1 Journal Article Chantal; McCulloch Alibert, Malcolm T. 1997/06 Strontium/calcium ratios in modern Porites corals from the Great Barrier Reef as a proxy for sea surface temperature; calibration of the thermometer and monitoring of ENSO Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 12 3 345-363 Paleoceanography alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; bathymetry; calcium; calibration; Cenozoic; changes; Coelenterata; cooling; Coral Sea; Davies Reef; density; ecology; El Nino; Great Barrier Reef; growth; Holocene; Invertebrata; mass spectra; metals; monitoring; ocean floors; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Porites; precision; Quaternary; sampling; Scleractinia; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation ; Southwest Pacific; spectra; statistical analysis; strontium; temperature; three-dimensional models; time series analysis; West Pacific; X-ray data; Zoantharia 2 Journal Article R. Allan;J. Lindesay;D. Parker 1997 El Niño Southern Oscillation and climatic variability CSIRO, Australia 405 CSIRO, Australia 3 Journal Article R. Allan;R. D'Arrigo 1999 Persistent ENSO sequences: how unusual was the 1990-1995 El Niño? The Holocene, in press The Holocene, in press 4 Journal Article R.B. Alley;P.A. Mayewski;T. Sowers;M. Stuiver;K.C. Taylor;P.U. Clark 1997 Holocene climate instability: a prominent, widespread event 8,200 years ago Geology 25 483-486 Geology 5 Journal Article David M.; Webb Anderson, Robert S. 1994/01/06 Palaeoclimatology; ice-age tropics revisited Nature (London) Macmillan Journals, London, United Kingdom 367 6458 23-24 Nature (London) alkaline earth metals; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios ; corals ; glacial environment; glaciomarine environment; invertebrates; isotopes; metals; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; report; sea surface temperature; stable isotopes; strontium ; symposia; tropical environment 6 Journal Article Augustus K.; Mamet Armstrong, Bernard L. 1994 Evidence of climate change in the Lower and Middle Carboniferous shallow-water carbonate rocks of Arctic Alaska, New Mexico, and Arizona C. Blaine; Edgar Cecil, N. Terence Predictive stratigraphic analysis; concept and application Morgantown, WV, United States, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States 52-58 U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin Alaska; algal flora; Arctic region; Arizona; biostratigraphy; carbonate rocks; Carboniferous; changes; corals ; correlation; Dinantian; eastern New Mexico; foraminifers; invertebrates; lithostratigraphy; microfossils; Middle Carboniferous; New Mexico; Northern Alaska; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Paleozoic; plants; sedimentary rocks; shallow-water environment; shelf environment; United States; USGS 7 Journal Article L. K.; Gagan Ayliffe, M. K.; McCulloch, M. T.; Anker, S.; Hopley, D.; Isdale, P. J. 1995/11/07 The systematics of Sr/Ca and d18O in modern and fossil corals AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 318 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; Australasia; Australia; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; corals ; geologic thermometry; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; metals; O-18/O-16; Orpheus Island; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Porites; Quaternary; Queensland Australia; Scleractinia; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; strontium; temperature; West Pacific; Zoantharia 8 Journal Article M.A. Balmaseda;M.K. Davey;D.L.T. Anderson 1995 Decadal and seasonal dependence of ENSO prediction skill J. Climate 8 2705-2715 J. Climate 9 Journal Article D.J. Barnes;J.M. Lough 1993 On the nature and causes of density banding in massive coral skeletons J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 167 91-108 J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 10 Journal Article T.P. Barnett;N. Graham;M.A. Cane;S.E. Zebiak;S. Dolan;J. O'Brien;D. Legler 1988 On the prediction of the El Niño of 1986-87 Science 241 192-196 Science 11 Journal Article J. Warren; Edwards Beck, R. Lawrence; Ito, Emi; Taylor, Frederick W.; Recy, Jacques; Rougerie, Francis; Joannot, Pascale; Henin, Christian 1992/07/31 Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratios Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 257 5070 644-647 Science alkaline earth metals; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; corals ; deglaciation; geochemical indicators; geochemistry; glaciomarine environment; invertebrates; metals; modern; oceanography; Pacific Ocean ; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pleistocene ; properties; Quaternary; ratios; sea water; skeletons; strontium; temperature; tropical environment; upper Pleistocene 12 Journal Article J. Warren; Recy Beck, Jacques; Taylor, Fred; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cabioch, Guy 1997/02/20 Abrupt changes in early Holocene tropical sea surface temperature derived from coral records Nature (London) Macmillan Journals, London, United Kingdom 385 6618 705-707 Nature (London) actinides; alkaline earth metals; calcium; Cenozoic; corals ; deglaciation; Espiritu Santo; glacial geology; glaciation; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; last glacial maximum; lower Holocene; Melanesia; metals; Oceania; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; paleotemperature; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; sea-surface temperature; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Sr/Ca; strontium; Th-230; thorium; tropical environment; Vanuatu; West Pacific 13 Journal Article Christian G.; Kroon Betzler, Dick; Gartner, Stefan; Wei, Wuchang 1993/11 Eocene to Miocene chronostratigraphy of the Queensland Plateau; control of climate and sea level on platform evolution Judith A.; Davies McKenzie, Peter J.; Palmer-Julson, Amanda A.; Betzler, Christian G.; Brachert, Thomas C.; Chen, Min-Pen Philip; Crumbiere, Jean-Pierre; Dix, George R.; Droxler, Andre W.; Feary, David A.; Gartner, Stefan; Glenn, Craig R.; Isern, Alexandra; Jackson, Pete;Sondra K.; Marin Stewart, Jennifer A. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientific results, Northeast Australian Margin; covering Leg 133 of the cruises of the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution, Apra HArbor, Guam, to Townsville, Australia, sites 811-826, 4 August-11 October 1990 Texas A & M University, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, United States 133 281-290 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Australasia; Australia; carbonate platforms; Cenozoic; chronostratigraphy; continental margin; Coral Sea; foraminifers; invertebrates; Leg 133; microfossils; Miocene; Neogene; Ocean Drilling Program; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Paleogene; paleotemperature ; planktonic taxa; Queensland Plateau; sea-level changes; South Pacific ; Southwest Pacific; Tertiary; West Pacific 14 Journal Article Christian; Brachert Betzler, Thomas C.; Kroon, Dick 1995/03 Role of climate in partial drowning of the Queensland Plateau carbonate platform (northeastern Australia) Marine Geology Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 123 1-2 11-32 Marine Geology Australasia; Australia; benthonic taxa; biostratigraphy; carbonate platforms; carbonate sediments; Cenozoic; climate effects; Coral Sea; cores; Cycloclypeus; foraminifera; foraminifers; Invertebrata; invertebrates; Leg 133; Lepidocyclina; lower Pliocene; marine sediments ; microfossils; Miocene; Neogene; Ocean Drilling Program; Orbitoidacea; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; pinnacle reefs; Pliocene; Protista; Queensland Australia; Queensland Plateau; reefs; relict materials; Rotaliina; sea-level changes; sediments; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Tertiary; turbidite; upper Miocene; West Pacific Ocean Drilling Program Leg 133 core data, samples, and geophysical data (logs and seismics) were analyzed to document late Miocene-early Pliocene partial drowning of the Queensland Plateau carbonate platform off Northeast Australia. The modern plateau consists of a mosaic of pinnacle reefs and larger (10X50km) reefs representing relicts of early to middle Miocene buildups. Late Miocene-early Pliocene floatstones, packstones, and mudstones, rich in the larger benthic foraminifers Lepidocyclina and Cycloclypeus, drilled in a transect of sites across the drowned margin of a middle Miocene buildup show that the late Pliocene partial drowning of the platform was preceded by 4 Myr of neritic carbonate deposition without any reefs. The carbonate factory was unable to aggrade to sea level during this period as indicated by the lack of any shallowing trend in the succession. Monitoring of the Miocene to Recent neritic shedding pattern on the windward and leeward side of a pinnacle reef on the Queensland Plateau supports this interpretation. Shedding on the leeward side of the reef, which records periods of active reef growth, played a minor role during the late Miocene, increased during the Pliocene, and reached very high values during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Shedding on the windward side of the reef, which was active during lowstands of relative sea level, occurred during the late middle-early late Miocene and during the Pliocene-Quaternary. The data presented here, when combined with paleoceanographic data points to low surface water temperatures (17 degrees -19 degrees C) as a major factor which suppressed reef growth during the late Miocene-early Pliocene period. 15 Journal Article Christian; Kroon Betzler, Dick; Reijmer, John J. G. 2000/12 Synchroneity of major late Neogene sea level fluctuations and paleoceanographically controlled changes at recorded by two carbonate platforms Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 15 6 722-730 Paleoceanography Atlantic Ocean; carbonate platforms; carbonate sediments; Cenozoic; Coral Sea; Great Bahama Bank; Leg 133; Leg 166; marine sediments; Neogene; North Atlantic; Ocean Drilling Program; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Queensland Plateau; sea-level changes; sediments; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Tertiary; upper Neogene; West Pacific ODP -- Ocean Drilling Program 16 Journal Article H. Bian;E.R.M. Druffel 1999 Monthly stable isotope records in an Australian coral and their correspondence with environmental variables J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 731-734 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17 Journal Article C.C. Bitz;D.S. Battisti 1999 Interannual to decadal variability in climate and the glacier mass balance in Washington, Western Canada, and Alaska J. Climate, in press J. Climate, in press 18 Journal Article D.E. Black;L.C. Peterson;M. Kashgarian;J.T. Overpeck;K.A. Hughen 1996 Variability in the ITCZ and trade winds over the southern Caribbean for the last 800 years and during the Bolling-Allerod/Younger Dryas transition, EOS: Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 79 F309 Geophys. Union 19 Journal Article Paul; Shaw Blanchon, John 1995/01 Reef drowning during the last deglaciation; evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse Geology (Boulder) Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 23 1 4-8 Geology (Boulder) Acropora palmata; Antarctic ice sheet; Antarctica; Anthozoa; Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean region; catastrophes; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; deglaciation; drowned reefs; geologic hazards; glacial geology; glaciation; Holocene; ice sheets; icebergs; Invertebrata; invertebrates ; Laurentide ice sheet; lower Holocene; melting; meltwater; paleo-oceanography; paleoatmosphere; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reefs; Scleractinia; sea-level changes; upper Pleistocene; Zoantharia Elevations and ages of drowned Acropora palmata reefs from the Caribbean-Atlantic region document three catastrophic, metre-scale sea-level-rise events during the last deglaciation. These catastrophic rises were synchronous with (1) collapse of the Laurentide and Antarctic ice sheets, (2) dramatic reorganization of ocean-atmosphere circulation, and (3) releases of huge volumes of subglacial and proglacial meltwater. This correlation suggests that release of stored meltwater periodically destabilized ice sheets, causing them to collapse and send huge fleets of icebergs into the Atlantic. Massive inputs of ice not only produced catastrophic sea-level rise, drowning reefs and destabilizing other ice sheets, but also rapidly reduced the elevation of the Laurentide ice sheet, flipping atmospheric circulation patterns and forcing warm equatorial waters into the frigid North Atlantic. Such dramatic evidence of catastrophic climate and sea-level change during deglaciation has potentially disastrous implications for the future, especially as the stability of remaining ice sheets-such as in West Antarctica-is in question. 20 Journal Article Thomas C.; Betzler Brachert, Christian G.; Davies, P. J.; Feary, David A. 1993/11 Climatic change; control of carbonate platform development (Eocene-Miocene, Leg 133, northeastern Australia) Judith A.; Davies McKenzie, Peter J.; Palmer-Julson, Amanda A.; Betzler, Christian G.; Brachert, Thomas C.; Chen, Min-Pen Philip; Crumbiere, Jean-Pierre; Dix, George R.; Droxler, Andre W.; Feary, David A.; Gartner, Stefan; Glenn, Craig R.; Isern, Alexandra; Jackson, Pete;Sondra K.; Marin Stewart, Jennifer A. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, scientific results, Northeast Australian Margin; covering Leg 133 of the cruises of the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution, Apra HArbor, Guam, to Townsville, Australia, sites 811-826, 4 August-11 October 1990 Texas A & M University, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, United States 133 291-300 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Australasia; Australia; basement; carbonate platforms; Cenozoic; climate effects; continental margin; Coral Sea; depositional environment; Eocene; Great Barrier Reef; Leg 133; microfacies; Miocene; Neogene; Ocean Drilling Program; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Paleogene; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Tertiary; West Pacific 21 Journal Article R.S. Bradley;K. Briffa;J. Cole;M. Hughes "Climate of the last millennium," chapter in preparation for PAGES Synthesis volume, edited by K. Alverson, T. Pedersen, and R. Bradley 22 Journal Article Ann F.; Johnson Budd, Kenneth G.; Stemann, Thomas A. 1993/03 Faunal turnover in Neogene to Recent Caribbean reef corals and regional environmental change Geological Society of America, North-Central Section, 27th annual meeting Rolla, MO, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 25 3 9-10 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Caribbean region; Cenozoic; corals ; extinction; faunal studies; invertebrates; Neogene; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reefs; Tertiary 23 Journal Article A. B. G Bush 1999 Assessing the impact of mid-Holocene insolation on the atmosphere-ocean system. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 99-102 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 Journal Article D. Cadet 1979 Meteorology of the Indian summer monsoon Nature 279 761-767 Nature 25 Journal Article D. Cadet;G. Reverdin 1981 Water vapour transport over the Indian Ocean during summer 1975 Tellus 33 476-487 Tellus 26 Journal Article M.A. Cane;A.C. Clement;A. Kaplan;Y. Kushnir;R. Murtugudde;D. Pozdnyakov;R. Seager;S. Zebiak 1997 Twentieth-century sea surface temperature trends Science 275 957-960 Science 27 Journal Article J.D. Carriquiry;M.J. Risk;H.P. Schwarcz 1994 Stable isotope geochemistry of corals from Costa Rica as proxy indicator of El Niño (ENSO), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 335-351 28 Journal Article S. Chakraborty;R. Ramesh 1992 Climatic significance of d18O and d13C variations in a banded coral (Porites) from Kavaratti, Lakshadweep Islands, In: Desai, B.N. (ed.), Oceanography of the Indian Ocean, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, India 473-478. 29 Journal Article P. Chang;L. Ji;H. Li 1997 A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions Nature 385 516-518 Nature 30 Journal Article P. Chang;L. Ji;H. Li;C. Penland;L. Matrosova 1998 Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 1193-1196 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 Journal Article Y. Chao;M. Ghil;J.C. McWilliams 2000 Pacific Interdecadal Variability in This Century's Sea Surface Temperatures. