.81399 1877.519496 -3.87152 1877.76958 -3.63586 1878.019664 -3.42012 1878.269748 -3.6041 1878.519832 -4.02517 1878.769916 -4.03367 1879.02 -3.86663 1879.270084 -4.06256 1879.520168 -4.53911 1879.770252 -4.3576 1880.020336 -4.02425 1880.27042 -4.05043 1880.520504 -4.16016 1880.770588 -4.0778 1881.020672 -4.02263 1881.270756 -4.14825 1881.52084 -4.11097 1881.770924 -3.8244 1882.021008 -4.13524 1882.271092 -4.54228 1882.521176 -4.69547 1882.771261 -3.70425 1883.021345 -3.46217 1883.271429 -4.09336 1883.521513 -3.81121 1883.771597 -3.45851 1884.021681 -3.72481 1884.271765 -4.14958 1884.521849 -4.21924 1884.771933 -4.06329 1885.022017 -3.88602 1885.272101 -4.01822 1885.522185 -4.32172 1885.772269 -4.26677 1886.022353 -3.87503 1886.272437 -3.98821 1886.522521 -4.28258 1886.772605 -4.22235 1887.022689 -3.86684 1887.272773 -4.09665 1887.522857 -4.14791 1887.772941 -3.84596 1888.023025 -3.73695 1888.273109 -3.55121 1888.523193 -4.3123 1888.773277 -3.83971 1889.023361 -3.81824 1889.273445 -3.98825 1889.523529 -4.30494 1889.773613 -4.13745 1890.023697 -3.83048 1890.273782 -4.35632 1890.523866 -4.25899 1890.77395 -3.78818 1891.024034 -3.96695 1891.274118 -4.06269 1891.524202 -4.75205 1891.774286 -4.13355 1892.02437 -3.84324 1892.274454 -4.09749 1892.524538 -4.41174 1892.774622 -3.96167 1893.024706 -3.48722 1893.27479 -3.66701 1893.524874 -3.89214 1893.774958 -3.72186 1894.025042 -3.71435 1894.275126 -3.87132 1894.52521 -3.9082 1894.775294 -3.76937 1895.025378 -3.70194 1895.275462 -3.96845 1895.525546 -4.12246 1895.77563 -3.94464 1896.025714 -4.14516 1896.275798 -4.23358 1896.525882 -4.29501 1896.775966 -3.7532 1897.02605 -3.98288 1897.276134 -4.06035 1897.526218 -4.38405 1897.776303 -4.22733 1898.026387 -3.97748 1898.276471 -4.10266 1898.526555 -4.19501 1898.776639 -3.80192 1899.026723 -3.75565 1899.276807 -4.03153 1899.526891 -4.60475 1899.776975 -4.34742 1900.027059 -4.07884 1900.277143 -4.09308 1900.527227 -4.06985 1900.777311 -3.79228 1901.027395 -3.79581 1901.277479 -3.95217 1901.527563 -4.28681 1901.777647 -3.65045 1902.027731 -3.47251 1902.277815 -3.95827 1902.527899 -4.05748 1902.777983 -3.92467 1903.028067 -4.09916 1903.278151 -4.2125 1903.528235 -4.11184 1903.778319 -3.92807 1904.028403 -3.4911 1904.278487 -3.98749 1904.528571 -4.30947 1904.778655 -4.23828 1905.028739 -4.25451 1905.278824 -4.55392 1905.528908 -4.49295 1905.778992 -4.12497 1906.029076 -4.30699 1906.27916 -4.45278 1906.529244 -4.51132 1906.779328 -4.1828 1907.029412 -3.89862 1907.279496 -4.02749 1907.52958 -4.34435 1907.779664 -4.14769 1908.029748 -4.0307 1908.279832 -3.79213 1908.529916 -3.78652 1908.78 -4.024 1909.030084 -3.93671 1909.280168 -4.05105 1909.530252 -4.08171 1909.780336 -3.71781 1910.03042 -3.48257 1910.280504 -3.74038 1910.530588 -4.0186 1910.780672 -3.95087 1911.030756 -3.89311 1911.28084 -4.20485 1911.530924 -4.36002 1911.781008 -4.0451 1912.031092 -3.78438 1912.281176 -3.92358 1912.531261 -4.03504 1912.781345 -3.81799 1913.031429 -3.68993 1913.281513 -3.91803 1913.531597 -4.03366 1913.781681 -3.85042 1914.031765 -4.03476 1914.281849 -4.10809 1914.531933 -4.06494 1914.782017 -3.75736 1915.032101 -3.88111 1915.282185 -3.98436 1915.532269 -4.00031 1915.782353 -3.86932 1916.032437 -3.89044 1916.282521 -4.13368 1916.532605 -4.23521 1916.782689 -3.98016 1917.032773 -3.84033 1917.282857 -3.86122 1917.532941 -4.01666 1917.783025 -3.79675 1918.033109 -3.904 1918.283193 -4.24552 1918.533277 -4.08291 1918.783361 -3.92997 1919.033445 -4.1321 1919.283529 -4.43074 1919.533613 -4.35338 1919.783697 -4.26984 1920.033782 -3.93702 1920.283866 -4.34969 1920.53395 -4.40477 1920.784034 -4.01832 1921.034118 -3.8956 1921.284202 -3.8125 1921.534286 -4.42985 1921.78437 -3.99825 1922.034454 -3.68317 1922.284538 -3.87588 1922.534622 -3.85801 1922.784706 -3.51008 1923.03479 -3.36495 1923.284874 -3.49224 1923.534958 -3.54203 1923.785042 -3.34143 1924.035126 -3.44877 1924.28521 -4.07281 1924.535294 -4.17086 1924.785378 -3.78015 1925.035462 -3.76587 1925.285546 -3.917 1925.53563 -4.2876 1925.785714 -4.13796 1926.035798 -4.13419 1926.285882 -4.29949 1926.535966 -4.25287 1926.78605 -4.00189 1927.036134 -3.61721 1927.286218 -4.17829 1927.536303 -4.3312 1927.786387 -4.13647 1928.036471 -4.07242 1928.286555 -4.16596 1928.536639 -4.13352 1928.786723 -3.88701 1929.036807 -3.91418 1929.286891 -4.54241 1929.536975 -5.09553 1929.787059 -4.58896 1930.037143 -4.25901 1930.287227 -4.27844 1930.537311 -4.42283 1930.787395 -4.48856 1931.037479 -4.38859 1931.287563 -4.53671 1931.537647 -4.64667 1931.787731 -4.43915 1932.037815 -3.98074 1932.287899 -4.08548 1932.537983 -4.53479 1932.788067 -4.6478 1933.038151 -4.50022 1933.288235 -4.37735 1933.538319 -4.52424 1933.788403 -4.13222 1934.038487 -4.42698 1934.288571 -4.48853 1934.538655 -4.54743 1934.788739 -4.37741 1935.038824 -4.24778 1935.288908 -4.72488 1935.538992 -4.80336 1935.789076 -4.56568 1936.03916 -4.40389 1936.289244 -4.3774 1936.539328 -4.6239 1936.789412 -4.13818 1937.039496 -4.21336 1937.28958 -4.58041 1937.539664 -4.90719 1937.789748 -4.8859 1938.039832 -4.15267 1938.289916 -4.43804 1938.54 -4.6662 1938.790084 -4.47933 1939.040168 -4.61 1939.290252 -5.1336 1939.540336 -4.83889 1939.79042 -3.86692 1940.040504 -3.95538 1940.290588 -4.54867 1940.540672 -4.66352 1940.790756 -4.32558 1941.04084 -4.18299 1941.290924 -4.20074 1941.541008 -4.35242 1941.791092 -4.21681 1942.041176 -4.0789 1942.291261 -4.14188 1942.541345 -4.18497 1942.791429 -4.09035 1943.041513 -4.11911 1943.291597 -4.27197 1943.541681 -4.26168 1943.791765 -3.95237 1944.041849 -3.84116 1944.291933 -4.34264 1944.542017 -4.24401 1944.792101 -4.08868 1945.042185 -3.93721 1945.292269 -4.05689 1945.542353 -4.17959 1945.792437 -3.9072 1946.042521 -3.8814 1946.292605 -4.09704 1946.542689 -4.30294 1946.792773 -4.00621 1947.042857 -3.69743 1947.292941 -4.09071 1947.543025 -4.60685 1947.793109 -4.09899 1948.043193 -4.18933 1948.293277 -4.49838 1948.543361 -4.81797 1948.793445 -4.20515 1949.043529 -3.84507 1949.293613 -4.15897 1949.543697 -4.4216 1949.793782 -3.9825 1950.043866 -3.71713 1950.29395 -3.98957 1950.544034 -4.34177 1950.794118 -4.24977 1951.044202 -4.20045 1951.294286 -4.42807 1951.54437 -4.60499 1951.794454 -4.36139 1952.044538 -4.23494 1952.294622 -4.50604 1952.544706 -4.52469 1952.79479 -4.14168 1953.044874 -4.14089 1953.294958 -4.3102 1953.545042 -4.24917 1953.795126 -3.70659 1954.04521 -3.69502 1954.295294 -4.00009 1954.545378 -4.14195 1954.795462 -4.14148 1955.045546 -4.03981 1955.29563 -3.85614 1955.545714 -4.03823 1955.795798 -3.95396 1956.045882 -4.10832 1956.295966 -4.36598 1956.54605 -4.35433 1956.796134 -4.15553 1957.046218 -3.93406 1957.296303 -4.17219 1957.546387 -4.06683 1957.796471 -3.55869 1958.046555 -3.78724 1958.296639 -4.27124 1958.546723 -4.26591 1958.796807 -3.87022 1959.046891 -3.65834 1959.296975 -3.86708 1959.547059 -3.92129 1959.797143 -3.8174 1960.047227 -3.96259 1960.297311 -4.15521 1960.547395 -4.19182 1960.797479 -4.0086 1961.047563 -3.89314 1961.297647 -4.00132 1961.547731 -4.1173 1961.797815 -4.09251 1962.047899 -4.06154 1962.297983 -4.09632 1962.548067 -4.03384 1962.798151 -3.8426 1963.048235 -3.83655 1963.298319 -4.07805 1963.548403 -4.14119 1963.798487 -4.08281 1964.048571 -3.989 1964.298655 -4.14436 1964.548739 -4.32777 1964.798824 -4.18916 1965.048908 -4.24377 1965.298992 -4.4463 1965.549076 -4.42826 1965.79916 -4.16816 1966.049244 -4.20702 1966.299328 -4.34582 1966.549412 -4.32069 1966.799496 -4.20925 1967.04958 -4.17953 1967.299664 -4.32873 1967.549748 -4.43182 1967.799832 -4.27648 1968.049916 -4.24054 1968.3 -4.40093 1968.550084 -4.5309 1968.800168 -4.305 1969.050252 -4.03711 1969.300336 -4.09678 1969.55042 -4.17974 1969.800504 -3.97787 1970.050588 -3.99199 1970.300672 -4.14992 1970.550756 -4.18376 1970.80084 -4.07052 1971.050924 -4.01827 1971.301008 -4.04886 1971.551092 -4.02961 1971.801176 -3.88977 1972.051261 -3.85037 1972.301345 -3.98941 1972.551429 -4.00406 1972.801513 -3.84028 1973.051597 -3.86567 1973.301681 -3.96206 1973.551765 -3.92236 1973.801849 -3.78467 1974.051933 -3.76281 1974.302017 -3.92296 1974.552101 -4.03746 1974.802185 -3.89493 1975.052269 -3.79878 1975.302353 -3.97486 1975.552437 -4.19461 1975.802521 -4.06103 1976.052605 -3.78416 1976.302689 -3.77692 1976.552773 -3.99145 1976.802857 -3.91072 1977.052941 -3.70423 1977.303025 -3.9893 1977.553109 -4.12626 1977.803193 -4.0061 1978.053277 -3.97263 1978.303361 -4.10575 1978.553445 -4.12827 1978.803529 -3.76118 1979.053613 -3.51152 1979.303697 -3.9832 1979.553782 -4.30668 1979.803866 -4.14329 1980.05395 -4.21957 1980.304034 -3.98862 1980.554118 -4.27624 1980.804202 -4.2224 1981.054286 -4.13528 1981.30437 -4.37399 1981.554454 -4.40965 1981.804538 -4.28943 1982.054622 -4.19109 1982.304706 -4.38203 1982.55479 -4.42888 1982.804874 -4.23071 1983.054958 -4.19244 1983.305042 -4.4793 1983.555126 -4.77699 1983.80521 -4.4767 1984.055294 -4.1862 1984.305378 -4.31001 1984.555462 -4.40768 1984.805546 -4.30568 1985.05563 -4.26519 1985.305714 -4.20499 1985.555798 -4.2936 1985.805882 -4.28566 1986.055966 -4.19611 1986.30605 -4.33604 1986.556134 -4.57547 1986.806218 -4.17295 1987.056303 -4.14819 1987.306387 -4.23484 1987.556471 -4.18217 1987.806555 -4.24326 1988.056639 -4.01476 1988.306723 -3.9011 1988.556807 -4.04878 1988.806891 -4.09363 1989.056975 -4.07049 1989.307059 -4.1071 1989.557143 -4.32025 1989.807227 -4.53504 1990.057311 -4.37687 1990.307395 -4.26891 1990.557479 -4.20862 1990.807563 -4.2067 1991.057647 -4.17146 1991.307731 -4.43423 1991.557815 -4.54235 1991.807899 -4.45649 1992.057983 -4.46964 1992.308067 -4.62297 1992.558151 -4.62521 1992.808235 -4.4304 1993.058319 -4.38842 1993.308403 -4.48617 1993.558487 -4.50324 1993.808571 -4.34195 1994.058655 -4.24494 1994.308739 -4.41439 1994.558824 -4.54523 1994.808908 -4.36449 1995.058992 -4.29097 1995.309076 -4.39133 1995.55916 -4.42114 1995.809244 -4.23851 1996.059328 -4.28463 1996.309412 -4.37352 1996.559496 -4.43333 1996.80958 -4.30429 1997.059664 -4.5102 1997.309748 -4.65135 1997.559832 -4.7356 1997.809916 -4.42366 1998.06 -4.08464