Malindi, Kenya Coral Oxygen Isotope Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Malindi, Kenya Coral Stable Isotope Data LAST UPDATE: 7/00 (Original Receipt by WDCA Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Cole, J. E., R. B. Dunbar, T. R. McClanahan, and N. Muthiga. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2000-050 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Malindi, Kenya Coral Oxygen Isotope Data, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2000-050. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Cole, J. E., R. B. Dunbar, T. R. McClanahan, and N. Muthiga, 2000, Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries, Science 287, 617-619. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Coastal Kenya, Indian Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 1801-1994 A.D. FUNDING SOURCES: This project was funded by the Atmospheric Sciences and Earth System History programs of the National Science Foundation (grants ATM 94-10298 and OCE-9614137 to J.E.C. and ATM 94-09779, OCE-9632287 and OCE-9896157 to R.B.D.) DESCRIPTION: Malindi annual oxygen isotopic composition, 1801-1994 Notes on the data: File includes columns for Year AD, Coral d18O (‰), and SST (°C). The SST data are sparse as they were screened using the procedures described below. The coral used in this study grew (and still does grow) in Malindi Marine Park, Kenya (3°S, 40°E). The colony lies at a depth of ~6m (low tide) and is about 4m in height. Annual growth rates are roughly 12mm/yr. Oxygen isotopic data are from annual increments of coral skeleton that were cut according to annual density bands that are clearly visible in the core. Annual chunks were crushed and homogenized; isotopic values represent the average of duplicate or triplicate samples. Because samples were taken with respect to visible annual density banding, there is no depth scale for this record. Density and fluorescent banding can be viewed at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/outreach/coral/image/malindix-ray.jpg (Core Mal 96-1 is taken from the same colony as the core used to generate this dataset.) Annual density banding is unambiguous in this core, so annual assignments are precise. The annual samples represent a year that is roughly November thru October. (The year assigned is the year of the January, not the year of the November, that is included in that interval). However, if cuts were not precisely along the October-November boundary, small (1-2 month) offsets in the months assigned to an annual sample may have occurred. Stable isotope samples were analyzed on three isotope ratio mass spectrometers: a VG 602 with SIRA-series electronics at Rice University, a VG-SIRA with automated carbonate preparation device, and a Micromass Optima with automated carbonate preparation device, the latter two at the University of Colorado/Boulder (INSTAAR). Each measurement has an analytical uncertainty of ±0.08‰; the differences between duplicate samples were above 0.18‰ in only 2 of 195 cases, confirming inter-lab and inter-instrument calibrations. We calibrate the coral d18O to the enhanced COADS SST from 3°S, 41°E, which has a broader screening tolerance than the standard COADS (4.5 sigma vs. 3.5 sigma) to capture larger anomalies. COADS enhanced data are provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, from their web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. We use annual SST data representing a Nov.-Oct. year and include only years that contain at least three observations from every month; this procedure yields a slope of –0.256‰ per 1°C and explains 47% of the SST variance. The details of the calibration procedure have little effect on the paleotemperature slope: using the standard SST product instead of the enhanced yields a slope of -0.228; omitting the minimum requirement of three observations per month yields a slope of 0.262 for the enhanced COADS and 0.252 for the standard. These correlations are all significant at >99.9%. More information on this record can be found in the original reference. Malindi, Kenya Coral Oxygen Isotope Data Year O18 Local SST (see readme file) 1994 -4.705 1993 -4.658 1992 -4.664 1991 -4.627 1990 -4.598 1989 -4.532 27.4 1988 -4.577 27.6 1987 -4.59 27.55 1986 -4.449 26.77 1985 -4.477 26.76 1984 -4.498 26.65 1983 -4.571 1982 -4.552 27.34 1981 -4.544 27.13 1980 -4.629 27.18 1979 -4.557 27.43 1978 -4.521 27.43 1977 -4.5 27.18 1976 -4.56 26.96 1975 -4.334 26.83 1974 -4.411 27.06 1973 -4.423 27.1 1972 -4.378 1971 -4.345 1970 -4.376 1969 -4.349 1968 -4.323 26.87 1967 -4.369 27.08 1966 -4.351 26.95 1965 -4.279 26.56 1964 -4.186 26.73 1963 -4.288 1962 -4.294 1961 -4.318 1960 -4.369 26.83 1959 -4.34 27.03 1958 -4.291 27.04 1957 -4.356 1956 -4.387 26.68 1955 -4.349 26.58 1954 -4.41 1953 -4.369 26.79 1952 -4.408 27.01 1951 -4.343 26.64 1950 -4.35 1949 -4.524 1948 -4.457 1947 -4.441 1946 -4.45 1945 -4.489 1944 -4.417 1943 -4.387 1942 -4.507 1941 -4.506 1940 -4.476 1939 -4.517 1938 -4.441 1937 -4.414 1936 -4.452 1935 -4.427 1934 -4.323 1933 -4.48 1932 -4.51 1931 -4.53 1930 -4.453 1929 -4.382 1928 -4.35 1927 -4.408 1926 -4.388 1925 -4.361 1924 -4.342 1923 -4.352 1922 -4.368 1921 -4.356 1920 -4.337 1919 -4.352 1918 -4.338 1917 -4.341 1916 -4.354 1915 -4.436 1914 -4.464 1913 -4.406 1912 -4.398 1911 -4.245 1910 -4.266 1909 -4.352 1908 -4.279 1907 -4.387 1906 -4.511 1905 -4.355 1904 -4.449 1903 -4.428 1902 -4.439 1901 -4.394 1900 -4.517 1899 -4.39 1898 -4.523 1897 -4.499 1896 -4.534 1895 -4.555 1894 -4.381 1893 -4.393 1892 -4.444 1891 -4.375 1890 -4.432 1889 -4.504 1888 -4.444 1887 -4.393 1886 -4.406 1885 -4.379 1884 -4.314 1883 -4.348 1882 -4.408 1881 -4.429 1880 -4.561 1879 -4.561 1878 -4.568 1877 -4.505 1876 -4.467 1875 -4.492 1874 -4.495 1873 -4.548 1872 -4.327 1871 -4.481 1870 -4.476 1869 -4.474 1868 -4.472 1867 -4.514 1866 -4.413 1865 -4.436 1864 -4.317 1863 -4.441 1862 -4.377 1861 -4.345 1860 -4.302 1859 -4.362 1858 -4.309 1857 -4.331 1856 -4.371 1855 -4.382 1854 -4.353 1853 -4.352 1852 -4.518 1851 -4.366 1850 -4.286 1849 -4.28 1848 -4.266 1847 -4.205 1846 -4.22 1845 -4.257 1844 -4.254 1843 -4.289 1842 -4.329 1841 -4.273 1840 -4.333 1839 -4.332 1838 -4.413 1837 -4.204 1836 -4.243 1835 -4.426 1834 -4.419 1833 -4.344 1832 -4.375 1831 -4.323 1830 -4.298 1829 -4.29 1828 -4.287 1827 -4.168 1826 -4.398 1825 -4.424 1824 -4.38 1823 -4.479 1822 -4.472 1821 -4.302 1820 -4.25 1819 -4.276 1818 -4.327 1817 -4.298 1816 -4.1 1815 -4.208 1814 -4.373 1813 -4.342 1812 -4.25 1811 -4.165 1810 -4.122 1809 -4.249 1808 -4.248 1807 -4.159 1806 -4.26 1805 -4.294 1804 -4.294 1803 -4.182 1802 -4.24 1801 -4.214