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 2261-4 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 Journal Article John Chappell;Yoshio Yoshida 1994 Upper Quaternary sea levels, coral terraces, oxygen isotopes and deep-sea temperatures Quaternary environmental changes in the Pacific region Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo Chigaku Kyokai, Tokyo, Japan 103 7 828-840 Chigaku Zasshi = Journal of Geography Australasia; Cenozoic; corals ; cores; deep-sea environment; glaciomarine environment; Huon Peninsula; interglacial environment; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; marine sediments; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Papua New Guinea; Quaternary; reefs; sea-level changes; sediments; stable isotopes; terraces; upper Quaternary; West Pacific 33 Journal Article C.D. Charles;D.E. Hunter;R.G. Fairbanks 1997 Interaction between the ENSO and the Asian monsoon in a coral record of tropical climate. Science 277 925-928 Science 34 Journal Article D. Chen;S.E. Zebiak;A.J. Busalacchi;M.A. Cane 1995 An improved procedure for El Niño forecasting: Implications for predictability Science 269 1699-1702 Science 35 Journal Article P.; Mante Chevrot, C.; Thomassin, B. A. 1994 Sclerochronologie de Porites lutea (Scleractinaire hermatypique) a Mayotte (SW ocean Indien); nouvelle approche par l'analyse en composantes principales dans le domaine des frequences Sclerochronology of Porites lutea (hermatypic Scleractinia) of Mayotte Island, southwestern Indian Ocean; a new approach by frequency domain principal components analysis Centrale des Revues, Montrouge, France 318 6 803-808 Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie 2, Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, Earth and Planetary Sciences Anthozoa; chronology; Coelenterata; corals ; data processing; Fourier analysis; frequency domain analysis; growth; Indian Ocean; Invertebrata ; invertebrates; Mayotte Island; methods; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; Porites; Porites lutea; principal components analysis ; Scleractinia; statistical analysis; X-ray radiographic data; Zoantharia 36 Journal Article A.C. Clement;R. Seager;M.A. Cane 1999 Orbital controls on the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate. Paleoceanography 14 441-456 Paleoceanography 37 Journal Article Julia E.; Shen Cole, Glen T.; Fairbanks, Richard G. 1991 Tropical climate dynamics of the past century recorded in the geochemistry of long-lived corals Geological Society of America, 1991 annual meeting San Diego, CA, United States Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 23 5 106 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America corals ; correlation; El Nino; Equatorial Pacific; geochemistry; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleosalinity; paleotemperature; Southern Oscillation; stable isotopes; Tarawa Atoll; tropical environment; variations 38 Journal Article Julia Cole 1994/11 Reconstructing & predicting climate variability Geotimes American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, United States 39 11 12-15 Geotimes corals ; East Pacific; El Nino; global; interpretation; invertebrates; models; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; prediction; reconstruction; Southern Oscillation; tracers; variations 39 Journal Article Julia Cole 1996 Coral records of climate change; understanding past variability in the tropical ocean-atmosphere Philip D.; Bradley Jones, Raymond S.; Jouzel, Jean Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms of the last 2000 years Lucca, Italy Springer Verlag, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany 41 331-353 NATO ASI Series. Series I: Global Environmental Change Anthozoa; biochemistry; Cenozoic; climate change; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; Equatorial Pacific; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Quaternary; reconstruction; reef environment; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; tropical environment; West Pacific 40 Journal Article J.E. Cole;R.G. Fairbanks 1990 The Southern Oscillation recorded in the oxygen isotopes of corals from Tarawa Atoll Paleoceanography 5 669-683 Paleoceanography 41 Journal Article J.E. Cole 1992 Interannual-decadal variability in tropical climate systems: stable isotope records and general circulation model experiments, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia Univ., 302 42 Journal Article J.E. Cole 1996 Coral records of climate change: Understanding past variability in the tropical oceanatmosphere, in Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms over the last 2000 Years, P.D. Jones, R.S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel. (editors), Springer-Verlag, New York 331-354 43 Journal Article J.E. Cole 1998 The changing pulse of warm pool variability during the past 220 years: New oxygen isotopic results from a Gulf of Papua coral, EOS: Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 79 F493 Geophys. Union 44 Journal Article J.E. Cole;E.R. Cook 1998 Decadal changes in the relationship between El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability and moisture balance in the continental United States. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 4529-4532 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 Journal Article J.E Cole;R.B. Dunbar;T.R. McClanahan;N.A. Muthiga 2000 Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal SST variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries Science 287 617-619 Science 46 Journal Article Chuck Colgan 1997 Archives reveal climate history Explorations (La Jolla, CA) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States 4 1 19-22, 24-25 Explorations (La Jolla, CA) climate; corals ; cores; glacial geology; global change; global warming; growth rings; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; stable isotopes 47 Journal Article L. B.; Zhu Collins, Z. R.; Wyrwoll, K. H.; Hatcher, B. G.; Playford, P. E.; Eisenhauer, A.; Chen, J. H.; Wasserburg, G. J.; Bonani, G. 1993/11 Holocene growth history of a reef complex on a cool-water carbonate margin; Easter Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, eastern Indian Ocean Marine Geology Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 115 1-2 29-46 Marine Geology Abrolhos reef complex; absolute age; algal flora; Australasia; Australia; C-14; carbon; carbonate rocks; Cenozoic; changes of level; continental margin; corals ; dates; diagenesis; East Indian Ocean; Easter Group of Houtman Abrolhos Islands; foraminifers; Holocene; Houtman Abrolhos Islands; Indian Ocean; invertebrates; isotopes; lithification; lithofacies; microfossils; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; plants; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reef builders; reefs; sedimentary rocks; Th/U; Western Australia The Houtman Abrolhos reefs, situated on the western continental margin of Australia, occupy a transitional position between cool-water shelf carbonate sediments to the south and more tropical environments to the north. Their existence at the outer limits of the geographical range for coral reef growth is a result of the warm, poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current. Though the modern reefs differ ecologically from tropical reefs, their geological characteristics have been little known until recently. Each of the three island groups in the Abrolhos consists of a central platform of Last Interglacial reefs, about which windward and leeward Holocene reefs have developed asymmetrically. In the Easter Group the subtidal windward reef in the west is ca. 10 m thick and is backed by a leeward-prograding, lagoon sand sheet which is 0-3 m thick. The emergent parts of the leeward reefs in the east consist of an upward-shallowing sequence comprising reef facies, peritidal rudstone facies, and coral rubble storm ridges. This is underlain by over 26 m of Holocene reef facies. Coring and dating of the Holocene reefs (using both U/Th TIMS and (super 14) C methods) in the Easter Group has shown significantly different lithofacies in the windward and leeward reefs, and has allowed reconstruction of Holocene reef growth and sea-level history. Coralline algal bindstones and interbedded coral framestone facies characterise the relatively slow-growing windward Holocene reefs, whereas the fast-growing leeward reefs consist of coral framestone facies which are dominated by Acropora. The leeward reefs commenced growth about 10,000 U/Th years ago and the Morley reef grew to 0.3 m above present sea level by 6400 U/Th years B.P., recording a relative high sea-level event. This generated Holocene constructional topography characterised by "blue-hole" terrain. Windward Holocene reef growth commenced after 8200 U/Th years B.P. following erosion of the windward part of the Last Interglacial platform. High wave energy and competition with macroalgae limited coral growth, and the coralline algal-dominated windward reefs grew more slowly to sea level. The Holocene sea-level record provided by dates from the 26 m core of the Morley reef (a "keep-up" reef) is the first such record from the western continental margin of Australia. 48 Journal Article Edward R. Cook 1995/05 Temperature histories from tree rings and corals Climate Dynamics Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany 11 4 211-222 Climate Dynamics Cenozoic; changes; climate; corals ; global change; global warming; Holocene; invertebrates; Northern Hemisphere; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; Southern Hemisphere; temperature; tree rings; variations 49 Journal Article E.R. Cook;L. Kairiukstis 1991 Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences Kluwer, Dordrecht 408 Kluwer, Dordrecht 50 Journal Article E.R. Cook 1995 Temperature histories from tree-rings and corals Climate Dynamics 11 211-222 Climate Dynamics 51 Journal Article E.R. Cook;D.M. Meko;D.W. Stahle;M.K. Cleaveland 1999 Drought reconstructions for the continental United States J. Climate 12 1145-1162 J. Climate 52 Journal Article T. Correge;T. Delcroix;J. Recy;W. Beck;G. Cabioch;F. Le Cornec 2000 Evidence for stronger El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in a mid-Holocene massive coral. Paleoceanography 15 465-470 Paleoceanography 53 Journal Article T. J.; Quinn Crowley, T. M.; Taylor, F. W.;Anonymous 1995/11/07 Volcanic signal detected in New Caledonia coral record AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 323 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Cenozoic; chronology; cooling; corals ; eruptions; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; Melanesia; New Caledonia; Oceania; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Quaternary; upper Holocene; volcanism; volcanoes; volcanology 54 Journal Article T.J. Crowley;T.M. Quinn;F.W. Taylor 1997 Evidence for a volcanic cooling signal in a 335 year coral record from New Caledonia Paleoceanography 12 633-639 Paleoceanography 55 Journal Article S. Curtis;S. Hastenrath 1995 Forcing of anomalous sea surface temperature evolution in the tropical Atlantic during Pacific warm events J. Geophys. Res. 100, 15 835-15,847 J. Geophys. Res. 56 Journal Article R.D. D'Arrigo;G.C. Jacoby;P.J. Krusic 1994 Progress in dendroclimatic studies in Indonesia Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 5 349-363 Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 57 Journal Article Knutson D.W.;R.W. Buddemeier;S.V. Smith 1972 Coral chronologies: seasonal growth bands in reef corals Science 177 270-272 Science 58 Journal Article V. I.; Dorofeyeva Davydov, L. A. 1991/08 Paleotemperaturnyy analiz kal'tsiy-magniyevykh otnosheniy verkhnepaleozoyskikh biogennykh Karbonatov Podmoskov'ya i Donbassa Paleotemperature analysis of calcium-magnesium ratios in upper Paleozoic biogenic carbonates of the Moscow region and Donets Basin Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow, Russian Federation 66 4 101-109 Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytateley Prirody, Otdel Geologicheskiy alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; benthonic taxa; Ca/Mg; calcite; calcium; carbonate rocks; carbonates; Carboniferous; Coelenterata; Commonwealth of Independent States; corals ; crinoids; Dnieper-Donets Basin; Donets Basin; echinoderms; Europe; foraminifers; fusulinids; Invertebrata; invertebrates; magnesium; metals; microfossils; Moscow Russian Federation; Moscow-Pechora Syneclise; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Paleozoic; Rugosa; Russian Federation; Russian Platform; sedimentary rocks; stratigraphy; Upper Carboniferous; upper Paleozoic; Zoantharia 59 Journal Article Stephanie; Nelson de Villiers, Bruce K.; Chivas, Allan R. 1995/09/01 Biological controls on coral Sr/Ca and delta (super 18) O reconstructions of sea surface temperatures Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 269 5228 1247-1249 Science alkaline earth metals; applications; biochemistry; biogenic processes; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; corals ; East Pacific Ocean Islands; ecology; Galapagos Islands; geochemistry; geologic thermometry ; growth rates; Hawaii; Honolulu County Hawaii; invertebrates; isotopes ; last glacial maximum; metals; modern; modern analogs; O-18/O-16; Oahu ; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Polynesia; Quaternary; sea water; sea-surface temperature; seasonal variations; stable isotopes; strontium; temperature; tropical environment; United States; upper Quaternary 60 Journal Article S. de Villiers;B.K. Nelson;A.R. Chivas 1995 Biological controls on coral Sr/Ca and d18O reconstructions of sea surface temperatures Science 269 1247-1249 Science 61 Journal Article Wei Gangjian; Yu Jinsheng; Gui Xuntang; Yu Fuji; Chen Yuwei; Liu Deping 1998/12 Paleoclimate implication of oxygen and carbon isotopic composition from diagenesis coral ; discussion on the data from NY-1 core Science in China. Series D, Earth Sciences Science in China Press; Gordon and Breach, Beijing, China 41 6 609-615 Science in China. Series D, Earth Sciences Anthozoa; Asia; C-13/C-12; carbon; China; Coelenterata; cores; diagenesis; Far East; geochemistry; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; Nansha Islands; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; reef builders; reefs; stable isotopes; Xisha Islands 62 Journal Article H.F. Diaz;N.E. Graham 1996 Recent changes in tropical freezing heights and the role of sea surface temperature Nature 383 152-155 Nature 63 Journal Article R.E. Dodge;J. Thomson 1974 The natural radiochemical and growth records in contemporary hermatypic corals from the Atlantic and Caribbean Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 23 313-322 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64 Journal Article R.E. Dodge;A.M. Szmant;R. Garcia;P.K. Swart;A. Forester;J.J. Leder 1994 Skeletal structural basis of density banding in the reef coral Montastrea annularis Proc. 7th Coral Reef Symposium 186-195 Proc. 7th Coral Reef Symposium 65 Journal Article A.V. Douglas;P.J. Englehart 1996 Variability of the summer monsoon in Mexico and relationships with drought in the United States Proc. 21st Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Huntsville, AL, Climate Prediction Center 296-299 Proc. 21st Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Huntsville, AL, Climate Prediction Center 66 Journal Article E. R. M.; Griffin Druffel, S.;Anonymous 1991/12/17 Decade time-scale variability in isotope ratios during the Little Ice Age as observed in surface corals AGU 1992 ocean sciences meeting New Orleans, LA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 72 51, Suppl. 71 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Australasia; Australia; biochemistry; C-14/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; Coral Sea; corals ; currents; decadal variations; East Australian Current; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Neoglacial; O-18/O-16; ocean circulation; ocean currents; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Quaternary; Queensland Australia; radioactive isotopes; reefs; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; Swains Reef; upper Holocene; upwelling; variations; West Pacific 67 Journal Article E.M. Druffel 1981 Radiocarbon in annual coral rings from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8 59-62 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 68 Journal Article E.R.M. Druffel 1985 Detection of El Niño and decade time scale variations of sea surface temperature from banded coral records: implications for the carbon dioxide cycle, in The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, W.S. Broecker and E.T. Sundquist (editors), American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 111-122 Geophysical Union, Washington DC 69 Journal Article E.R.M. Druffel 1989 Decade time scale variability of ventilation in the north Atlantic: high-precision measurements of bomb radiocarbon in banded corals J. Geophys. Res. 94 3271-3285 70 Journal Article E.R.M. Druffel;S. Griffin 1993 Large variations of surface ocean radiocarbon: evidence of circulation changes in the southwestern Pacific J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20,249-20 259 J. Geophys. Res. 71 Journal Article E.R.M. Druffel 1997 Pulses of rapid ventilation in the North Atlantic surface ocean during the past century Science 275 1454-1457 Science 72 Journal Article Robert B.; Wellington Dunbar, Gerard M.; Colgan, Mitchell W.; Glynn, Peter W. 1994/04 Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature since 1600 A.D.; the delta (super 18) O record of climate variability in Galapagos corals Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 9 2; 291-315 Paleoceanography Cenozoic; corals ; East Pacific; East Pacific Ocean Islands; ecology; Equatorial Pacific; Galapagos Islands; growth rates; Holocene; invertebrates; Isabela Island; isotope ratios; isotopes; modern; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Pavona clavus; Pavona gigantea; Quaternary; sea surface temperature; sea water; secular variations; South American Pacific; stable isotopes; temperature; upper Holocene 73 Journal Article P. Dustan;W. Jaap;J. Halas 1976 The distribution of the class Sclerospongia Lethaia 9 419-420 Lethaia 74 Journal Article Druffel E.R.M. 1982 Banded corals: Changes in oceanic 14C levels during the Little Ice Age Science 218 13-19 Science 75 Journal Article C.C. Ebbesmeyer;D.R. Cayan;D.R. McClain;F.H. Nichols;D.H. Peterson;K.T. Redmond 1991 1976 step in Pacific climate: Forty environmental changes between 1968-1975 and 1977-1984, In: Proc. 7th Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, April, 1990, California Department of Water Resources, J.L. Betancourt and V.L. Tharp (editors), Interagency Ecological Study Program Technical Report 26 115-126 Proc. 7th Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, April, 1990, California Department of Water Resources, J.L. Betancourt and V.L. Tharp (editors), Interagency Ecological Study Program Technical Report 76 Journal Article R. Lawrence; Beck Edwards, J. Warren; Burr, G. S.; Donahue, D. J.; Chappell, J. M. A.; Bloom, A. L.; Druffel, E. R. M.; Taylor, F. W. 1993/05/14 A large drop in atmospheric (super 14) C/ (super 12) C and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with (super 230) Th ages of corals Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 