Kiritimati Island Porites Coral Microatoll d18O Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Kiritimati Island Porites Coral Microatoll d18O Data LAST UPDATE: 11/2011 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: McGregor, H.V., M.J. Fischer, M.K. Gagan, D. Fink, and C.D. Woodroffe. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2011-144 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: McGregor, H.V., et al. 2011. Kiritimati Island Porites Coral Microatoll d18O Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2011-144. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCES: McGregor, H.V., M.J. Fischer, M.K. Gagan, D. Fink, and C.D. Woodroffe. 2011. Environmental control of the oxygen isotope composition of Porites coral microatolls. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, No. 14, pp. 3930-3944, 15 July 2011. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.017 Woodroffe, C.D. and M.K. Gagan. 2000. Coral microatolls from the central Pacific record late Holocene El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 1511-1514, May 15, 2000. 2000GL01140 Woodroffe, C.D., M.R. Beech, and M.K. Gagan. 2003. Mid-late Holocene El Niño variability in the equatorial Pacific from coral microatolls. Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 30(7), pp. 1358, doi:10.1029/2002GL015868. ABSTRACT (McGregor et al. 2011): Understanding the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on geochemical signals in corals is critical for assessing coral-derived records of tropical climate variability. Porites microatolls form large, disk-shaped colonies constrained in their upward growth by exposure at or close to mean spring low water level, and occur on Indo-Pacific reefs. Microatolls appear suitable for paleoclimate reconstruction, however the systematics of the microatoll chemistry-climate relationship are yet to be characterized. In this study, the d18O signal in Porites microatolls from well-flushed reef flats on Kiritimati (Christmas) Island, central Pacific was investigated for intra-coral (growth aspect and extension rate effects) and between-coral effects, and to explore the climate signal contained within their skeletons. Samples for d18O analysis were taken from six individual transects from different positions within Porites microatoll XM22. The results show that: (1) the average standard deviation for the mean d18O values of transects that represent the same time periods is 0.03 per mil, and is within measurement error for a single analysis (0.04 per mil); (2) the average standard deviation for time-equivalent, near-monthly samples along the transects within the same microatoll is 0.07 per mil and; (3) comparison of the average d18O values of records for different microatolls from across Kiritimati Island show only a small between-coral differences of 0.04 per mil and 0.11 per mil for different time periods. These differences in mean d18O are within the range for intra- and inter-colony differences in seasonal and interannual d18O reported for dome-shaped Porites. Based on these results, a stacked microatoll d18O record was constructed for the period 1978-2007 for comparison with published coral d18O records for nearby dome-shaped Porites. There is a systematic offset between the two types of records, which is probably due to variations in d18O seawater across Kiritimati Island. Despite