260 5110 962-968 Science absolute age; actinides; Australasia; C-14; C-14/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic ; changes of level; corals ; dates; deglaciation; geochronology; Huon Peninsula; invertebrates; isotopes; meltwater; metals; paleo-oceanography; paleoatmosphere; paleoclimatology ; Papua New Guinea; Pleistocene; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; stable isotopes; Th-230; Th/U; thorium; time scales; upper Pleistocene; uranium disequilibrium; Weichselian; Younger Dryas 77 Journal Article Hesham M. El-Asmar 1997 Quaternary isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimate of coral reef terraces, Gulf of Aqaba, South Sinai, Egypt Quaternary Science Reviews Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom 16 8 911-924 Quaternary Science Reviews absolute age; Africa; Cenozoic; dates; Egypt; faults; geochemistry; Gulf of Aqaba; Indian Ocean; interglacial environment; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Africa; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; paleotemperature; Quaternary; Ras Mohammed Egypt; Red Sea; reefs; sea-level changes; Sharm El Sheikh Egypt; Sinai Egypt; stable isotopes; tectonics; terraces; Th/U; U/Pb 78 Journal Article D.B. Enfield;D.A. Mayer 1997 Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation J. Geophys. Res. 102 929-945 J. Geophys. Res. 79 Journal Article R.G. Fairbanks;R.E. Dodge 1979 Annual periodicity of the O-18/O-16 and C-13/C-12 ratios in the coral Montastrea annularis Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1009-1020 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 80 Journal Article R.G. Fairbanks;M.N. Evans;J.L. Rubenstone;R. A. Mortlock;K. Broad;M. D. Moore;C. D. Charles 1997 Evaluating climate indices and their geochemical proxies measured in corals Coral Reefs 16 S93-S100 Coral Reefs 81 Journal Article Stewart; Casey Fallon, Richard; Ciccateri, Annette; Cabrera, Andrea; Chomicz, Leslie; Zarwell, Lucas; Hill, Victoria; Gutierrez, Antonette 1993/10 Fijian past climate recorded in tree rings and coral banding Geological Society of America, 1993 annual meeting Boston, MA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 25 6 331 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Cenozoic; corals ; El Nino; Fiji; Holocene; hydrology; invertebrates; mangrove swamps; Melanesia; Oceania; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; Quaternary; rainfall; seasonal variations; shore features; Southern Oscillation; swamps; thin sections; tree rings; trees; Vanua Levu; X-ray data 82 Journal Article S.J.M. Fallon;M.T. McCulloch;R. van Woesik;D.J. Sinclair 1999 Corals at their latitudinal limits: laser ablation trace element systematics in Porites from Shirigai Bay, Japan Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 172 221-238 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 83 Journal Article D.A. Fisher;R.M. Koemer;N. Reeh 1995 Holocene climatic records from Agassiz ice cap, Ellesmere Island, NWT, Canada The Holocene 5 19-24 The Holocene 84 Journal Article H. Flohn;A. Kapala;H.-R. Knoche;H. Machel 1990 Recent changes of the tropical water and energy budget and of midlatitude circulations. Climate Dynamics 4 237-252 Climate Dynamics 85 Journal Article C.K. Folland;T.N. Palmer;D.E. Parker 1986 Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1900-85 Nature 320 602-607 Nature 86 Journal Article H.C Fritts 1976 Tree Rings and Climate Academic Press, London 567 Academic Press, London 87 Journal Article M. K.; Chivas Gagan, A. R.; Isdale, P. J. 1994 Coral-based isotopic records of the Australian monsoon and Indonesian throughflow Wahyoe Soepri Hantoro Climates of the past, third field meeting Denpasar, Indonesia, UNESCO, International Union of Geological Sciences, International 16-18 Anthozoa; Asia; Australasia; Australia; C-13/C-12; California; carbon; Coelenterata; cooling; Coral Sea; corals ; density; dynamics; effects; eruptions; Far East; Great Barrier Reef; Indian Ocean; indicators; Indonesia; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Leeuwin Current; Luzon; monsoons; Mount Pinatubo; Ningaloo Reef; O-18/O-16; ocean circulation; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pandora Reef; Philippine Islands; Porites; Queensland Australia; runoff; Scleractinia ; South Pacific; Southern California; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; surveys; United States; West Pacific; Western Australia; Zoantharia 88 Journal Article M. K.; Aylifffe Gagan, L. K.; McCulloch, M. T.; Gagan, Michael; Anker, S.; Hopley, D.; Isdale, P. J. 1995/11/07 Sr/Ca and delta-O18 in Great Barrier Reef corals and ENSO dynamics at 5 ka BP AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 316-317 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; Australasia; Australia; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; corals ; cores; El Nino; fluorescence; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; metals; middle Holocene; O-18/O-16; Orpheus Island; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; Porites; Quaternary; Queensland Australia; Scleractinia; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; Southwest Pacific; spectra; stable isotopes; strontium; ultraviolet spectra; West Pacific; Zoantharia 89 Journal Article M. K.; Ayliffe Gagan, L. K.; Beck, J. W.; Cole, Julia E.; Druffel, E. R. M.; Dunbar, Robert B.; Schrag, D. P. 2000/01 New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals Keith D.; Oldfield Alverson, Frank; Bradley, Raymond S. Past global changes and their significance for the future Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom 19 1-5 45-64 Quaternary Science Reviews alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; C-14; calcium; calibration; carbon; carbon dioxide; Cenozoic; climate change; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; El Nino; Equatorial Pacific; global change; Great Barrier Reef; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; mass spectra; measurement; metals; mixing; O-18/O-16; ocean circulation; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleohydrology; paleosalinity; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; rates; reconstruction; sea water; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; Southwest Pacific; spectra; stable isotopes; strontium; tropical environment; upper Pleistocene; upper Weichselian; variations; Weichselian; West Pacific; Younger Dryas 90 Journal Article M.K. Gagan;A.R. Chivas;P.J. Isdale 1994 High-resolution isotopic records from corals using ocean temperature and mass spawning chronometers Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121 549-558 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 91 Journal Article M.K. Gagan;A.R. Chivas;P.J. Isdale 1996 Timing coral-based climatic histories using 13C enrichments driven by sychronized spawning. Geology 24 1009-1012 Geology 92 Journal Article J. Gaillardet;C.J. Allegre 1995 Boron isotopic compositions of corals: seawater or diagenesis record? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136 665-676 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 93 Journal Article M.; Harmon Gascoyne, R. S. 1992 Palaeoclimatology and palaeosea levels M.; Harmon Ivanovich, R. S. Uranium-series disequilibrium; applications to Earth, marine, and environmental sciences Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom 553-582 absolute age; actinides; C-14; California; carbon; carbonates; cave environment; Cenozoic; changes of level; corals ; cores; dates; deep-sea environment; ice; invertebrates; isotopes; lacustrine environment; marine sediments; metals; organic materials; organic residues; paleoclimatology ; peat; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; Searles Valley; sediments; soils; solution features; speleothems; springs; Th-230; Th-232/Th-230; Th/U; thorium; U-238/U-234; United States; uranium; uranium disequilibrium 94 Journal Article A. Gershunov;T.P. Barnett 1998 Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 79 2715-2726 Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 95 Journal Article Ivan; Olson Gill, Jennifer J.; Hubbard, Dennis K. 1994 Corals, paleotemperature, and the aragonite-calcite inversion Geological Society of America, 1994 annual meeting Seattle, WA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 26 7 422 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America aragonite; biochemistry; calcite; carbon dioxide; carbonates; corals ; corrections; fractionation; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoatmosphere; paleoclimatology ; paleosalinity; paleotemperature; stable isotopes 96 Journal Article Ivan; Olson Gill, Jennifer J.; Hubbard, Dennis K. 1995/04 Corals, paleotemperature records, and the aragonite-calcite transformation Geology (Boulder) Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 23 4 333-336 Geology (Boulder) Anthozoa; aragonite; Atlantic Ocean; biochemistry; calcite; carbonates; Caribbean Sea; Coelenterata; corals ; drilling; errors; experimental studies; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Montastrea; Montastrea annularis; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; sample preparation; sampling; Scleractinia; stable isotopes; transformations; X-ray diffraction data; Zoantharia Oxygen isotopic records from corals play an increasing role in paleoclimatic research and climatic modeling. Proxy records of sea-surface temperature are produced by isotopically analyzing samples drilled from aragonitic (CaCO (sub 3) ) coral skeletons. However, drilling aragonite causes a polymorphic inversion to calcite accompanied by (super 18) O enrichment. The isotopic enrichment may occur through atmospheric exchange, CO (sub 2) degassing, or fractionation during digestion. Regardless of the mechanism, dry drilling produced isotopic shifts as large as 0.8per mil, corresponding to an erroneous temperature decrease of 3 degrees C. This error is larger than the global temperature rise since the Industrial Revolution, and a substantial part of the global temperature variation over the past 10 ka. Because the isotopic shift is inconsistent and can occur without the production of measurable calcite, detecting and correcting the iso 97 Journal Article T.F. Goreau 1959 The ecology of Jamaican reefs. I. Species composition and zonation Ecology 40 67-90 Ecology 98 Journal Article N.E. Graham 1994 Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s: observations and model results Climate Dynamics 10 135-162 Climate Dynamics 99 Journal Article N.E. Graham 1995 Simulation of recent global temperature trends Science 267 686-671 Science 100 Journal Article Lisa; Swart Greer, Peter K.; Dodge, Richard E. 1996 A comparison of modern and Holocene coral growth rates from the Dominican Republic Geological Society of America, 28th annual meeting Denver, CO, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 28 7 361 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Anthozoa; Antilles; Caribbean region; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; cores; cycles; Dominican Republic; Enriquillo Valley; fossils; Greater Antilles; growth; Hispaniola; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; living taxa; Montastraea; Montastrea; paleoclimatology ; patterns; periodicity; Quaternary; Scleractinia; Siderastrea; statistical analysis; time series analysis; variations; West Indies; X-ray data; Zoantharia Fossil corals from the Enriquillo Valley provide a unique opportunity to examine sub-annual to century scale climate variation within the time period of 5000-8000 years bp. Comparison of past climate variations with data from modern corals reveals long term global climate patterns. In April of 1996, 25 samples of Holocene coral were collected from a well preserved fossil fringing reef in the southwestern interior of the Dominican Republic, and ten cores of living coral were extracted from coral heads offshore of Parque del Este in the southeastern part of the country. Montastraea annularis and Siderastrea siderea are equally represented in the specimen population. Yearly coral growth rates were measured along the axis of maximum skeletal extension as revealed by X-radiography methods. The oldest of the modern cores dates back to 1927 while the Holocene record is represented by approximately 950 years of coral growth. Average growth rates are 9.236 mm/year for fossil Montastraea and 3.838 mm/year for Siderastrea. Modern growth rates of both species are less, at 8.422 mm/year for Montastraea and 2.601 mm/year for Siderastrea. Preliminary time series analyses reveal peak growth periodicities at both 5 and 10 to 15 year frequencies. Fluctuations in these coral growth-rate patterns reflect a variety of environmental forces, such as: changing patterns of light levels (including indirect effects of rainfall, depth gradients and cloud cover), temperature, food availability, coral age, and sedimentation rates. Fluctuations in the length of sub-annual seasons are ascertained from the contrast between and relative proportion of high and low density bands. Evidence for lunar cyclicity in inter-annual density banding is proposed. 101 Journal Article A. Grottoli-Everett;G. Wellington 1999 Effect of light and zooplankton on skeletal ?13C values in the eastern Pacific corals Pavona clavus and Pavona gigantea Coral Reefs, in press Coral Reefs, in press 102 Journal Article D. Gu;S.G.H. Philander 1997 Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics Science 275 805-807 Science 103 Journal Article T.P. Guilderson;D.P. Schrag 1998 Abrupt Shift in Subsurface Temperatures in the Tropical Pacific Associated with Changes in El Niño Science 281 240-243 Science 104 Journal Article T.P. Guilderson;D.P. Schrag;M. Kashgarian;J. Southon 1998 Radiocarbon variability in the western equatorial Pacific inferred from a high-resolution coral record from Nauru Island J. Geophys. Res. 103, 24,641-24 650 J. Geophys. Res. 105 Journal Article T.P. Guilderson;D. P. Schrag 1999 Reliability of coral records from the western Pacific warm pool Paleoceanography, in press. Paleoceanography, in press. 106 Journal Article H. Guzman;A.W. Tudhope 1998 Seasonal variation in skeletal extension rate and stable isotopic (13C/12C and 18O/16O) composition in response to several environmental variables in the Caribbean reef coral Siderastrea siderea Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 166 109-121 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 107 Journal Article R. B. Halley 1993 Coral fluorescence as an index of runoff in South Florida John A.; Snow Kelmelis, K. Mitchell Proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey global change research forum, Herndon, Virginia, March 18-20, 1991 Herndon, VA, United States, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States 86 U. S. Geological Survey Circular aragonite; carbonates; Cenozoic; corals ; Florida; Florida Keys; fluorescence; geologic thermometry; growth; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; Monroe County Florida; O-18; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; paleohydrology; Quaternary; rainfall; runoff; southern Florida; stable isotopes; United States; USGS 108 Journal Article P. T.; Andersen Harris, O.; Coleman, R. 1998 Estimating sediment mobility due to swell waves and tides on Australia's continental shelf Geoscience for the new millennium; abstracts Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia Townsville, Queensl., Australia, Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia 49 202 Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia Australasia; Australia; Bass Strait; bathymetry; Carpentaria Basin; continental shelf; Coral Sea; general circulation models; grain size; granulometry; Great Barrier Reef; hydrodynamics; marine sedimentation; models; nearshore sedimentation; new data; North West Shelf; ocean circulation; ocean waves; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; prediction ; sedimentation; South Australia; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Spencer Gulf; tidal currents; tides; Torres Strait; United States Exclusive Economic Zone; velocity; West Pacific 109 Journal Article S.R. Hart;A.L. Cohen 1996 An ion probe study of annual cycles of Sr/Ca and other trace elements in corals Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 3075-3084 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 110 Journal Article Christian; Hubmann Hasenhuettl, Berhard 1995 Devonian shallow marine environments of the Graz Palaeozoic affected by rifting Bernard; Geister Lathuiliere, Joern Proceedings of the Second European regional meeting; Coral reefs in the past, present and future Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Service Geologique du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 29 52-54 Publications du Service Geologique du Luxembourg algal mounds; algal structures; assemblages; Austria; biogenic structures; biostromes; carbonate platforms; Central Europe; corals ; cycles; Devonian; Emsian; Europe; Givetian; Graz Austria; invertebrates ; lithofacies; Lower Devonian; marine environment; Middle Devonian; nappes; paleobathymetry; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; paleotemperature; Paleozoic; plate tectonics; reefs; rifting; sedimentary structures; sequence stratigraphy; shallow-water environment; stromatoporoids; Styria Austria 111 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;L. Heller 1977 Dynamics of climatic hazards in northeast Brazil Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc. 103 77-92 Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc. 112 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;P.J. Lamb 1983 Some aspects of circulation and climate over the eastern equatorial Atlantic Mon. Weather Rev. 106 1280-1287 Mon. Weather Rev. 113 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;L. Castro;P. Aceituno 1987 The Southern Oscillation in the tropical Atlantic Sector Contrib. Atmos. Physics 60 447-463 Contrib. Atmos. Physics 114 Journal Article S. Hastenrath 1990 Decadal-scale changes of the circulation in the tropical Atlantic sector associated with Sahel drought Int. J. Climatology 10 459-472 Int. J. Climatology 115 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;P.D. Kruss 1992 The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya's glaciers 1963-87: greenhouse forcing Ann. Glaciol. 16 127-133 Ann. Glaciol. 116 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;L. Greischar 1993 Circulation mechanisms related to Northeast Brazil rainfall anomalies J. Geophys. Res. 98 5093-5102 J. Geophys. Res. 117 Journal Article S. Hastenrath;A. Nicklis;L. Greischar 1993 Atmospheric-hydrospheric mechanisms of climate anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20, 219-20 235 J. Geophys. Res. 118 Book Alan D. Hecht 1985 Paleoclimate analysis and modeling New York Wiley 445 p. 119 Journal Article Jeffrey M.; Risk Heikoop, Michael J. 1994 Stable isotopic signatures of ENSO variability recorded in eastern Indonesian corals Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada; annual meeting; program with abstracts--Association Geologique du Canada; Association Mineralogique du Canada; reunion annuelle; programme et resumes Waterloo, ON, Canada, Geological Association of Canada, Waterloo, ON, Canada 19 49 Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada; Canadian Geophysical Union, Joint Annual Meeting Asia; Banda Sea; carbonates; Celebes Sea; cooling; corals ; drought; eastern Indonesia; El Nino; Far East; Indonesia; Indonesian Seas; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Pacific; Northwest Pacific; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; rainfall; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; temperate environment; variations; West Pacific 120 Journal Article Georg A.; Dullo Heiss, W. C.; Reijmer, John J. G. 1993/10 A 200 year sclerochronological record from the Red Sea; growth rates, stable isotopes and environmental stress Geological Society of America, 1993 annual meeting Boston, MA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 25 6 161 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Anthozoa; Asia; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; cores; growth; Gulf of Aqaba; Holocene; Indian Ocean; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Jordan; Middle East; O-18/O-16 ; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Porites; Quaternary; Red Sea; reefs; Scleractinia; scleractinians; stable isotopes; upper Holocene; Zoantharia 121 Journal Article N.G. Hemming;R.J. Reeder;G.N. Hanson 1995 Mineral-fluid and isotopic fractionation of boron in synthetic calcium carbonate Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 371-379 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 122 Journal Article N.G. Hemming;T.P. Guilderson;R.G. Fairbanks 1998 Seasonal variations in the boron isotopic composition of coral: A productivity signal? Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12 581-586 Global Biogeochem. Cycles 123 Journal Article Douglas C. Hilderbrand 1998/05 Elemental ratio determination via ICP-MS and DCP-AES; methodology to extract climate records from coral aragonite University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States accuracy; actinides; alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; aragonite; barium ; Ca-40; calcium; carbonates; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Coelenterata; inductively coupled plasma methods; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; mass spectra; Melanesia; metals; methods; New Caledonia; nutrients; Oceania; paleoclimatology; paleoecology; paleotemperature; plasma emission spectroscopy; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; salinity; sea water; sea-surface temperature; shallow-water environment ; spectra; spectroscopy; standard deviation; statistical analysis; strontium; tropical environment; U-238; U-238/Ca-40; uranium A major goal of coral -based paleoclimate research is to extract multicentury proxy climate records at monthly resolution. Achieving this goal requires the ability to measure elemental ratios precisely and rapidly which is important because variations of these ratios in coral skeletons have been documented to reflect changes in environmental conditions in the shallow tropical oceans. U/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Sr/Ca isotopic ratios were determined on powdered samples from a New Caledonia coral via inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). For Ca and Sr, calibration curves with correlation coefficients averaging 0.99975 were made using (super 45) Sc and (super 89) Y as internal standards. The U and Ba were determined by isotope dilution. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca elemental ratios from the same samples were determined using calibration curves via direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry (DCP). Precision of the ICP-MS determinations was evaluated using a solution of dissolved coral powder. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values for Ca, U, Sr, and Ba were 0.25%, 3.0%, 1.3%, and 2.1%, respectively. With the exception of Ca, RSD values were not precise enough to define a robust environmental signal; coral paleoclimate studies require RSD values to be <1.0%. ICP-MS productivity averaged 12 solutions per hour, of which 6 were coral samples. DCP preliminary determinations of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios yielded RSD values of 1.0% and 0.80%, respectively. Productivity averaged 24 solutions per hour, of which 6 were coral samples. Despite the lack of precision, a record from 1967 to 1981 of (super 238) U/ (super 40) Ca ratios displays trends that are remarkably similar to an instrumental record of sea surface salinity (SSS) determined from ocean waters near the coral collection site. In contrast, the measured (super 238) U/ (super 40) Ca record is not similar to a companion record of sea surface temperature (SST). The striking similarity between SSS variations and (super 238) U/ (super 40) Ca variations is evidence that U/Ca ratios cannot be considered to be a pure paleothermometer. Ba/Ca variations displayed no discernible trend, which is consistent with the notion that seasonal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich and Ba-rich deep water can likely be discounted as an environmental factor influencing the coral geochemistry at New Caledonia. Analytical procedures are instrument-specific; precision and productivity differences between ICP-MS and DCP instrumentation are documented. The failure to reproduce results using an existing published procedure demonstrates the need for an interlaboratory coral standard for elemental and isotopic ratio work. 124 Journal Article Norcott de B. Hornibrook 1992 New Zealand Cenozoic marine paleoclimates; a review based on the distribution of some shallow water and terrestrial biota Ryuichi; Ingle Tsuchi, James C., Jr. Pacific Neogene; environment, evolution, and events Shizuoka, Japan, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan 83-106 Amphistegina; assemblages; Asterocyclina; Australasia; biogeography; biostratigraphy; Brachiopoda; Cenozoic; corals ; cyclothems; foraminifera; foraminifers; glaciation; IGCP; Inarticulata; Invertebrata; invertebrates; Lingula; marine environment; microfossils; mollusks; New Zealand; North Island; Orbitoidacea; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; paleotemperature; planar bedding structures; plants; Protista; Rotaliina; sedimentary structures; shallow-water environment; stratigraphic boundary; terrestrial environment 125 Journal Article R.W. Houghton;Y. Tourre 1992 Characteristics of low-frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic J. Climate 5 765-771 J. Climate 126 Journal Article Robb E.; Dunbar Houston, Robert B. 1995/11/01 Paleoclimatic records from Cocos Island corals ; high resolution records using coupled oxygen isotopes and U/Ca thermometry AGU 1995 fall meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 327 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union actinides; alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Cocos Island; Coelenterata; corals ; geochemical indicators; geologic thermometry; Guam; high-resolution methods; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Mariana Islands; metals; Micronesia; modern; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleohydrology; Porites; Porites lobata; Quaternary; rainfall; Scleractinia; stable isotopes; temperature; tracers; upper Holocene; uranium; West Pacific; Zoantharia 127 Journal Article Dennis K.; Gill Hubbard, Ivan P.; Rubenstone, James; Fairbanks, Richard G. 1996 Paleoclimate and paleoceanographic controls of shelf-edge reef development in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Geological Society of America, 28th annual meeting Denver, CO, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 28 7 489 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America absolute age; accretion; Antilles; C-14; carbon; Caribbean region; Cenozoic; controls; corals ; cores; dates; Greater Antilles; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; Lang Bank; Lesser Antilles; paleo-oceanography ; paleoclimatology ; Puerto Rico; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reefs; Saint Croix; Th/U; U. S. Virgin Islands; Virgin Islands; West Indies Twenty eight cores through the reefs of Puerto Rico and St. Croix (US Virgin Islands) show qualitative similarities in their accretionary histories. Reefs developed first along shelf margins during early flooding. On Puerto Rico, this occurred at 8,200 ybp (all dates are uncorrected radiocarbon years unless otherwise specified). On St. Croix, shelf-edge reefs started between 8,000 and 6,000 ybp along the eastern tip of Lang Bank (at ca. 30 m below present sea level-PSL) and the southern margin (depth ca. 24 m PSL). Along the northern margin, reefs started at -20 m PSL at ca. 5,500 ybp. At both locations, slightly deeper, off-shelf reefs record earliest dates around 9,000 ybp (9,921+78 U/Th in Puerto Rico). Shelf-edge reefs persisted until 5,900 ybp in Puerto Rico and 4,800 ybp east of St. Croix, where deeper branching-coral reefs persisted longest. This abandonment of shelf-edge reefs was accompanied by the establishment of reefs closer to shore (backstepping). Despite reduced water depths, the newer reefs were dominated by head corals, presumably a response to increased turbidity and a location more proximal to land-derived nutrients.Based on a developing data base, uncorrected radiocarbon ages appear to fall 400- 1,000 years younger than their U/Th counterparts at 10,000 ybp, with this difference decreasing through time. Using this range of corrections, it seems that the most active accretion of branching-coral reefs spans the interval of implied ice-sheet collapse proposed by other investigators. Furthermore, local variability exerts such a strong influence over timing and style of reef development that extrapolating from only a few cores to "typical" accretion patterns is fraught with peril. 128 Conference Proceedings Konrad A.; Overpeck Hughen, Jonathan T.; Lehman, Scott J.; Kashgarian, Michaele; Southon, John R.; Peterson, Larry C. 1998 A new (super 14) C calibration data set for the last deglaciation based on marine varves Willem G.; van der Plicht Mook, Johannes Proceedings of the 16th international radiocarbon conference; Part 1 Groningen, Netherlands, University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, AZ, United States 40 1 483-494 Radiocarbon Allerod; Atlantic Ocean; C-14; calibration; carbon; Cariaco Basin; Caribbean Sea; Cenozoic; climate change; deglaciation; GISP2; glacial geology; glaciation; global change; ice cores; isotopes; marine environment; North Atlantic; paleoclimatology; planar bedding structures; Pleistocene; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; sedimentary structures; upper Pleistocene; upper Weichselian; varves; Weichselian; Younger Dryas Varved sediments of the tropical Cariaco Basin provide a new (super 14) C calibration data set for the period of deglaciation (10,000 to 14,500 years before present: 10-14.5 cal ka BP). Independent evaluations of the Cariaco Basin calendar and (super 14) C chronologies were based on the agreement of varve ages with the GISP2 ice core layer chronology for similar high-resolution paleoclimate records, in addition to (super 14) C age agreement with terrestrial (super 14) C dates, even during large climatic changes. These assessments indicate that the Cariaco Basin (super 14) C reservoir age remained stable throughout the Younger Dryas and late Allerod climatic events and that the varve and (super 14) C chronologies provide an accurate alternative to existing calibrations based on coral U/Th dates. The Cariaco Basin calibration generally agrees with coral -derived calibrations but is more continuous and resolves century-scale details of (super 14) C change not seen in the coral records. (super 14) C plateaus can be identified at 9.6, 11.4, and 11.7 (super 14) C ka BP, in addition to a large, sloping "plateau" during the Younger Dryas ( approximately 10 to 11 (super 14) C ka BP). Accounting for features such as these is crucial to determining the relative timing and rates of change during abrupt global climate changes of the last deglaciation. 129 Journal Article K.A. Hughen;J.T. Overpeck;L.C. Peterson;S. Trumbore 1996 Abrupt deglacial climatic change in the tropical Atlantic Nature 380 51-54 Nature 130 Journal Article Enzo Insalaco 1995 Growth banding in two Jurassic corals; regional and local variations Bernard; Geister Lathuiliere, Joern Proceedings of the Second European regional meeting; Coral reefs in the past, present and future Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Service Geologique du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 29 154 Publications du Service Geologique du Luxembourg Central Europe; corals ; England; Europe; Great Britain; growth rates; invertebrates; Jura Mountains; Jurassic; Mesozoic; paleobathymetry; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; seasonal variations; shallow-water environment; siliciclastics; spatial distribution; Swiss Jura Mountains; Switzerland; turbidity; United Kingdom; variations; Western Europe; Yorkshire England 131 Journal Article Enzo Insalaco 1996/07 The use of Late Jurassic coral growth bands as palaeoenvironmental indicators Palaeontology Palaeontological Association, London, United Kingdom 39, Part 2 413-431 Palaeontology biogeography; biostratigraphy; corals ; deep-water environment; growth rates; invertebrates; Jurassic; latitude; Mesozoic; Oxfordian; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; reef environment; sclerochronology ; Tethys; Upper Jurassic 132 Journal Article P. J.; Stewart Isdale, B. J.; Tickle, K. S.; Lough, J. M. 1998 Palaeohydrological variation in a tropical river catchment; a reconstruction using fluorescent bands in corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia The Holocene Edward Arnold, Sevenoaks, United Kingdom 8 1 1-8 The Holocene annual variations; Anthozoa; atmospheric precipitation; Australasia; Australia; Burdekin River; Cenozoic; climate change; Coelenterata; concentration; Coral Sea; discharge; El Nino; fluorescence; fulvic acids; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; humic acids; Invertebrata; monsoons; organic acids; organic compounds; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleohydrology; Porites; Quaternary; Queensland Australia; reconstruction; reef environment; Scleractinia; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; Southwest Pacific; tropical environment; upper Holocene; West Pacific; Zoantharia 133 Journal Article P. Isdale 1984 Fluorescent bands in massive corals record centuries of coastal rainfall Nature 310 578-9 Nature 134 Journal Article P.J. Isdale;B.J. Stewart;J.M. Lough 1998 Palaeohydrological variation in a tropical river catchment: a reconstruction using fluorescent bands in corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia The Holocene 8 1-8 The Holocene 135 Journal Article A. R.; McKenzie Isern, J. A.; Feary, D. A. 1996/09 The role of sea-surface temperature as a control on carbonate platform development in the western Coral Sea Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 124 3-4 247-272 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Australasia; Australia; biostratigraphy; carbonate platforms; Cenozoic; Coral Sea; corals ; evolution; foraminifers; growth rates; Holocene; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; microfossils; middle Quaternary; O-18/O-16; ocean circulation; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; Queensland Australia; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; West Pacific; western Coral Sea The derivation of a detailed sea-surface paleotemperature curve for the middle Miocene-Holocene (10-0 Ma) from ODP Site 811 on the Queensland Plateau, northeast Australia, has clarified the role of sea-surface temperature fluctuations as a control on the initiation and development of the extensive carbonate platforms of this region. This curve was derived from isotopic analyses of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber, and converted to temperature using the surface-water paleotemperature equation accounting for variations in global ice volume. The accuracy of these data were confirmed by derivation of paleotemperatures using the water column isotopic gradient (Delta delta (super 18) O), corrected for salinity and variations in seafloor water mass temperature. Results indicate that during this period surface-water temperatures were, on average, greater than the minimum required for tropical reef growth (20 degrees C; Veron, 1986), with the exception of the late Miocene and earliest early Pliocene (10-4.9 Ma), when there were repeated intervals of temperatures between 18-20 degrees C. Tropical reef growth on the Queensland Plateau was extensive from the early to early middle Miocene ( differs from 21-13 Ma), after which reef development began to decline. A lowstand near 11 Ma probably exposed shallower portions of the plateau; after re-immersion near 7 Ma, the areal extent of reef development was greatly reduced ( differs from 50%). Paleotemperature data from Site 811 indicate that decreased sea-surface temperatures were likely to have been instrumental in reducing the area of active reef growth on the Queensland Plateau. Reduced reefal growth rates continued until the late Pliocene or Quaternary, despite the increase of average sea-surface paleotemperatures to 22-23 degrees C. Studies on modern corals show that when sea-surface temperatures are below differs from 24 degrees C, as they were from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene off northeast Australia, corals are stressed and growth rates are greatly reduced. Consequently, when temperatures are in this range, corals have difficulty keeping pace with subsidence and changing environmental factors. In the late Pliocene, sedimentation rates increased due to increases in non-reefal carbonate production and falling sea levels. It was not until the mid-Quaternary (0.6-0.7 Ma) that sea-surface paleotemperatures increased above 24 degrees C as a result of the formation of a western Coral Sea warm water pool. Because of age discrepancies, it is unclear exactly when an effective barrier developed on the central Great Barrier Reef; the formation of the warm water pool was likely to have either assisted the formation of this barrier and/or permitted increased coral growth rates. Fluctuations in sea-surface temperature can account for much of the observed spatial and temporal variations of reef growth and carbonate platform distribution off northeast Australia, and therefore we conclude that paleotemperature variations are a critical control on the development of carbonate platforms, and must be considered an important cause of ancient platform "drowning". 