the offset, all records show similar amplitudes for the seasonal-cycle of d18O, and there is a strong correlation (r = -0.71) between microatoll d18O and local sea surface temperature (SST). The d18O-SST slope relationship for microatolls is -0.15 per mil/°C, very similar to that reported for fast-growing domed corals (-0.18 per mil to -0.22 per mil/°C). Statistical analysis of the stacked microatoll d18O record shows that it is correlated with both local and large-scale climate variables (primarily SST) at semiannual, annual and interannual timescales. Our results show that the signal reproducibility and fidelity of skeletal d18O in coral microatolls is comparable to that observed for more conventional coral growth forms. Longer-lived, and fossil, Porites microatolls, where they have grown in suitably flushed environments, are likely to contain d18O signals that can significantly extend instrumental records of tropical climate variability. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Southwest Pacific Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 1978 - 2007 AD FUNDING SOURCES: Australian Research Council Discovery Project Grants DP0664313 and DP1092945, ANSTO 'Cosmogenic climate Archives of the Southern Hemisphere' (CcASH) Project, Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering Research (AINSE) Fellowship Grant, AINSE Research Fellowship. DESCRIPTION: Porites coral microatoll oxygen isotope (d18O) data at monthly resolution, from samples collected near Kiritimati (Christmas) Island in the central Pacific. Data include individual colony d18O series, both new and previously published, plus a stacked d18O record combining data from 3 colonies. Kiritimati (Christmas) Island: 1°52'N, 157°25'W. DATA: 1. Electronic version of water isotope data from Table 5. Table 5. Summary of d18Osw (per mil V-SMOW) for seawater samples collected in 2007 from sites around Kiritimati Island. Location/Sample Latitude Longitude WaterDepth d18O Salinity (psu) Cecile Peninsula 01°51.320' 157°30.008' <1 0.25 33.5 Wilkes Lagoon - - <1 0.64 34.4 Grapple Rocks-1 01°57.432' 157°29.544' <1 0.46 35.0 Grapple Rocks-2 01°57.432' 157°29.544' 15 0.40 34.8 Grapple Rocks-3 01°57.432' 157°29.544' 30 0.41 35.0 2. Oxygen isotope data for Figure 4a and 4b of McGregor et al. 2011 See main text of McGregor et al. (2011) for measurement details and references. Included here is data from Woodroffe and Gagan (2000), and Woodroffe et al. (2003) also presented in McGregor et al. (2011) Figure 4a and 4b. Also included are the time-averaged data for all analyses of coral XM22 (not presented in Figure 4a and 4b). All isotope data reported in ‰. McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) McGregor et al. (2011) Woodroffe et al. (2003) Woodroffe and Gagan (2000) (NOTE: not ploted in Figures 4, 5, or 6. Average of XM22-1, XM22-3i, XM22-6i, XM22-6ii, XM22-9) Month XM22-d18O Month XM22-1-d18O Month XM22-3i-d18O Month XM22-6ii1-d18O Month XM22-6ii2-d18O Month XM22-9-d18O Month XM22-3ii-d18O Month XM0-d18O Month CW3-d18O 2007.375 -5.16 2007.292 -5.30 2007.375 -5.33 2007.375 -5.10 2007.375 -5.07 2007.208 -4.99 2001.958 -4.89 1999.625 -5.15 1991.458 -5.28 2007.292 -5.17 2007.208 -5.33 2007.292 -5.30 2007.292 -5.05 2007.292 -5.05 2007.125 -4.87 2001.875 -4.98 1999.542 -5.18 1991.375 -5.16 2007.208 -5.13 2007.125 -5.19 2007.208 -5.23 2007.208 -5.07 2007.208 -5.02 2007.042 -5.00 2001.792 -5.07 1999.458 -5.21 1991.292 -5.18 2007.125 -5.07 2007.042 -5.31 2007.125 -5.30 2007.125 -5.00 2007.125 -5.00 2006.958 -5.11 2001.708 -5.14 1999.375 -5.15 1991.208 -5.16 2007.042 -5.12 2006.958 -5.35 2007.042 -5.22 2007.042 -5.07 2007.042 -5.00 2006.875 -5.11 2001.625 -5.06 1999.292 -5.08 1991.125 -5.07 2006.958 -5.20 2006.875 -5.38 2006.958 -5.23 2006.958 -5.11 2006.958 -5.18 2006.792 -5.13 2001.542 -5.03 1999.208 -4.98 1991.042 -5.17 2006.875 -5.19 2006.792 -5.33 2006.875 -5.18 2006.875 -5.07 2006.875 -5.20 2006.708 -5.20 2001.458 -5.05 1999.125 -4.96 1990.958 -5.26 2006.792 -5.16 2006.708 -5.15 2006.792 -5.17 2006.792 -5.03 2006.792 -5.12 2006.625 -5.17 2001.375 -5.10 1999.042 -4.96 1990.875 -5.21 2006.708 -5.14 2006.625 -5.26 2006.708 -5.19 2006.708 -5.02 2006.708 -5.13 2006.542 -5.09 2001.292 -5.00 1998.958 -4.96 1990.792 -5.09 2006.625 -5.13 2006.542 -5.22 2006.625 -5.21 2006.625 -4.99 2006.625 -5.01 2006.458 -5.00 2001.208 -4.91 1998.875 -4.96 1990.708 -4.84 2006.542 -5.11 2006.458 -5.22 2006.542 -5.14 2006.542 -5.06 2006.542 -5.05 2006.375 -4.95 2001.125 -4.81 1998.792 -4.94 1990.625 -4.77 2006.458 -5.13 2006.375 -5.22 2006.458 -5.21 2006.458 -5.13 2006.458 -5.07 2006.292 -4.93 2001.042 -4.86 1998.708 -4.92 1990.542 -4.94 2006.375 -5.09 2006.292 -5.22 2006.375 -5.26 2006.375 -5.04 2006.375 -5.01 2006.208 -4.90 2000.958 -4.83 1998.625 -5.02 1990.458 -5.04 2006.292 -5.04 2006.208 -5.22 2006.292 -5.07 2006.292 -5.03 2006.292 -4.97 2006.125 -4.86 2000.875 -5.01 1998.542 -5.12 1990.375 -5.01 2006.208 -4.98 2006.125 -4.97 2006.208 -4.98 2006.208 -4.96 2006.208 -4.84 2006.042 -4.92 2000.792 -4.98 1998.458 -5.23 1990.292 -5.29 2006.125 -4.87 2006.042 -5.07 2006.125 -4.93 2006.125 -4.85 2006.125 -4.75 2005.958 -4.91 2000.708 -4.99 1998.375 -5.33 1990.208 -5.21 2006.042 -4.94 2005.958 -5.06 2006.042 -4.94 2006.042 -4.91 2006.042 -4.86 2005.875 -5.08 2000.625 -4.90 1998.292 -5.27 1990.125 -5.12 2005.958 -4.98 2005.875 -5.05 2005.958 -4.95 2005.958 -5.03 2005.958 -4.97 2005.792 -5.12 2000.542 -4.96 1998.208 -5.48 1990.042 -5.05 2005.875 -5.05 2005.792 -5.09 2005.875 -5.11 2005.875 -5.04 2005.875 -4.98 2005.708 -5.19 2000.458 -4.90 1998.125 -5.69 1989.958 -4.98 2005.792 -5.07 2005.708 -5.16 2005.792 -5.08 2005.792 -5.07 2005.792 -4.99 2005.625 -5.20 2000.375 -4.90 1998.042 -5.72 1989.875 -5.01 2005.708 -5.11 2005.625 -5.15 2005.708 -5.08 2005.708 -5.13 2005.708 -5.00 2005.542 -5.15 2000.292 -4.85 1997.958 -5.79 1989.792 -5.04 2005.625 -5.13 2005.542 -5.29 2005.625 -5.13 2005.625 -5.11 2005.625 -5.06 2005.458 -5.18 2000.208 -4.80 1997.875 -5.82 1989.708 -5.09 2005.542 -5.18 2005.458 -5.19 2005.542 -5.19 2005.542 -5.18 2005.542 -5.09 2005.375 -5.19 2000.125 -4.65 1997.792 -5.70 1989.625 -5.02 2005.458 -5.17 2005.375 -5.23 2005.458 -5.17 2005.458 -5.18 2005.458 -5.11 2005.292 -5.12 2000.042 -4.71 1997.708 -5.59 1989.542 -4.99 2005.375 -5.19 2005.292 -5.20 2005.375 -5.21 2005.375 -5.15 2005.375 -5.14 2005.208 -5.07 1999.958 -4.79 1997.625 -5.62 1989.458 -4.86 2005.292 -5.14 2005.208 -5.12 2005.292 -5.17 2005.292 -5.11 2005.292 -5.12 2005.125 -5.06 1999.875 -4.85 1997.542 -5.56 1989.375 -4.78 2005.208 -5.13 2005.125 -5.09 2005.208 -5.23 2005.208 -5.15 2005.208 -5.06 2005.042 -5.12 1999.792 -4.82 1997.458 -5.70 1989.292 -4.70 2005.125 -5.04 2005.042 -5.17 2005.125 -4.99 2005.125 -5.05 2005.125 -4.99 2004.958 -5.20 