136 Journal Article Barsugli J.;P. Sardeshmukh;S. Zhang 1996 Identifying the most sensitive areas of tropical SST forcing for midlatitude seasonal prediction 7th Conference on Climate Variations, Long Beach, CA, 2-7 Feb 1996 7th Conference on Climate Variations, Long Beach, CA, 2-7 Feb 1996 137 Journal Article Carriquiry J.D.;J.F. Soto-Castro;C.D. Charles;M. Moore 1998 Stable isotope records and trace element records in coral growth bands as tracers of ENSO activity in the Mexican Pacific Proc. Am. Quat. Assoc. 12-13 Proc. Am. Quat. Assoc. 138 Journal Article Lough J.M.;D. J. Barnes;R.B. Taylor 1996 The potential of massive corals for the study of high resolution climate variation of the past millennium, in Climatic fluctuations and forcing mechanisms of the last 2000 years, Jones, P.D., R.S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel (editors), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 355-372 139 Journal Article Phil Jones 1996/05/30 Palaeoclimatology; a la recherche du temps perdu Nature (London) Macmillan Journals, London, United Kingdom 381 6581 375-376 Nature (London) Antarctica; Australasia; Australia; Cenozoic; changes; Coral Sea; corals ; current research; geochronology; Great Barrier Reef; Holocene; ice cores; invertebrates; New Zealand; Oceania; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Quaternary; reefs; report; South Island; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; symposia; tree rings; West Pacific 140 Journal Article A. Kaplan;M.A. Cane;Y. Kushnir;A.C. Clement;M.B. Blumenthal;B. Rajagopalan 1998a Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991 J. Geophy. Res. 103, 18,567-18 589 J. Geophy. Res. 141 Journal Article A. Kaplan;M. Evans;M.A. Cane;R.Villalba 1998b Globality and optimality in SST field reconstructions from tree rings: ENSO and more, extended abstract for Pole-Equator-Pole Paleoclimate of Americas (PEP1) Conference, Merida, Venezuela, March 16-20, 1998, on line at http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/~alexeyk/work/ 142 Journal Article K.; Machiyama Kawamura, H.; Kato, M.;Benoit; Embry Beauchamp, Aston 1993/08 Late Permian coral reef in eastern Tethys; implications for Permian climato-oceanography and reef evolution Don Glass Carboniferous to Jurassic Pangea, first international symposium; program and abstracts Calgary, AB, Canada, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, AB, Canada 158 algal flora; Asia; biologic evolution; Capitan Reef; China; continental shelf; corals ; Europe; Far East; Indochina; interpretation; invertebrates; Italy; microfossils; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; Paleozoic; Pangaea; Permian; plants; reefs; Sicily Italy; southern China; Southern Europe; Tethys; Upper Permian 143 Journal Article Toshio; Machiyama Kawamura, Hideaki 1995/11 A Late Permian coral reef complex, South Kitakami Terrane, Japan Maurice; Matsumoto Tucker, Ryo West Pacific and Asian carbonates Kyoto, Japan, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 99 3-4 135-150 Sedimentary Geology algal flora; Asia; carbonate rocks; complexes; corals ; Far East; Honshu; invertebrates; Iwaizaki Formation; Iwate Japan; Japan; Kitakami Mountains; lagoonal environment; limestone; lithofacies; microfossils; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Paleozoic; Permian; plants; reef builders; reef environment; sedimentary rocks; South Kitakami Terrane; Upper Permian The early Late Permian (Kubergandian to Midian) Iwaizaki Limestone of the South Kitakami Terrane, situated in Northeast Japan, represents a coral reef complex which was formed on a faulted-bank in an active continental margin. The reef-building organisms include cerioid and dendroid rugose corals, a fasciculate tabulate coral and solenoporacean algae as constructors, calcisponges, bryozoans and crinoids as bafflers, and Tubiphytes, Archaeolithoporella and cyanobacteria as binders. The biotic composition is more diverse than the other coeval reefs. Characterized by the existence of an obvious framework, this reef is similar to the Recent coral reefs and unique among Late Permian reefs, most of which are mainly formed by calcisponges and calcareous algae. The distribution of Late Permian reefs is closely related to the palaeoclimate. Coral reefs were developed mainly around the South China and Indochina continental masses between the Tethys Sea and the Panthalassa Ocean, in the tropics. While, calcisponge reefs and Tubiphytes-algal crust reefs were common in tropical to subtropical regions, and stromatolite-bryozoan reefs developed in arid areas. The gradational distribution of Late Permian organic reefs including localized development of coral reefs were probably caused by decreasing of the glaciers and changing of the ocean current systems. 144 Journal Article R. Kawamura 1994 A rotated EOF analysis of global sea surface temperature variability with interannual and interdecadal scales J. Phys. Oceanog. 24 707-715 J. Phys. Oceanog. 145 Journal Article Hajime Kayanne;Yoshio Yoshida 1994 Response of coral reefs to future global changes; prediction based on Holocene records Quaternary environmental changes in the Pacific region Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo Chigaku Kyokai, Tokyo, Japan 103 7 861-866 Chigaku Zasshi = Journal of Geography calcium carbonate; carbon dioxide; Cenozoic; climate; corals ; global change; Holocene; invertebrates; paleoatmosphere; paleoclimatology ; postglacial environment; Quaternary; reefs; sea-level changes 146 Journal Article R. A.; Quinn Kayser, T. M. 1995 An investigation of climatic and environmental change during the middle Pliocene in Southwest Florida using the elemental geochemistry of a pristine fossil coral Albert C.; Halley Hine, Robert B. Linked Earth systems; congress program and abstracts; Vol. 1 St. Pete Beach, FL, United States, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, United States 74 alkaline earth metals; barium; biochemistry; C-13/C-12; calcium; carbon ; Cenozoic; chemical elements; chemical ratios; corals ; Florida; geochemistry; Gulf Coastal Plain; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; metals; middle Pliocene; Neogene; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; Pinecrest Sand Member; Pliocene; Solenastrea bournoni; southwestern Florida; stable isotopes; Tertiary; United States 147 Book Barbara H. Keating 1987 Seamounts, islands, and atolls Washington, D.C. American Geophysical Union 0875900682 148 Journal Article L.D. Keigwin 1996 The little ice age and medieval warm periods in the Sargasso Sea Science 274 1504-1508 Science 149 Journal Article N. B. Keller 1992/06 Pleistocene coral communities on seamounts of the Tyrrhenian Sea Oceanology American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 31 6 757-760 Oceanology absolute age; C-14; carbon; Cenozoic; communities; corals ; dates; deep-sea environment; invertebrates; isotopes; Magnaghi Seamount; Marsili Seamount; Mediterranean Sea; ocean floors; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Pleistocene; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reef environment; sampling; seamounts; substrates; Tyrrhenian Sea; Vavilov Seamount; West Mediterranean 150 Journal Article Wolfgang Kiessling 2001/08 Paleoclimatic significance of Phanerozoic reefs Geology (Boulder) Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 29 http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0091-76 13&volume=029&issue=08&page=0751 8 751-754 Geology (Boulder) biogenic structures; bioherms; Cenozoic; climate change; data bases; data processing; global change; mass extinctions; Mesozoic; paleoclimatology; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; paleolatitude; paleotemperature; Paleozoic; Phanerozoic; reef builders; reef environment; secular variations; sedimentary structures; Tertiary A database of pre-Quaternary Phanerozoic reefs is used to test the significance of ancient reefs as paleoclimatic tracers. The compilation of reef paleolatitudes through time and comparison with published paleoclimate curves shows that neither the width of the tropical reef zone nor the total latitudinal range of reefs is correlated with published estimates of paleotemperature. However, reefs trace paleoclimate indirectly: Algal reefs tend to prevail during icehouse climatic intervals, and distinct high-latitude reefs are only developed in cold intervals, whereas during greenhouse episodes, the reef zone usually ended abruptly at a particular latitudinal boundary in the subtropics. Additionally, different biotic reef types tended to be concentrated in different latitudes. The lowest latitudes have usually been occupied by coralline sponge or microbial reefs, coral reefs tended to grow in intermediate latitudes, and bryozoan reefs constantly occupied the highest latitudinal position. 151 Journal Article P.; Davaud Kindler, E.; Mangini, A. 1995 New climatic, tectonic and eustatic data from the late Pleistocene marine terraces of western Cyprus Albert C.; Halley Hine, Robert B. Linked Earth systems; congress program and abstracts; Vol. 1 St. Pete Beach, FL, United States, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, United States 76 absolute age; Asia; Cenozoic; clastic sediments; coastal plains; corals ; Cyprus; dates; eustacy; invertebrates; Lara Cyprus; marine terraces; Mediterranean Sea; Middle East; northwestern Cyprus; paleoclimatology ; petrography; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sea-level changes; sediments; shells; shore features; Th/U; uplifts; upper Pleistocene 152 Journal Article R.; Tudhope Klein, A. W.; Chilcott, C. P.; Paetzold, J.; Abdulkarim, Z.; Fine, M.; Fallick, A. E.; Loya, Y. Evaluating southern Red Sea corals as a proxy record for the Asian monsoon Earth and Planetary Science Letters Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 148 1-2 381-394 Earth and Planetary Science Letters Africa; arid environment; Asia; biochemistry; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; coupling; Dahlak Archipelago; data processing; East Africa; El Nino; Eritrea; high-resolution methods; Indian Ocean; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; monsoons; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Quaternary; Red Sea; reefs; regression analysis; sea-surface temperature; Southern Oscillation; stable isotopes; statistical analysis; tropical environment Coral palaeoclimatic studies are under way at many sites throughout the wet tropics. However, arid environments have received less attention. Here we report a high-resolution, 63 yr record of coral delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C extracted from a Porites colony from the Dahlak Archipelago, off the Eritrean coast, in the southern Red Sea. The annual cycles of the coral delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C are inversely related while their inter-annual variations show a strong positive correlation, with similar inter-decadal trends. Inter-annual variations in coral delta (super 18) O show a relatively weak correlation with the southern Red Sea SST, but are strongly correlated with the Indian Ocean SST, especially on the decadal time-scale. The range of the inter-annual variations in the coral delta (super 18) O is high compared to changes in local SST, due to the amplifying effect of simultaneous changes in water isotopic composition. Due to this amplification of the climate signal the coral provides a better indication of regional oceanographic behaviour than the local SST record. The northeast monsoon signal in the coral delta (super 18) O dominates the mean annual signal and shows the best correlation with the instrumental data sets. It appears that variations in the coral delta (super 18) O are controlled mainly by variations in the intensity of surface water influx from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea during the winter northeast monsoon. Of particular significance is that the decadal time-scale variations in the coral skeletal delta (super 18) O are closely correlated with both the Indian Ocean SST and with variations in the Pacific-based Southern Oscillation index. That is, isotopically light coral skeleton, indicating strong NE monsoon Red Sea inflow, correlates with periods of high Indian Ocean SST and with predominantly negative (El Nino) phases of the Southern Oscillation. The simultaneous nature of inter-decadal changes in Asian monsoon and ENSO behaviour suggest pan-Indo-Pacific tropical climate reorganisation and evolution. 153 Journal Article Nancy; Weil Knowlton, Ernesto; Weigt, Lee A.; Guzman, Hector M. 1992/01/17 Sibling species in Montastraea annularis, coral bleaching, and the coral climate record Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 255 5042 330-333 Science Anthozoa; Atlantic Ocean; biochemistry; biometry; bleaching; C-13/C-12; carbon; Caribbean Sea; Cenozoic; Central America; Coelenterata; corals ; ecology; environmental geology; growth; Holocene; indicators; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotopes; modern; Montastrea; Montastrea annularis; morphology; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oceanography; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Panama; Quaternary; reefs; Scleractinia; shallow-water environment; South America; stable isotopes; Venezuela; Zoantharia 154 Journal Article P. A.; Leder Kramer, J.; Swart, P. K.; Hudson, J. H. 1991 A 100 year climatic reconstruction of Florida Bay waters based on C and O isotopic analysis of a coral skeleton Geological Society of America, 1991 annual meeting San Diego, CA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 23 5 105 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Atlantic Ocean; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; evaporation; Everglades; Florida; Florida Bay; fractionation; Gulf of Mexico; Holocene; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; rainfall; reconstruction; Solenastrea bournoni; stable isotopes; temperature; United States; upper Holocene 155 Journal Article A. Kumar;M.P. Hoerling 1997 Interpretations and implications of the observed inter-El Niño variability J. Climate 10, 83-91 J. Climate 156 Journal Article V. G. Kuznetsov 1996/04 Evolution and cyclicity of reef formation in Russia and in adjacent countries Lithology and Mineral Resources Consultants Bureau, New York, NY, United States 31 2 101-111 Lithology and Mineral Resources algae; barrier reefs; biofacies; biogenic structures; bioherms; biostratigraphy; biostromes; bryozoans; Commonwealth of Independent States; continental drift; corals ; cycles; extinction; foraminifers; fossiliferous materials; fringing reefs; invertebrates; marginal reefs; microfossils; mud mounds; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; Paleozoic; patterns; Plantae; reconstruction; reefs; sedimentary structures; spatial distribution; tectonic controls; thallophytes 157 Journal Article Thompson. L.G. 1999 Ice core evidence for climate change in the tropics: implications for our future Quat. Sci. Rev., in press Quat. Sci. Rev., in press 158 Journal Article K. R.; Ponti Lajoie, D. J.; Powell, C. L., II; Mathieson, S. A.; Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 1992 Emergent marine strandlines and associated sediments, coastal California; a record of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations, vertical tectonic movements, climatic changes, and coastal processes Edward G.; Lewis Heath, W. Lavon The regressive Pleistocene shoreline; coastal Southern California South Coast Geological Society, Santa Ana, CA, United States 20 81-104 Annual Field Trip Guidebook. South Coast Geological Society absolute age; beach ridges; California; Cape Mendocino; Cayucos California; Cenozoic; Central California; changes of level; coastlines; corals ; dates; field trips; guidebook; Humboldt County California; invertebrates; Northern California; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Point Cabrillo; Quaternary; racemization; review; San Diego County California; Santa Cruz California; shells; shore features; Southern California; spatial distribution; tectonics; terraces; Th/U; United States; Ventura California; Ventura County California 159 Journal Article P.J. Lamb;R.A. Peppler 1992 Further case studies of tropical Atlantic surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with sub-Saharan drought J. Climate 5 476-488 J. Climate 160 Journal Article H.F. Lamb;F. Gasse;A. Benkaddour;N. El Hamouti;S. van der Kaars;W.T. Perkins;N.J. Pearce;C.N. Roberts 1995 Relation between century-scale Holocene intervals in tropical and temperate zones Nature 373 134-137 Nature 161 Journal Article M. Latif;D. Anderson;T. Barnett;M. Cane;R. Kleeman;A. Leetmaa;J. O'Brien;A. Rosati;E. Schneider 1998 A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO J. Geophys. Res. 103, 14,375-14 394 J. Geophys. Res. 162 Journal Article Jianning; Thunell Le, R. C.; Shackleton, N. J. 1995/04/25 Sea surface temperature estimates for the western Equatorial Pacific during the late Pleistocene AGU 1995 spring meeting Baltimore, MD, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 17, Suppl. 180 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union alkaline earth metals; calcium; Cenozoic; cooling; corals ; Equatorial Pacific; foraminifers; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Malay Archipelago; mechanism; metals; microfossils; New Guinea; O-18/O-16; Ontong Java Plateau; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; sea water; Sr/Ca; stable isotopes; strontium; upper Pleistocene; variations; West Pacific 163 Journal Article David W. Lea 1991 Barium in coral bands and foraminifera shells; a new tracer of ocean and climate change Robert G.; Polly Dundas, Paul David 1991 California paleontology conference; abstracts United States, (University of California, Museum of Paleontology), Berkeley, CA, United States 13 50, Supplement 5-6 PaleoBios alkaline earth metals; aragonite; barium; biochemistry; calcite; carbonates; Coelenterata; corals ; detection; foraminifers; growth bands; indicators; invertebrates; metals; microfossils; ocean circulation; paleo-oceanography; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology 164 Journal Article L.J. Linn;M.J. Delaney;E.R.M. Druffel 1990 Trace metals in contemporary and seventeenth century Galápagos coral: records of seasonal and annual variations Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54 387-394 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 165 Journal Article Z. Liu;J. Kutzbach;L. Wu 2000 Modeling Climate Shift of El Niño Variability in the Holocene. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 2265-8 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 166 Journal Article Janice M.; Barnes Lough, David J.; Taylor, Ray B. 1996 The potential of massive corals for the study of high-resolution climate variation in the past millennium Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms of the last 2000 years Philip D.; Bradley Jones, Raymond S.; Jouzel, Jean NATO ASI Series. Series I: Global Environmental Change Lucca, Italy Springer Verlag, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany 41 355-371 NATO ASI Series. Series I: Global Environmental Change Anthozoa; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; Great Barrier Reef; high-resolution methods; Holocene; Invertebrata; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Quaternary; reef environment; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; upper Holocene; variations; West Pacific 167 Journal Article Joyce; Toscano Lundberg, Marguerite A. 1996/05 Substage 5A coral reefs, SE Florida Shelf; sea level, high precision dating and assessment of forcing mechanisms AMQUA 1996; program and abstracts of the 14th biennial meeting; Global warming; interglacials, interstadials, climatic optima, and other events Flagstaff, AZ, United States American Quaternary Association, Seattle, WA, United States 14 103 Program and Abstracts - American Quaternary Association. Conference absolute age; Cenozoic; corals ; dates; Florida; high-resolution methods; invertebrates; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reefs; sea-level changes; shelf environment; southeastern Florida; Th/U; United States 168 Journal Article Bryan Lynas 1994/08 The beating heart of Earth's climate revealed; caves, coral reefs and coastlines in the Balearic Islands Geology Today Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom 10 4 145-151 Geology Today Balearic Islands; barrier reefs; caves; Cenozoic; climate; coastlines; corals ; cycles; Europe; eustacy; glaciation; highstands; Holocene; Iberian Peninsula; invertebrates; lowstands; Majorca; Mediterranean region; Milankovitch theory; Miocene; Neogene; ordered cycles; paleoclimatology ; plate tectonics; Pleistocene; popular geology; Quaternary; reefs; regression; sea-level changes; sediments; sequence stratigraphy; shore features; solution features; Southern Europe; Spain ; speleothems; submergence; Tertiary; transgression; upper Pleistocene; Weichselian; Younger Dryas 169 Journal Article Boiseau M.;A. Juillet-Leclerc;P. Yiou;B. Salvat;P. Isdale;M. Guillaume 1998 Atmospheric and oceanic evidences of El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the south-central Pacific Ocean from coral stable isotopic records over the last 137 years Paleoceanography 13 671-686 Paleoceanography 170 Journal Article David J.; Hine Mallinson, Albert C.; Locker, Stanley D. 1996 Paleocirculation and paleoclimatic implications of the Florida Middle Ground reefs Geological Society of America, 28th annual meeting Denver, CO, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 28 7 118 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America aggradation; Atlantic Ocean; biogenic structures; carbonate banks; Cenozoic; chlorophyll; continental shelf; corals ; degradation; Florida; Florida Middle Ground; Gulf Coastal Plain; Gulf of Mexico; hydrozoans; imagery; invertebrates; Neogene; North Atlantic; organic materials; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; patterns; pigments; pinnacle reefs; Pleistocene; Pliocene; plumes; Quaternary; reefs; seasonal variations; sedimentary structures; Tertiary; United States; upwelling The Florida Middle Ground (FMG) is an extensive coral reef system located on the West Florida Shelf (WFS). The reef complex trends parallel to the shelf margin, and is approximately 60 km long by 15 km wide. Individual carbonate banks are 12 to 15 meters in height and crest at 30 meters water depth. New seismic and si%K scan sonar data reveal the Neogene geologic framework in greater detail than previous investigations. The basement reflector shows 5 ms of karstic relief, and is likely of Miocene age. Several seaward-dipping Plio-Pleistocene(?) sequences are recognized. An angular unconformity separates dipping sequences from younger aggradational sequences. Reef location is related to the subcrop pattern of the Pliocene(?) unit along the angular unconformity. The reefs extend upward from shallow subsurface reflectors and assume several morphologies including steep-sided, flat-topped banks, and pinnacles. ROV reconnaissance reveals a degradational environment with fauna consisting predominantly of sponges, Gorgonian corals , and hydrozoans. The occurrence of the FMG reef complex is an anomaly as present-day water conditions on the WFS are not conducive to extensive coral reef development. Coastal Zone Color Scanner imagery reveal that the FMG area is affected by periodic upwelling and seasonal high-chlorophyll plumes indicating eutrophic water conditions. The presence of the FMG may indicate the existence of warmer, more oligotrophic conditions in the past, either during the Late Pleistocene (Stage 3?) or early Holocene. The change in trophic conditions has significant implications for paleocirculation patterns and paleoclimate in the Gulf of Mexico region. 171 Journal Article N.J. Mantua;S.R. Hare;Y. Zhang;J.M. Wallace;R.C. Francis 1997 A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 78 1069-1079 Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 172 Journal Article V. Markgraf;T.R. Baumgartner;J.P. Bradbury;H.F. Diaz;R.B. Dunbar;B. Luckman;G. Seltzer;T.W. Swetnam;R. Villalba 2000 Paleoclimate Reconstruction along the Pole-Equator-Pole Transect of the Americas (PEP 1), Quaternary Science Reviews 19 125-140 Science Reviews 173 Journal Article M. T.; Esat McCulloch, T.; Mortimer, G.; Xianhua, L.; Chivas, A.; Pillans, B.; Chappell, J. 1994/11/01 High resolution windows into Holocene-Pleistocene climate; Sr/Ca coral records of sea surface temperature from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea AGU 1994 fall meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 75 44, Suppl. 333 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union alkaline earth metals; Australasia; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; corals ; geochemistry; high-resolution methods; Holocene; Huon Peninsula; interglacial environment; invertebrates; marine terraces; metals; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Papua New Guinea; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reefs; sea-surface temperature; seasonal variations; shore features; strontium 174 Journal Article Malcolm; Mortimer McCulloch, Graham; Esat, Tezer; Li Xianhua; Pillans, Brad; Chappell, John 1996/02 High resolution windows into early Holocene climate; Sr/Ca coral records from the Huon Peninsula Earth and Planetary Science Letters Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 138 1-4 169-178 Earth and Planetary Science Letters absolute age; alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; Australasia; biochemistry; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Coelenterata; corals ; dates; Equatorial Pacific; high-resolution methods; Holocene; Huon Peninsula; Invertebrata; invertebrates; lower Holocene; marine terraces ; metals; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoatmosphere; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleotemperature; Papua New Guinea; Porites; Quaternary; reef environment; Scleractinia; seasonal variations; shore features; strontium; Th/U; West Pacific; Zoantharia High-precision measurements of Sr/Ca ratios are reported for Porites corals from the uplifted Holocene coral terraces at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. The early Holocene Porites have U-Th mass spectrometric ages of 8920+ or -60 yr and 7370+ or -50 yr, and delta (super 234) U(t) values of 145+ or -2, similar to modern seawater. The Sr/Ca coral records provide 5-6 year high resolution (near weekly) time windows into early Holocene sea surface temperatures. Seasonal temperature fluctuations are generally in the range of + or -1 degrees C, with occasional excursions of + or -2 degrees C, which may indicate the more frequent recurrence of very strong ENSO (El Ni%N Southern Oscillation) events. Mean annual Sr/Ca temperatures of 24.2+ or -1.1 degrees C and 22.9+ or -0.8 degrees C have been obtained, which are differs from 2-3 degrees C cooler than that exhibited by a modern Porites. These results indicate that, during the early Holocene, the equatorial western Pacific ocean was at least several degrees cooler than present-day temperatures. This is consistent with late glacial coral records from the Caribbean that indicate lower ( differs from 6 degrees C) sea surface temperatures for the equatorial oceans. The Huon Peninsula corals also indicate that SSTs were several degrees cooler than those in the Caribbean during the early Holocene. Thus, although the northern hemisphere summer radiation maximum occurred at differs from 10 ka, there appears to have been a significant lag in the response of the equatorial western Pacific ocean to this warming. Cooler early Holocene sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific may have been due to changing patterns of ocean-atmosphere circulation, resulting from the exposure of large areas of continental shelf in the southeast Asia region, a consequence of lower glacial sea levels. It is likely that ocean temperatures in the Huon Peninsula were influenced by the opening at differs from 7 ka of the Torres Strait, that now separates New Guinea from the Australian mainland. 175 Journal Article M.T. McCulloch;M.K. Gagan;G.E. Mortimer;A.R. Chivas;P.J. Isdale 1994 A high resolution Sr/Ca and d18O coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Niño Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58 2747-2754 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 176 Journal Article M.S. McGlone;A.P. Kershaw;V. Markgraf 1992 El Niño/Southern Oscillation and climatic variability in Australasian and South American paleoenvironmental records, In: El Niño: Historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (editors), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 435-462 177 Journal Article G.A. Meehl;G.W. Branstator 1992 Coupled climate model simulation of El Niño/Southern Oscillation: implications for paleoclimate, in El Niño: Historical and paleoclimatic aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (editors), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 69-91 178 Journal Article CLIMAP Members 1976 The surface of the ice-age earth Science 191 1131-1137 Science 179 Journal Article R.G. Min;R.L. Edwards;F.W. Taylor;J. Recy;C.D. Gallup;J.W. Beck 1995 Annual cycles of U/Ca in coral skeletons and U/Ca thermometry Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 2025-2042 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 180 Journal Article S Minobe 1997 A 50-70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 683-686 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 181 Journal Article S Minobe 1999 Resonance in bidecadal and pentadecadal climate oscillations over the North Pacific: Role in climatic regime shifts. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 855-858 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 182 Journal Article J.F.B. Mitchell;S. Manabe;V. Meleshko;T. Tokioka 1990 Equilibrium climate change - and its implications for the future, in Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (editors) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 131-172 183 Journal Article Takehiro; Matsumoto Mitsuguchi, Eiji; Abe, Osamu; Uchida, Tetsuo; Isdale, Peter J. 1996/11/08 Mg/Ca thermometry in coral skeletons Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 274 5289 961-963 Science alkaline earth metals; Asia; calcium; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; corals ; Far East; geologic thermometry; Holocene; invertebrates; Ishigaki; isotopes; Japan; magnesium; metals; Mg/Ca; modern; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; Ryukyu Islands; sea surface; sea water; Sr/Ca; stable isotopes; strontium; temperature 184 Journal Article T Mitsuguchi;E Matsumoto;O Abe;T Uchida;Peter J. Isdale 1996 Mg/Ca thermometry in coral skeletons Science 274 961-963 paleoclimate 185 Journal Article K.C. Mo;R.W. Higgins 1998 Tropical convection and precipitation regimes in the western United States J. Climate 11 2404-2423 J. Climate 186 Journal Article M. D.; Charles Moore, C. D.;Anonymous 19951107 Reconstructions of the Southern Oscillation and secular climate change from stable isotope measurements of long-lived corals (Porites) and sclerosponges (Astrosclera) from the Indonesian Seaway AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 323 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Anthozoa; Asia; Astrosclera; biochemistry; Bunaken Island; Celebes; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; cores; El Nino; Far East; geochemical indicators; Holocene; Indonesia; Indonesian Seas; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Kiribati; Micronesia; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Porifera; Porites; Quaternary; reconstruction; Scleractinia; Sclerospongea ; secular variations; Southern Oscillation ; stable isotopes; statistical analysis; Tarawa; time series analysis; West Pacific; Zoantharia 187 Journal Article M. D.; Charles Moore, C. D.; Rubenstone, J. L. 1996/11/12 Stable isotope records of tropical Pacific climate variability from U/Th-dated sclerosponges Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 77 46, Suppl. 291 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union absolute age; Acanthochaetetes wellsi; Astrosclera willeyana; C-13/C-12 ; carbon; Cenozoic; dates; geochemical indicators; growth rates; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; marine environment; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Porifera; Quaternary; reef environment; Sclerospongea ; stable isotopes; Th/U; tropical environment 188 Journal Article M.D. Moore 1995 Proxy records of the Indonesian Low and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation from stable isotope measurements of reef corals, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley 189 Journal Article M.D. Moore;D.P. 