1999.708 -4.86 1997.375 -5.45 1989.208 -4.70 2005.042 -5.09 2004.958 -5.19 2005.042 -5.07 2005.042 -5.10 2005.042 -5.01 2004.875 -5.25 1999.625 -4.95 1997.292 -5.17 1989.125 -4.71 2004.958 -5.17 2004.875 -5.21 2004.958 -5.16 2004.958 -5.26 2004.958 -5.04 2004.792 -5.25 1999.542 -4.94 1997.208 -5.09 1989.042 -4.75 2004.875 -5.22 2004.792 -5.25 2004.875 -5.30 2004.875 -5.24 2004.875 -5.10 2004.708 -5.25 1999.458 -5.07 1997.125 -5.04 1988.958 -4.76 2004.792 -5.24 2004.708 -5.18 2004.792 -5.27 2004.792 -5.25 2004.792 -5.15 2004.625 -5.16 1999.375 -4.90 1997.042 -5.08 1988.875 -4.64 2004.708 -5.25 2004.625 -5.26 2004.708 -5.36 2004.708 -5.24 2004.708 -5.20 2004.542 -5.26 1999.292 -4.97 1996.958 -5.07 1988.792 -5.00 2004.625 -5.20 2004.542 -5.30 2004.625 -5.22 2004.625 -5.16 2004.625 -5.21 2004.458 -5.31 1999.208 -4.83 1996.875 -5.06 1988.708 -5.15 2004.542 -5.22 2004.458 -5.12 2004.542 -5.20 2004.542 -5.12 2004.542 -5.21 2004.375 -5.07 1999.125 -4.69 1996.792 -5.05 1988.625 -5.16 2004.458 -5.17 2004.375 -5.09 2004.458 -5.10 2004.458 -5.12 2004.458 -5.22 2004.292 -5.09 1999.042 -4.70 1996.708 -5.10 1988.542 -5.19 2004.375 -5.13 2004.292 -5.09 2004.375 -5.17 2004.375 -5.12 2004.375 -5.23 2004.208 -5.04 1998.958 -4.71 1996.625 -5.12 1988.458 -5.10 2004.292 -5.14 2004.208 -5.00 2004.292 -5.23 2004.292 -5.08 2004.292 -5.20 2004.125 -4.89 1998.875 -4.67 1996.542 -5.15 1988.375 -5.10 2004.208 -5.05 2004.125 -4.94 2004.208 -5.03 2004.208 -5.02 2004.208 -5.16 2004.042 -4.92 1998.792 -4.69 1996.458 -5.19 1988.292 -5.15 2004.125 -4.97 2004.042 -5.06 2004.125 -4.97 2004.125 -4.97 2004.125 -5.08 2003.958 -5.01 1998.708 -4.82 1996.375 -5.22 1988.208 -5.17 2004.042 -5.01 2003.958 -5.13 2004.042 -5.07 2004.042 -4.97 2003.875 -5.06 1998.625 -5.16 1996.292 -5.16 1988.125 -5.15 2003.958 -5.07 2003.875 -5.07 2003.958 -5.05 2003.958 -5.07 2003.792 -5.17 1998.542 -5.14 1996.208 -5.02 1988.042 -5.26 2003.875 -5.11 2003.792 -5.10 2003.875 -5.18 2003.875 -5.12 2003.708 -5.14 1998.458 -5.14 1996.125 -4.95 1987.958 -5.41 2003.792 -5.12 2003.708 -5.12 2003.792 -5.15 2003.792 -5.07 2003.625 -5.12 1998.375 -5.43 1996.042 -4.87 1987.875 -5.44 2003.708 -5.09 2003.625 -5.02 2003.708 -5.03 2003.708 -5.06 2003.542 -5.12 1998.292 -5.63 1995.958 -4.89 1987.792 -5.30 2003.625 -5.08 2003.542 -5.14 2003.625 -5.09 2003.625 -5.10 2003.458 -5.09 1998.208 -5.74 1995.875 -5.02 1987.708 -5.35 2003.542 -5.09 2003.458 -5.10 2003.542 -5.08 2003.542 -5.02 2003.375 -5.06 1998.125 -5.74 1995.792 -5.00 1987.625 -5.39 2003.458 -5.08 2003.375 -5.13 2003.458 -5.09 2003.458 -5.03 2003.292 -5.05 1998.042 -5.76 1995.708 -5.17 1987.542 -5.59 2003.375 -5.10 2003.292 -5.13 2003.375 -5.12 2003.375 -5.08 2003.208 -5.03 1997.958 -5.82 1995.625 -5.26 1987.458 -5.57 2003.292 -5.11 2003.208 -5.10 2003.292 -5.16 2003.292 -5.09 2003.125 -5.00 1997.875 -5.79 1995.542 -5.27 1987.375 -5.51 2003.208 -5.12 2003.125 -5.09 2003.208 -5.25 2003.208 -5.10 2003.042 -5.05 1997.792 -5.54 1995.458 -5.27 1987.292 -5.37 2003.125 -5.09 2003.042 -5.20 2003.125 -5.23 2003.125 -5.05 2002.958 -5.08 1997.708 -5.49 1995.375 -5.28 1987.208 -5.38 2003.042 -5.16 2002.958 -5.27 2003.042 -5.27 2003.042 -5.10 2002.875 -5.09 1997.625 -5.53 1995.292 -5.24 1987.125 -5.22 2002.958 -5.21 2002.875 -5.28 2002.958 -5.32 2002.958 -5.18 2002.792 -5.12 1997.542 -5.38 1995.208 -5.20 1987.042 -5.20 2002.875 -5.28 2002.792 -5.34 2002.875 -5.50 2002.875 -5.25 