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Sci. 191 Thesis Yaser Ahmed Moustafa 2000 Paleoclimatic reconstructions of the northern Red Sea during the Holocene inferred from stable isotope records of modern and fossil corals and molluscs Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universitaet Bremen Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universitaet Bremen, Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany University of Bremen, Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany, 153 102 Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universitaet Bremen Africa; annual variations; Anthozoa; Bivalvia; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; Egypt; greenhouse effect; Holocene; Indian Ocean; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; Mollusca; North Africa; northern Red Sea; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; paleotemperature; Quaternary; reconstruction; Red Sea; seasonal variations; shells; Sinai Egypt; stable isotopes; statistical analysis; time series analysis; tropical environment 192 Journal Article Y.A. Moustafa;J. Pätzold;Y. Loya;G. Wefer 2000 Mid-Holocene stable isotope record of corals from the northern Red Sea, International Journal of Earth Sciences 88 742-751 Sciences 193 Journal Article Heldur Nestor 1995 Ordovician and Silurian reefs in the Baltic area Bernard; Geister Lathuiliere, Joern Proceedings of the Second European regional meeting; Coral reefs in the past, present and future Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Service Geologique du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 29 39-47 Publications du Service Geologique du Luxembourg algae; assemblages; Baltic region; biofacies; corals ; epicontinental seas; Estonia; Europe; Gotland Sweden; invertebrates; lithofacies; Lithuania; microfossils; Ordovician; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; paleoenvironment; Paleozoic; Plantae; reefs; regression; Scandinavia; Silurian; stromatoporoids; Sweden; thallophytes; transgression; tropical environment; Western Europe 194 Journal Article S. Nicholson 1994 Recent rainfall fluctuations in Africa and their relationships to past conditions over the continent The Holocene 4 121-131 The Holocene 195 Journal Article Y. Nozaki;D.M. Rye;K.K. Turekian;R.E. Dodge 1978 A 200 year record of carbon-13 and carbon- 14 variations in a Bermuda coral J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5 825-828 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 196 Journal Article S.R. O'Brien;P.A. Mayewski;L.D. Meeker;D.A. Meese;M.S. Twickler;S.I. Whitlow 1995 Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core Science 270 1962-1964 Science 197 Journal Article B. N.; Walker Opdyke, J. C. G. 1990/10/23 Pleistocene to Holocene CO (sub 2) fluctuations as a function of tropical shelf area; a return to the coral reef hypotheses AGU 1990 fall meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 71 43 1227 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union carbon; carbon dioxide; carbonate rocks; Cenozoic; changes of level; corals ; geochemical cycle; invertebrates; paleoatmosphere; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reefs; sedimentary rocks; shelf environment; sinks; stratigraphy 198 Journal Article L. Ortlieb 1999 The documentary historical record of El Niño events in Peru: An update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries), in El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability, Global and Regional Impacts, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (editors) Cambridge University Press, in press 199 Journal Article B. L Otto-Bliesner 1999 El Niño/La Niña and Sahel precipitation during the middle Holocene. J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 87-90 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 200 Journal Article Swart P.K.;K.S. White;D. Enfield;R.E. Dodge;P. Milne 1998 Stable oxygen isotopic composition of corals from the Gulf of Guinea as indicators of periods of extreme precipitation conditions in the sub-Sahara, J. Geophys. Res 103, 27,885-27 892 Geophys. Res 201 Journal Article J. Paetzold 1995 Reconstruction of past North Atlantic climatic change from Bermuda corals Global change and marine geology; 85. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung e.V.; Zusammenfassung der Tagungsbeitraege Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany, Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany 1-95 36 Terra Nostra (Bonn) alkaline earth metals; aragonite; Atlantic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean Islands; Bermuda; calcium; carbonates; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; corals ; growth rates; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; metals; North Atlantic; Northwest Atlantic; O-18; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reconstruction; reef builders; reefs; seasonal variations; Sr/Ca; stable isotopes; strontium 202 Journal Article D.E. Parker;M. Jackson;E.B. Horton 1995 The GISST2.2 sea surface temperature and sea-ice climatology, Technical report, CRTN 63, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2SY 35 203 Journal Article T.; Woronow Pogue, A.; Pingitore, N. E., Jr. 1994/11/01 Precision electron microprobe analysis of the Sr/Ca temperature record in corals AGU 1994 fall meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 75 44, Suppl. 695 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; aragonite; calcification; calcium; carbonates; Coelenterata; corals ; electron probe data; geologic thermometry; Invertebrata; invertebrates; metals; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Scleractinia; Sr/Ca; strontium; Zoantharia 204 Journal Article T.; Taylor Quinn, F.; Crowley, T. 1992/04/07 A coral record from the tropical South Pacific AGU 1992 spring meeting Montreal, PQ, Canada, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 73 14, Suppl. 150 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union biochemistry; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; South Pacific; stable isotopes; tropical environment; upper Holocene 205 Journal Article Terrence M.; Taylor Quinn, Frederick W.; Crowley, Thomas J. 1993 A 173 year stable isotope record from a tropical South Pacific coral D.; Overpeck Murray, Jonathan Decadal to millennial-scale variability in the climate system Baltimore, MD, United States, Pergamon, Oxford, United Kingdom 12 6 407-418 Quaternary Science Reviews C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; cooling; corals ; El Nino; Espiritu Santo Island; Holocene; human activity; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Melanesia; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; rainfall; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; stable isotopes; statistical analysis; time series analysis; tropical environment; upper Holocene; Vanuatu; variations 206 Journal Article T. M.; Crowley Quinn, T. J.; Taylor, F. W. 1995/11/07 A mul%T century coral stable isotope record from New Caledonia AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 323 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Anthozoa; biochemistry; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; El Nino; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Melanesia; New Caledonia; Noumea New Caledonia; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Porites; Porites lutea; Quaternary ; Scleractinia; sea-surface temperature; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; stable isotopes; upper Holocene; Zoantharia 207 Journal Article Terrence M.; Taylor Quinn, Frederick W.; Crowley, Thomas J.; Link, Suzanne M. 199610 Evaluation of sampling resolution in coral stable isotope records; a case study using records from New Caledonia and Tarawa Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 11 5 529-542 Paleoceanography Anthozoa; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; correlation; El Nino; Holocene; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; Kiribati; Melanesia; Micronesia; New Caledonia; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Porites; Quaternary; Scleractinia; sea-surface temperature; South Pacific; Southern Oscillation; Southwest Pacific; stable isotopes; Tarawa; West Pacific; Zoantharia 208 Journal Article Terrence M.; Crowley Quinn, Thomas J.; Taylor, Frederick W.; Henin, Christian; Joannot, Pascale; Join, Yvan 1998/08 A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral; interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the Southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D. Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 13 4 412-426 Paleoceanography alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; C-13/C-12; calcium; carbon; Cenozoic; climate effects; Coelenterata; Coral Sea; Holocene; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; Melanesia; metals; modern; New Caledonia; O-18/O-16; Oceania; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reconstruction; sea-surface temperature; South Pacific; Southwest Pacific; Sr/Ca; stable isotopes; strontium; West Pacific 209 Journal Article W.H. Quinn;V.T. Neal;S.E. Antunez de Mayolo 1987 El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14,449-14 461 J. Geophys. Res. 210 Journal Article T.M. Quinn;T.J. Crowley;F.W. Taylor 1996 New stable isotope results from a 173-year coral from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 3413-3416 J. Geophys. Res. Lett. 211 Journal Article T.M. Quinn;T.J. Crowley;F.W. Taylor;C. Henin;P. Joannot;Y. Join 1998 A multi-century stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea-surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 AD Paleoceanography 13 412-426 Paleoceanography 212 Journal Article Zhang R.-H.;L.M. Rothstein;A.J. Busalacchi 1998 Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Niño change on decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean Nature 391 879-883 Nature 213 Journal Article B. Rajagopalan;U. Lall;M.A. Cane 1997 Anomalous ENSO occurrences: an alternate view J. Climate 10 2351-2357 J. Climate 214 Journal Article V. Ramanathan;R.D. Cess;E.F. Harrison;P. Minnis;B.R. Barkstrom;E. Ahmed;D. Hartmann 1989, Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Science 243 57-63 Science 215 Journal Article V. Ramanathan;V. Collins 1993 A thermostat in the tropics? Nature 361 410-411 Nature 216 Journal Article P. J.; Cohen Ramsay, Anne L. 1997 Coral paleoclimatology research on the Southeast African Shelf H. A.; Macintyre Lessios, Ian G. Proceedings of the 8th international coral reef symposium Panama City, Panama, June 24-29, 1996 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States 8 1731-1734 Proceedings - International Coral Reef Symposium Africa; Anthozoa; Atlantic Ocean; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; continental shelf; Holocene; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; KwaZulu-Natal South Africa; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; Porites; Quaternary; reefs; Scleractinia; sclerochronology; South Africa; South Atlantic; Southeast Atlantic; Southern Africa; stable isotopes; Zoantharia; Zululand 217 Journal Article R.J. Reeder 1996 Interaction of divalent cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and barium with the calcite surface during layer growth Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1543-1552 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 218 Journal Article D. Rind 1998 Latitudinal temperature gradients and climate change J. Geophys. Res. 103 5943-5971 J. Geophys. Res. 219 Journal Article D.T. Rodbell;G.O. Seltzer;D.M. Anderson;M.B. Abbott;D.B. Enfield;J.H. Newman 1999 A highresolution ~15,000-yr record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador Science 283 516-520 Science 220 Journal Article E.J. Rohling;G.R. Bigg 1998 Paleosalinity and d18O: A critical assessment J. Geophys. Res. 103 1307-1318. J. Geophys. Res. 221 Journal Article Y. Rosenthal;E.A. Boyle 1993 Factors controlling the fluoride content of planktonic foraminifera: An evaluation of its paleoceanographic applicability Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 335-345 Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 222 Journal Article Leanne M. Roulier 1994/08 Seasonal- to decadal-climatic variability in Southwest Florida during the middle Pliocene warm interval; inferences from a coralline stable isotope record University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States, 47 C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; decadal variations; El Nino; Florida; Gulf Coastal Plain; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; maps; middle Pliocene; Neogene; O-18/O-16; ocean circulation; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; paleosalinity ; paleotemperature; Pliocene; seasonal variations; site location maps; Solenastrea; Solenastrea bournoni; Southern Oscillation; southwestern Florida; stable isotopes; Tertiary; United States We have generated a 49-year, high-resolution, stable-isotope record from a fossil coral, Solenastrea bournoni to evaluate regional sea-surface conditions during the middle Pliocene (3.0+ or -0.5 Ma) in southwest Florida. Continuous routing of the coral slab at an interval of 0.76 mm produced differs from 5 to 6 samples/yr. The annual cycle is well defined in delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C records confirming the average yearly growth rate estimated from density banding of 4 to 5 mm/yr. High-density bands are synchronous with the highest delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C values for 79% and 45% of the annual cycles recorded, respectively. The annual range in delta (super 18) O is 0.70 to 2.27 per mil and in delta (super 13) C it is 0.31 to 2.21 per mil. Partitioning of the delta (super 18) O signal into sea-surface temperature (SST) changes and delta (super 18) O water changes is difficult to estimate in the ancient. Isotopic mass-balance calculations, using modern climate data, suggest a partitioning of the delta (super 18) O signal into differs from 8% salinity and differs from 92% temperature at the sea surface. If 100% attributed to temperature, the observed mean annual range in delta (super 18) O values (mean = 1.54+ or -0.37 per mil) corresponds to a seasonal SST range of differs from 7.0+ or -1.7 degrees C (0.22 per mil/1 degrees C), which is a mean of 3.5 degrees C less than that of the present day. Isotope data are consistent with the hypothesis that delta (super 13) C values covary with the number of sunshine hours. Annually, delta (super 18) O values are often observed to precede delta (super 13) C values by one sample (i.e., about two months). Paleo-climatological inference from the isotope pattern suggests that periods of reduced SST were followed about two months later by periods of increased number of sunshine hours. This seasonal pattern is similar to that of southwest Florida today. Cross-spectral analysis of fossil coral delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C reveals coherency peaks, above the 95% confidence interval, at sub-decadal frequencies (2.2, 2.9 and 5 yr). Such periodicities are similar to those observed in modern regional precipitation records which have been attributed to ENSO "teleconnections". Hence, observed periodicities in the middle Pliocene coralline isotopic time series suggest that ENSO "teleconnections" may have existed in the ancient. 223 Journal Article Leanne M.; Quinn Roulier, Terrence M. 1995/06 Seasonal- to decadal-scale climatic variability in Southwest Florida during the middle Pliocene; inferences from a coralline stable isotope record Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 10 3 429-443 Paleoceanography annual variations; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; Florida; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; middle Pliocene; Neogene; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pliocene; seasonal variations; southwestern Florida; stable isotopes; Tertiary; United States 224 Journal Article D.H. Sandweiss;J.B. Richardson;E.J. Reitz;H.B. Rollins;K.A. Maasch 1996 Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 years BP onset of El Niño Science 273 1531-1533 Science 225 Journal Article Stephen A. Schellenberg 1994/08 Middle Pleistocene oceanographic and environmental conditions in shallow-marine waters of the southwestern Colombian Basin; inferences from the stable-isotope record of a fossil coral University of South Florida, Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States, 44 C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; Central America; Colombian Basin; corals ; Costa Rica; geologic maps; growth rates; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; Limon Costa Rica; maps; marine environment; middle Pleistocene; Moin Formation; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; paleosalinity; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; seasonal variations; shallow-water environment ; Siderastrea siderea; stable isotopes The Plio-Pleistocene Moin Formation (Limon, Costa Rica) contains an important record of late Neogene oceanographic and environmental changes that occurred in the Columbian Basin after the closure of the Central American Isthmus. To better understand this history, we have investigated the age and paleoenvironment of the Lomas del Mar section of the Moin Formation and the paleoseasonality of ambient shallow-marine waters using the skeletal chemistry of a pristine fossil Siderastrea siderea scleractinian coral. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of the coral-isotope approach to reconstructing environmental and seasonal conditions of the middle Pleistocene. Strontium-isotope analyses of coral aragonite was used to constrain the age of the section and indicates an apparent age of 1.03 Ma, with upper and lower age limits of 0.38 Ma and 1.63 Ma (2sigma ). This age is near the upper limit of a nannofossil-based age of differs from 0.45 to differs from 0.9 Ma and is consistent with age estimates based on planktonic foraminifera. Stable-isotope analyses of a contiguously sampling (0.5-mm interval) 60-mm-long section of a single corallite yielded a mean delta (super 18) O value of -2.13+ or -0.27 per mil (PDB) and mean delta (super 13) C value of -2.09+ or -0.23 per mil (PDB). X-radiography of the coral reveal 28 diffuse and subtle high- and low-density band couplets transverse to the sampled corallite section, although a consistent phase relationship with either delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C is absent. Therefore, an annual sclerochronology based on delta (super 13) C relative maxima was used to demarcate 28 years of growth, producing an average of differs from 4 samples per year. Mean annual delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C ranges for the 28-year record are 0.27+ or -O.16 per mil and 1.03+ or -0.54 per mil, respectively. Annual ranges in delta (super 18) O show a negligible correlation to annual sample density (r = 0.28), while annual delta (super 13) C ranges correlate more strongly (r = 0.44). Increases in annual growth rate (mm/yr) are correlated with lower mean annual values in both delta (super 18) O (r = 0.46) and delta (super 13) C (r = 0.46), and are interpreted to reflect increased kinetic fractionation with increased growth rate. Predicted modern coral delta (super 18) O and delta (super 13) C values, based on long-term local sea-surface temperature (SST), sea-surface salinity (SSS), and cloudiness records, are positively correlated and consistent with numerous modern coral-isotope records from regions with a climate characterized by alternating warm-cloudy and cool-clear seasons. In the fossil coral, a strong positive correlation and phase relationship between delta (super 18) O and delta (super l3) C values imply that middle Pleistocene seasonality was similar to those of modern environmental conditions off Puerto Limon today. The calculated middle Pleistocene SST range (2.4+ or -1.4C degrees ) is nearly identical to observed modern SST range (2.4+ or -1.1 C degrees ), while the calculated middle Pleistocene SSS range (6.8+ or -4.1 per mil) is over 2 per mil larger than modern SSS range (4.6+ or -1.9 per mil). Although such calculations provide quantitative paleoseasonality estimates, they assume constancy of the relation between SST, SSS, and Delta (delta (super 18) O)/Delta salinity in the modern and middle Pleistocene. 