2002.708 -5.14 1997.458 -5.21 1995.125 -5.23 1986.958 -5.30 2002.792 -5.23 2002.708 -5.28 2002.792 -5.25 2002.792 -5.21 2002.625 -5.11 1997.375 -5.20 1995.042 -5.28 1986.875 -5.25 2002.708 -5.25 2002.625 -5.15 2002.708 -5.30 2002.708 -5.29 2002.542 -5.07 1997.292 -5.21 1994.958 -5.37 1986.792 -5.36 2002.625 -5.22 2002.542 -5.18 2002.625 -5.26 2002.625 -5.37 2002.458 -5.08 1997.208 -5.07 1994.875 -5.42 1986.708 -5.32 2002.542 -5.25 2002.458 -5.16 2002.542 -5.34 2002.542 -5.39 2002.375 -5.08 1997.125 -4.78 1994.792 -5.31 1986.625 -5.37 2002.458 -5.21 2002.375 -5.22 2002.458 -5.26 2002.458 -5.34 2002.292 -5.03 1997.042 -4.93 1994.708 -5.21 1986.542 -5.09 2002.375 -5.18 2002.292 -5.11 2002.375 -5.20 2002.375 -5.23 2002.208 -4.97 1996.958 -4.88 1994.625 -5.31 1986.458 -5.05 2002.292 -5.14 2002.208 -5.05 2002.292 -5.20 2002.292 -5.23 2002.125 -4.82 1996.875 -4.88 1994.542 -5.35 1986.375 -5.06 2002.208 -5.12 2002.125 -4.98 2002.208 -5.20 2002.208 -5.24 2002.042 -4.84 1996.792 -4.95 1994.458 -5.25 1986.292 -5.00 2002.125 -4.97 2002.042 -4.98 2002.125 -4.95 2002.125 -5.13 2001.958 -4.85 1996.708 -5.00 1994.375 -5.29 1986.208 -4.80 2002.042 -4.98 2001.958 -5.04 2002.042 -4.95 2002.042 -5.16 2001.875 -4.97 1996.625 -5.03 1994.292 -5.32 1986.125 -4.80 2001.958 -4.99 2001.875 -5.08 2001.958 -5.02 2001.958 -5.17 2001.792 -5.08 1996.542 -5.02 1994.208 -5.15 1986.042 -4.80 2001.875 -5.04 2001.792 -5.07 2001.875 -5.01 2001.875 -5.14 2001.708 -5.16 1996.458 -5.06 1994.125 -5.09 1985.958 -4.79 2001.792 -5.09 2001.708 -5.07 2001.792 -5.05 2001.792 -5.20 2001.625 -5.16 1996.375 -5.12 1994.042 -5.08 1985.875 -5.05 2001.708 -5.13 2001.625 -5.09 2001.708 -5.06 2001.708 -5.23 2001.542 -5.17 1996.292 -5.03 1993.958 -5.07 1985.792 -5.00 2001.625 -5.12 2001.542 -5.16 2001.625 -5.07 2001.625 -5.21 2001.458 -5.16 1996.208 -4.92 1993.875 -5.08 1985.708 -4.98 2001.542 -5.13 2001.458 -5.10 2001.542 -5.07 2001.542 -5.21 2001.375 -5.12 1996.125 -4.86 1993.792 -5.25 1985.625 -4.76 2001.458 -5.11 2001.375 -5.05 2001.458 -5.07 2001.458 -5.17 1996.042 -4.86 1993.708 -5.24 1985.542 -4.79 2001.375 -5.08 2001.292 -4.99 2001.375 -5.03 2001.375 -5.10 1995.958 -4.87 1993.625 -5.23 1985.458 -4.86 2001.292 -5.00 2001.208 -4.96 2001.292 -5.00 2001.292 -5.02 1995.875 -4.91 1993.542 -5.22 1985.375 -4.89 2001.208 -4.93 2001.125 -4.91 2001.208 -4.85 2001.208 -4.99 1995.792 -4.90 1993.458 -5.25 1985.292 -4.86 2001.125 -4.86 2001.125 -4.75 2001.125 -4.95 1995.708 -4.88 1993.375 -5.27 1985.208 -4.68 2001.042 -4.92 2001.042 -4.97 1995.625 -4.80 1993.292 -5.24 1985.125 -4.56 2000.958 -4.91 2000.958 -4.98 1995.542 -5.00 1993.208 -5.14 1985.042 -4.62 2000.875 -4.99 2000.875 -4.97 1995.458 -5.11 1993.125 -5.11 1984.958 -4.67 2000.792 -4.96 2000.792 -4.95 1995.375 -5.18 1993.042 -5.19 1984.875 -4.90 2000.708 -4.96 2000.708 -4.93 1995.292 -5.23 1992.958 -5.18 1984.792 -5.01 2000.625 -4.95 2000.625 -4.99 1995.208 -5.19 1992.875 -5.19 1984.708 -5.08 2000.542 -4.96 2000.542 -4.96 1995.125 -4.95 1992.792 -5.15 1984.625 -5.02 2000.458 -4.91 2000.458 -4.92 1995.042 -5.14 1992.708 -5.20 1984.542 -4.97 2000.375 -4.92 2000.375 -4.94 1994.958 -5.13 1992.625 -5.28 1984.458 -4.93 2000.292 -4.91 2000.292 -4.97 1994.875 -5.18 1992.542 -5.44 1984.375 -4.93 2000.208 -4.88 2000.208 -4.96 1994.792 -5.27 1992.458 -5.45 1984.292 -4.97 2000.125 -4.76 2000.125 -4.86 1994.708 -5.28 1992.375 -5.49 1984.208 -4.91 2000.042 -4.79 2000.042 -4.87 1994.625 -5.27 1992.292 -5.45 1984.125 -4.69 1999.958 -4.83 1999.958 -4.88 1994.542 -5.23 1992.208 -5.44 1984.042 -4.68 1999.875 -4.86 1999.875 -4.87 1994.458 -5.10 1992.125 -5.35 1983.958 -4.66 1999.792 -4.82 1994.375 -5.06 1992.042 -5.35 1983.875 -4.86 1999.708 -4.86 1994.292 -5.13 1991.958 -5.28 1983.792 -4.74 1999.625 -4.95 1994.208 -5.14 1991.875 -5.23 1983.708 -4.76 1999.542 -4.94 1994.125 -5.06 1991.792 -5.18 1983.625 -4.82 1999.458 -5.07 1994.042 -5.08 1991.708 -5.15 1983.542 -4.88 1999.375 -4.90 1993.958 -5.11 1991.625 -5.38 1983.458 -4.83 1999.292 -4.97 1991.542 -5.29 1983.375 -4.96 1999.208 -4.83 1991.458 -5.27 1983.292 -4.98 1999.125 -4.69 1991.375 -5.26 1983.208 -5.36 1999.042 -4.70 1991.292 -5.23 1983.125 -5.33 1998.958 -4.71 1991.208 -5.15 1983.042 -5.33 1998.875 -4.67 1991.125 -5.11 1982.958 -5.26 1998.792 -4.69 1991.042 -5.14 1982.875 -5.03 1998.708 -4.82 1990.958 -5.20 1982.792 -4.86 1998.625 -5.16 1990.875 -5.23 1982.708 -4.81 1998.542 -5.14 1990.792 -5.21 1982.625 -4.85 1998.458 -5.14 1990.708 -5.18 1982.542 -4.83 1998.375 -5.43 1990.625 -5.13 1982.458 -4.81 1998.292 -5.63 1990.542 -5.12 1982.375 -4.71 1998.208 -5.74 1990.458 -5.10 1982.292 -4.60 1998.125 -5.74 1990.375 -5.21 1982.208 -4.70 1998.042 -5.76 1990.292 -5.22 1982.125 -4.58 1997.958 -5.82 1990.208 -5.12 1982.042 -4.74 1997.875 -5.79 1990.125 -5.04 1981.958 -4.91 1997.792 -5.54 1990.042 -5.00 1981.875 -4.93 1997.708 -5.49 1989.958 -4.95 1981.792 -4.95 1997.625 -5.53 1989.875 -5.01 1981.708 -4.97 1997.542 -5.38 1989.792 -5.00 1981.625 -4.99 1997.458 -5.21 1989.708 -5.16 1981.542 -4.88 1997.375 -5.20 1989.625 -5.11 1981.458 -4.56 1997.292 -5.21 1989.542 -5.19 1981.375 -4.79 1997.208 -5.07 1989.458 -5.09 1981.292 -4.87 1997.125 -4.78 1989.375 -4.97 1981.208 -5.09 1997.042 -4.93 1989.292 -4.89 1981.125 -5.05 1996.958 -4.88 1989.208 -4.41 1981.042 -5.15 1996.875 -4.88 1989.125 -4.47 1980.958 -5.22 1996.792 -4.95 1980.875 -5.22 1996.708 -5.00 1980.792 -5.22 1996.625 -5.03 1980.708 -5.22 1996.542 -5.02 1980.625 -5.21 1996.458 -5.06 1980.542 -5.21 1996.375 -5.12 1980.458 -5.21 1996.292 -5.03 1980.375 -5.12 1996.208 -4.92 1980.292 -5.05 1996.125 -4.86 1980.208 -5.02 1996.042 -4.86 1980.125 -5.18 1995.958 -4.87 1980.042 -5.22 1995.875 -4.91 1979.958 -5.23 1995.792 -4.90 1979.875 -5.22 1995.708 -4.88 1979.792 -5.21 1995.625 -4.80 1979.708 -5.20 1995.542 -5.00 1979.625 -5.18 1995.458 -5.11 1979.542 -5.12 1995.375 -5.18 1979.458 -5.09 1995.292 -5.23 1979.375 -4.98 1995.208 -5.19 1979.292 -4.87 1995.125 -4.95 1979.208 -4.79 1995.042 -5.14 1979.125 -4.71 1994.958 -5.13 1979.042 -4.72 1994.875 -5.18 1978.958 -4.78 1994.792 -5.27 1978.875 -4.93 1994.708 -5.28 1978.792 -5.08 1994.625 -5.27 1978.708 -5.00 1994.542 -5.23 1978.625 -5.09 1994.458 -5.10 1978.542 -4.90 1994.375 -5.06 1978.458 -4.88 1994.292 -5.13 1978.375 -5.24 1994.208 -5.14 1978.292 -4.99 1994.125 -5.06 1978.208 -4.87 1994.042 -5.08 1978.125 -5.06 1993.958 -5.11 1978.042 -4.84 3. Stacked microatoll d18O record (per mil) with 95% confidence interval based on the standard errors of the means for time-equivalent samples from Kiritimati Island microatolls shown in Figure 4a and 4b. The number of samples averaged for each month is also given. StackMonth Stack_d18O 95%CI #samples 2007.375 -5.16 0.16 3 2007.292 -5.17 0.14 4 2007.208 -5.13 0.13 5 2007.125 -5.07 0.15 5 2007.042 -5.12 0.12 5 2006.958 -5.20 0.09 5 2006.875 -5.19 0.11 5 2006.792 -5.16 0.10 5 2006.708 -5.14 0.06 5 2006.625 -5.13 0.11 5 2006.542 -5.11 0.06 5 2006.458 -5.13 0.08 5 2006.375 -5.09 0.12 5 2006.292 -5.04 0.10 5 2006.208 -4.98 0.13 5 2006.125 -4.87 0.07 5 2006.042 -4.94 0.07 5 2005.958 -4.98 0.05 5 2005.875 -5.05 0.04 5 2005.792 -5.07 0.04 5 2005.708 -5.11 0.06 5 2005.625 -5.13 0.04 5 2005.542 -5.18 0.06 5 2005.458 -5.17 0.03 5 2005.375 -5.19 0.03 5 2005.292 -5.14 0.03 5 2005.208 -5.13 0.06 5 2005.125 -5.04 0.04 5 2005.042 -5.09 0.05 5 2004.958 -5.17 0.07 5 2004.875 -5.22 0.07 5 2004.792 -5.24 0.04 5 2004.708 -5.25 0.06 5 2004.625 -5.20 0.04 5 2004.542 -5.22 0.06 5 2004.458 -5.17 0.08 5 2004.375 -5.13 0.06 5 2004.292 -5.14 0.06 5 2004.208 -5.05 0.06 5 2004.125 -4.97 0.06 5 2004.042 -5.01 0.07 4 2003.958 -5.07 0.05 4 2003.875 -5.11 0.05 4 2003.792 -5.12 0.04 4 2003.708 -5.09 0.05 4 2003.625 -5.08 0.04 4 2003.542 -5.09 0.05 4 2003.458 -5.08 0.03 4 2003.375 -5.10 0.03 4 2003.292 -5.11 0.05 4 2003.208 -5.12 0.09 4 2003.125 -5.09 0.10 4 2003.042 -5.16 0.10 4 2002.958 -5.21 0.11 4 2002.875 -5.28 0.16 4 2002.792 -5.23 0.09 4 2002.708 -5.25 0.07 4 2002.625 -5.22 0.11 4 2002.542 -5.25 0.14 4 2002.458 -5.21 0.11 4 2002.375 -5.18 0.07 4 2002.292 -5.14 0.09 4 2002.208 -5.12 0.12 4 2002.125 -4.97 0.12 4 2002.042 -4.98 0.13 4 2001.958 -4.99 0.11 5 2001.875 -5.04 0.06 5 2001.792 -5.09 0.05 5 2001.708 -5.13 0.06 5 2001.625 -5.12 0.06 5 2001.542 -5.13 0.07 5 2001.458 -5.11 0.05 5 2001.375 -5.08 0.03 5 2001.292 -5.00 0.01 4 2001.208 -4.93 0.06 4 2001.125 -4.86 0.09 4 2001.042 -4.92 0.11 2 2000.958 -4.91 0.15 2 2000.875 -4.99 0.04 2 2000.792 -4.96 0.03 2 2000.708 -4.96 0.05 2 2000.625 -4.95 0.08 2 2000.542 -4.96 0.00 2 2000.458 -4.91 0.02 2 2000.375 -4.92 0.04 2 2000.292 -4.91 0.12 2 2000.208 -4.88 0.16 2 2000.125 -4.76 0.20 2 2000.042 -4.79 0.15 2 1999.958 -4.83 0.09 2 1999.875 -4.86 0.02 2 1999.792 -4.82 1 1999.708 -4.86 1 1999.625 -5.05 0.20 2 1999.542 -5.06 0.24 2 1999.458 -5.14 0.13 2 1999.375 -5.03 0.24 2 1999.292 -5.02 0.11 2 1999.208 -4.90 0.14 2 1999.125 -4.83 0.27 2 1999.042 -4.83 0.25 2 1998.958 -4.83 0.24 2 1998.875 -4.81 0.28 2 1998.792 -4.81 0.25 2 1998.708 -4.87 0.10 2 1998.625 -5.09 0.14 2 1998.542 -5.13 0.02 2 1998.458 -5.18 0.09 2 1998.375 -5.38 0.11 2 1998.292 -5.45 0.35 2 1998.208 -5.61 0.26 2 1998.125 -5.71 0.05 2 1998.042 -5.74 0.04 2 1997.958 -5.80 0.03 2 1997.875 -5.81 0.02 2 1997.792 -5.62 0.15 2 1997.708 -5.54 0.10 2 1997.625 -5.57 0.09 2 1997.542 -5.47 0.18 2 1997.458 -5.46 0.48 2 1997.375 -5.32 0.25 2 1997.292 -5.19 0.04 2 1997.208 -5.08 0.02 2 1997.125 -4.91 0.25 2 1997.042 -5.00 0.15 2 1996.958 -4.98 0.18 2 1996.875 -4.97 0.17 2 1996.792 -5.00 0.10 2 1996.708 -5.05 0.09 2 1996.625 -5.08 0.09 2 1996.542 -5.08 0.13 2 1996.458 -5.13 0.13 2 1996.375 -5.17 0.10 2 1996.292 -5.09 0.13 2 1996.208 -4.97 0.10 2 1996.125 -4.90 0.09 2 1996.042 -4.87 0.01 2 1995.958 -4.88 0.02 2 1995.875 -4.96 0.10 2 1995.792 -4.95 0.10 2 1995.708 -5.02 0.28 2 1995.625 -5.03 0.45 2 1995.542 -5.13 0.27 2 1995.458 -5.19 0.16 2 1995.375 -5.23 0.10 2 1995.292 -5.23 0.01 2 1995.208 -5.19 0.01 2 1995.125 -5.09 0.28 2 1995.042 -5.21 0.14 2 1994.958 -5.25 0.24 2 1994.875 -5.30 0.24 2 1994.792 -5.29 0.04 2 1994.708 -5.24 0.07 2 1994.625 -5.29 0.04 2 1994.542 -5.29 0.12 2 1994.458 -5.18 0.15 2 1994.375 -5.17 0.22 2 1994.292 -5.23 2 1994.208 -5.15 2 1994.125 -5.07 2 1994.042 -5.08 2 1993.958 -5.09 2 1993.875 -5.08 1 1993.792 -5.25 1 1993.708 -5.24 1 1993.625 -5.23 1 1993.542 -5.22 1 1993.458 -5.25 1 1993.375 -5.27 1 1993.292 -5.24 1 1993.208 -5.14 1 1993.125 -5.11 1 1993.042 -5.19 1 1992.958 -5.18 1 1992.875 -5.19 1 1992.792 -5.15 1 1992.708 -5.20 1 1992.625 -5.28 1 1992.542 -5.44 1 1992.458 -5.45 1 1992.375 -5.49 1 1992.292 -5.45 1 1992.208 -5.44 1 1992.125 -5.35 1 1992.042 -5.35 1 1991.958 -5.28 1 1991.875 -5.23 1 1991.792 -5.18 1 1991.708 -5.15 1 1991.625 -5.38 1 1991.542 -5.29 1 1991.458 -5.27 0.00 2 1991.375 -5.21 0.10 2 1991.292 -5.20 0.04 2 1991.208 -5.16 0.02 2 1991.125 -5.09 0.04 2 1991.042 -5.16 0.03 2 1990.958 -5.23 0.06 2 1990.875 -5.22 0.02 2 1990.792 -5.15 0.12 2 1990.708 -5.01 0.33 2 1990.625 -4.95 0.35 2 1990.542 -5.03 0.17 2 1990.458 -5.07 0.06 2 1990.375 -5.11 0.19 2 1990.292 -5.26 0.07 2 1990.208 -5.16 0.08 2 1990.125 -5.08 0.08 2 1990.042 -5.02 0.05 2 1989.958 -4.97 0.03 2 1989.875 -5.01 0.00 2 1989.792 -5.02 0.04 2 1989.708 -5.12 0.07 2 1989.625 -5.07 0.09 2 1989.542 -5.09 0.19 2 1989.458 -4.97 0.23 2 1989.375 -4.87 0.19 2 1989.292 -4.79 0.19 2 1989.208 -4.56 0.29 2 1989.125 -4.59 0.23 2 1989.042 -4.75 1 1988.958 -4.76 1 1988.875 -4.64 1 1988.792 -5.00 1 1988.708 -5.15 1 1988.625 -5.16 1 1988.542 -5.19 1 1988.458 -5.10 1 1988.375 -5.10 1 1988.292 -5.15 1 1988.208 -5.17 1 1988.125 -5.15 1 1988.042 -5.26 1 1987.958 -5.41 1 1987.875 -5.44 1 1987.792 -5.30 1 1987.708 -5.35 1 1987.625 -5.39 1 1987.542 -5.59 1 1987.458 -5.57 1 1987.375 -5.51 1 1987.292 -5.37 1 1987.208 -5.38 1 1987.125 -5.22 1 1987.042 -5.20 1 1986.958 -5.30 1 1986.875 -5.25 1 1986.792 -5.36 1 1986.708 -5.32 1 1986.625 -5.37 1 1986.542 -5.09 1 1986.458 -5.05 1 1986.375 -5.06 1 1986.292 -5.00 1 1986.208 -4.80 1 1986.125 -4.80 1 1986.042 -4.80 1 1985.958 -4.79 1 1985.875 -5.05 1 1985.792 -5.00 1 1985.708 -4.98 1 1985.625 -4.76 1 1985.542 -4.79 1 1985.458 -4.86 1 1985.375 -4.89 1 1985.292 -4.86 1 1985.208 -4.68 1 1985.125 -4.56 1 1985.042 -4.62 1 1984.958 -4.67 1 1984.875 -4.90 1 1984.792 -5.01 1 1984.708 -5.08 1 1984.625 -5.02 1 1984.542 -4.97 1 1984.458 -4.93 1 1984.375 -4.93 1 1984.292 -4.97 1 1984.208 -4.91 1 1984.125 -4.69 1 1984.042 -4.68 1 1983.958 -4.66 1 1983.875 -4.86 1 1983.792 -4.74 1 1983.708 -4.76 1 1983.625 -4.82 1 1983.542 -4.88 1 1983.458 -4.83 1 1983.375 -4.96 1 1983.292 -4.98 1 1983.208 -5.36 1 1983.125 -5.33 1 1983.042 -5.33 1 1982.958 -5.26 1 1982.875 -5.03 1 1982.792 -4.86 1 1982.708 -4.81 1 1982.625 -4.85 1 1982.542 -4.83 1 1982.458 -4.81 1 1982.375 -4.71 1 1982.292 -4.60 1 1982.208 -4.70 1 1982.125 -4.58 1 1982.042 -4.74 1 1981.958 -4.91 1 1981.875 -4.93 1 1981.792 -4.95 1 1981.708 -4.97 1 1981.625 -4.99 1 1981.542 -4.88 1 1981.458 -4.56 1 1981.375 -4.79 1 1981.292 -4.87 1 1981.208 -5.09 1 1981.125 -5.05 1 1981.042 -5.15 1 1980.958 -5.22 1 1980.875 -5.22 1 1980.792 -5.22 1 1980.708 -5.22 1 1980.625 -5.21 1 1980.542 -5.21 1 1980.458 -5.21 1 1980.375 -5.12 1 1980.292 -5.05 1 1980.208 -5.02 1 1980.125 -5.18 1 1980.042 -5.22 1 1979.958 -5.23 1 1979.875 -5.22 1 1979.792 -5.21 1 1979.708 -5.20 1 1979.625 -5.18 1 1979.542 -5.12 1 1979.458 -5.09 1 1979.375 -4.98 1 1979.292 -4.87 1 1979.208 -4.79 1 1979.125 -4.71 1 1979.042 -4.72 1 1978.958 -4.78 1 1978.875 -4.93 1 1978.792 -5.08 1 1978.708 -5.00 1 1978.625 -5.09 1 1978.542 -4.90 1 1978.458 -4.88 1 1978.375 -5.24 1 1978.292 -4.99 1 1978.208 -4.87 1 1978.125 -5.06 1 1978.042 -4.84 1