226 Journal Article D. P.; Moore Schrag, M. D. 1995/11/07 Persistence of El Nino/Southern Oscillation in the Pleistocene; evidence from Indonesian fossil corals AGU 1995 spring meeting San Francisco, CA, United States American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 76 46, Suppl. 317 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union absolute age; annual variations; Anthozoa; Asia; Bira Indonesia; Celebes; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; cores; cycles; dates; El Nino; Far East; glacial environment; Indonesia; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; marine terraces; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Porites; Quaternary; reefs; Scleractinia; seasonal variations; shore features; Southern Oscillation ; stable isotopes; Sumba; Th/U; Zoantharia 227 Journal Article D.P. Schrag 1999 Rapid analysis of high-precision Sr/Ca ratios in scleractinian corals and other marine carbonates Paleoceanography 14 97-102 Paleoceanography 228 Journal Article C. Schubert 1992 The glaciers of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida (Venezuela): a photographic comparison of recent deglaciation Erdkunde 46 58-64 Erdkunde 229 Journal Article J. Servain 1991 Simple climatic indices for the tropical Atlantic and some applications, J. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 15,137-15 146 J. Geophys. Res. 230 Journal Article Glen T.; Linn Shen, Laura J.; Campbell, Todd M.; Cole, Julia E.; Fairbanks, Richard G. 1992/08/15 A chemical indicator of trade wind reversal in corals from the western tropical Pacific Journal of Geophysical Research, C, Oceans American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 97 8 12,689-12,697 Journal of Geophysical Research, C, Oceans Abaianq; atolls; biochemistry; Cenozoic; corals ; geochemical indicators; geochemistry; Holocene; indicators; invertebrates; Kiribati ; manganese; metals; meteorology; ocean circulation; Oceania; oceanography; Pacific Ocean; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reefs; reversals; Tarawa; trace elements; trade winds; upper Holocene; West Pacific; winds 231 Journal Article Glen T.; Cole Shen, Julia E.; Lea, David W.; Linn, Laura J.; McConnaughey, Edward A.; Fairbanks, Richard G. 1992/10 Surface ocean variability at Galapagos from 1936-1982; calibration of geochemical tracers in corals Paleoceanography American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 7 5 563-588 Paleoceanography alkaline earth metals; biochemistry; C-13/C-12; cadmium; calcium; calibration; carbon; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; corals ; East Pacific Ocean Islands; ecology; Galapagos Islands; growth; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; least-squares analysis; manganese; marine environment; metals; O-18/O-16; oxygen; Pacific Ocean; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Pavona clavus; Quaternary; reefs; San Cristobal Island; stable isotopes; statistical analysis; tracers; upper Holocene 232 Journal Article Chuan-Chou; Lee Shen, Typhoon; Chen, Chi-Yun; Wang, Chung-Ho; Dai, Chang-Feng; Li, Lung-An 1996/10 The calibration of D(Sr/Ca) versus sea surface temperature relationship for Porites corals Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Pergamon, Oxford, International 60 20 3849-3858 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta alkaline earth metals; Anthozoa; Asia; calcium; calibration; Cenozoic; chemical ratios; Coelenterata; corals ; experimental studies; Far East ; geologic thermometry; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; Kenting Taiwan; metals; modern; modern analogs; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology; Porites; Quaternary; reef builders; Scleractinia; sea water; sea-surface temperature; strontium; Taiwan; temperature; upper Holocene; Zoantharia 233 Journal Article G. T. Shen;J. E. Cole;D. W. Lea;L. J. Linn;T. A. McConnaughey;R. G. Fairbanks 1992 Surface ocean variability at Galápagos from 1936-1982: Calibration of geochemical tracers in corals Paleoceanography 563-588 Paleoceanography 234 Journal Article G.T. Shen 1996 Rapid change in the tropical ocean and the use of corals as monitoring systems, in Geoindicators: Assessing Rapid Environmental Changes in Earth Systems, A.R. Berger and W.J. Iams (editors), Balkema Press, Rotterdam 155-169 235 Journal Article J. Shukla 1987 Interannual variability of monsoons, In: J.S. Fein and P.L. Stephens (editors), Monsoons, John Wiley, New York 399-464 236 Journal Article J. Shulmeister;B.G. Lees 1995 Pollen evidence from tropical Australia for the onset of an ENSO dominated climate at c. 4000 BP The Holocene 5 10-18 The Holocene 237 Journal Article A.J. Simmons;J.M. Wallace;G. Branstator 1983 Barotropic wave propagation and instability, and atmospheric teleconnection patterns J. Atmos. Sci. 40 1363-1392 J. Atmos. Sci. 238 Journal Article F. Sirocko;M. Sarnthein;H. Erlenkeuser;H. Lang;M. Arnold;J.-C. Duplessy 1993 Century-scale events in monsoonal climate over the past 24,000 years. Nature 364 322-324 Nature 239 Journal Article Jodie E.; Risk Smith, Michael J. 1993/10 A new archive; the use of deep-water coral in paleo-climatic reconstructions Geological Society of America, 1993 annual meeting Boston, MA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 25 6 455 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America absolute age; Atlantic Ocean; C-14; carbon; Cenozoic; cooling; corals ; dates; deep-sea environment; deglaciation; Desmophyllum cristigalli; glacial extent; glacial geology; glaciation; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography ; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reconstruction; stable isotopes; Th/U; upper Pleistocene; Weichselian; Younger Dryas 240 Journal Article Jodie; Risk Smith, Michael J.; Schwarcz, Henry P.; McConnaughey, Ted A. 1997/04/24 Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic during the Younger Dryas recorded by seep-sea corals Nature (London) Macmillan Journals, London, United Kingdom 386 6627 818-820 Nature (London) Atlantic Ocean; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; deep-sea environment; global change; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Atlantic; North Atlantic Deep Water; O-18/O-16; Orphan Knoll; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology ; paleotemperature; Pleistocene; Quaternary; stable isotopes; upper Pleistocene; Weichselian; Younger Dryas 241 Journal Article N.E. Smith 1995 Decadal climate variability in the western tropical Atlantic and the potential for proxy records from the coral Siderastrea siderea, unpublished Masters thesis, Univ. of Colorado 100 242 Journal Article J.C. Stager;P.A. Mayewski 1997 Abrupt early to mid-Holocene climatic transition registered at the equator and the poles Science 276 1834-1836 Science 243 Journal Article D.W. Stahle;P.T. Mushove;M.K. Cleaveland;F. Roig;G.A. Haynes 1999 Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe, Forest Ecology and Management, in press 244 Journal Article H.M. Stoll;D.P. Schrag 1998 Effects of Quaternary sea level cycles on strontium in seawater Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1 107-1118. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 245 Journal Article Andre Strasser 1995 Pleistocene reefs in Sinai; eustatic and climatic controls Bernard; Geister Lathuiliere, Joern Proceedings of the Second European regional meeting; Coral reefs in the past, present and future Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Service Geologique du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 29 15-16 Publications du Service Geologique du Luxembourg absolute age; Africa; Cenozoic; climatic controls; corals ; dates; Egypt; gastropods; Indian Ocean; interglacial environment; invertebrates; mollusks; Naama Bay; North Africa; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Quaternary; Red Sea; reefs; sea-level changes; siliciclastics; Sinai Egypt; Th/U; uplifts; variations 246 Journal Article Peter K.; Leder Swart, James J.; Hudson, Harold; Szmant, Alina 1990 Climate variations in South Florida over the past 90 years as recorded in the stable oxygen isotopic composition of coral sketetons Geological Society of America, 1990 annual meeting Dallas, TX, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 22 7 172 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America Biscayne National Park; Cenozoic; corals ; Elliott Key; Florida; Holocene; invertebrates; isotopes; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; reefs; southern Florida; stable isotopes; stratigraphy; United States 247 Journal Article P. K.; Leder Swart, J. J.; Kramer, P.; Fredrick, B.; Dodge, R. E.; Halley, R. 1992/04/07 Climate records in corals from the Florida Keys AGU 1992 spring meeting Montreal, PQ, Canada, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 73 14, Suppl. 150 Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Anthozoa; Biscayne Bay; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; Coelenterata; corals ; Dade County Florida; Florida; Florida Keys; Holocene; Invertebrata; invertebrates; isotopes; Monroe County Florida; Montastrea; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleo-oceanography; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; Scleractinia; stable isotopes; United States; upper Holocene; Zoantharia 248 Journal Article Peter K.; Healy Swart, Genevieve F.; Dodge, Richard E.; Kramer, Philip ; Hudson, J. Harold; Halley, Robert B.; Robblee, Michael B. 1996/07 The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 123 1-4 219-237 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Atlantic Ocean; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; corals ; Florida Bay; growth rates; Gulf of Mexico; Holocene; invertebrates; isotope ratios; isotopes; North Atlantic; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; Quaternary; salinity; Solenastrea; stable isotopes A 160 year record of skeletal delta (super 13) C and delta (super 18) O was examined in a specimen of the coral Solenastrea bournoni growing in Florida Bay. Variations in the delta (super 18) O of the skeleton can be correlated to changes in salinity while changes in the delta (super 13) C reflect cycling of organic material within the Bay. Based on the correlation between salinity and skeletal delta (super 18) O, we have concluded that there has been no long term increase in salinity in this area of Florida Bay over the past 160 years. Using salinity correlations between the various basins obtained from instrumental data, we have been able to extend our interpretations to other parts of Florida Bay reaching similar conclusions. In contrast to current ideas which have focused on changes in Florida Bay water quality over the past 20-yr history of the Bay as causative in its decline, we have determined that changes in water quality in this basin were already set in motion between 1905 and 1912 by the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West. The construction of the railway resulted in the restriction of the exchange of water between the Florida reef tract and the Gulf of Mexico causing Florida Bay to become more eutrophic. Evidence of this process is observed in the sudden shift to relatively lower delta (super 13) C values coincident with railway construction. Natural events also appear to have influenced the water in the Bay. Between 1912 and 1948 frequent hurricanes had the effect of increasing exchange of water between the Bay and reef tract and removing large quantities of organic rich sediments. However, since 1948 the number of hurricanes affecting the area has decreased and the products of the oxidation of organic material have been increasingly retained within the basin promoting the initiation of eutrophic conditions. 249 Journal Article Peter K.; Moore Swart, Michael; Charles, Chris; Boehm, Florian 1999/02 Sclerosponges may hold new keys to marine paleoclimate Earth in Space American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States 11 6 10-14 Earth in Space Antilles; applications; Asia; Bahamas; C-13/C-12; Calcispongea; carbon; Caribbean region; Cenozoic; Ceratoporella nicholsoni; Far East; feasibility studies; Greater Antilles; Holocene; indicators; Indonesia; Invertebrata; isotope ratios; isotopes; Jamaica; living taxa; marine environment; paleoclimatology; Porifera; Quaternary; stable isotopes; West Indies; West Pacific Ocean Islands 250 Journal Article Barney J.; Ludwig Szabo, Kenneth R.; Muhs, Daniel R.; Simmons, Kathleen R. 1994/10/07 Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii Science American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, United States 266 5182 93-96 Science absolute age; actinides; Cenozoic; changes of level; corals ; dates; East Pacific Ocean Islands; Hawaii; Honolulu County Hawaii; interglacial environment; invertebrates; isotopes; metals; O-18/O-16; Oahu; Oceania; oxygen; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Polynesia; Quaternary; radioactive isotopes; reefs; stable isotopes; Th-230; Th/Th ; Th/U; thorium; United States; uplifts; upper Pleistocene; uranium disequilibrium 251 Journal Article P. 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A. 1994 Late oxygen isotope Stage 5 reef system, Florida Keys shelf ridge; evidence for latest last interglacial sea-level fluctuations and paleoclimate Geological Society of America, 1994 annual meeting Seattle, WA, United States Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 26 7 515 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America American Shoal; carbonate platforms; Carysfort Reef; corals ; Florida; Florida Keys; geophysical profiles; interglacial environment; invertebrates; Key Largo; Key West; lithofacies; Monroe County Florida; paleoclimatology ; paleoenvironment; reconstruction; reefs; reflection ; Sand Key Reef; sea-level changes; sediments; seismic profiles; Sombrero Key; stratigraphy; United States 259 Journal Article Marguerite A.; Lundberg Toscano, Joyce; Hine, A. 1995 Age and paleoclimate of submerged late Pleistocene reef system, Southeast Florida shelf; implications for substage 5A sea level Geological Society of America, 1995 annual meeting New Orleans, LA, United States, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States 27 6 448 Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America absolute age; Carysfort Reef; Cenozoic; continental shelf; corals ; cores; dates; Florida; Florida Keys; Gulf Coastal Plain; invertebrates; Key Largo; Key West; Monroe County Florida; paleoclimatology ; Pleistocene; Quaternary; reef builders; reefs; Sand Key; sea-level changes; southern Florida; United States; upper Pleistocene; uranium disequilibrium 260 Journal Article Marguerite A.; Lundberg Toscano, Joyce; Hine, A. 1995 Paleoclimate and sea level during oxygen isotope Substage 5A, Southeast Florida shelf edge Albert C.; Halley Hine, Robert B. 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Since true annual bands could have paleoclimatic and paleogeographic applications, it is essential that we determine the precise nature of these features. Stromatoporoids and colonial corals from selected Ordovician and Silurian sites exhibit two major types of internal banding phenomena. 1) Density banding consists of an alternation of denser and more closely spaced skeletal elements with less dense and more widely spaced elements. It apparently resulted from environmental fluctuation that was largely related to seasonal factors. 2) Growth interruption surfaces represent cessations of skeletal deposition which may or may not be related to seasonality. Within a single locality, density banding can be well defined in some species, and indistinct or absent in others. In some species, density banding is frequently associated with growth interruption. Sometimes the interruption consists of easily identified marginal notches adjacent to high density bands, but in other cases there is actual alternation with density banding through the skeletal axis. Additionally, within some specimens, the appearance of individual bands can change laterally across a vertical section. Considering the complexity of these features, measurement of density bands should only come after a detailed assessment of internal structure. Only well-preserved, calcitic material should be measured, so that factors such as growth interruption and internal breakage can be determined. Since there is great variation among taxa, even at a single locality, comparison of banding as an indicator of paleoenvironment should be within genera, and preferably within species. 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