# Tarawa Coral Stable Isotope and Geochemistry Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/study/1845 # # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/readme_tarawa.txt # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/tarawa1.txt # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/image/tar39c13.gif # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/image/tar39o18.gif # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/image/tar44c13.gif # Original_Source_URL: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/image/tar44o18.gif # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 1994-06-01 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Tarawa Coral Stable Isotope and Geochemistry Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cole, J.E.; Fairbanks, R.G.; Shen, G.T. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: High-resolution (monthly) coral stable isotope and Mn/Ca from Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati. Included are 20 year (1959-1979 AD) records of d13C and d18O (Cole and Fairbanks, 1990) and Mn/Ca (Shen et al. 1992), plus a 96 year (1894 - 1990 AD) record of d18O (Cole et al. 1993). # Site: Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati (1 N, 172 E) Water depth: 2-4m Coral species Hydnophora microconos (short records) and Porites lobata (long record) # Data are stable isotope data presented by Cole and Fairbanks (1990) and Mn/Ca data presented by Shen et al. (1992) for 1959-1979 AD, and d18O data presented by Cole, Fairbanks, and Shen (1993) for the years 1894-1990. All stable isotopes were measured on untreated coral samples at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory by J. Cole and R. Fairbanks, on a Finnigan MAT-251 mass spectrometer with automated Carousel-48 carbonate device. Raw values are in standard per mil notation relative to PDB. For normalization in Cole et al. 1993, we subtracted the monthly mean from each monthly value and divided by the standard deviation of the full dataset. Measurement precisions are 0.08 per mil for d18O and 0.04 per mil for d13C. Mn/Ca measurements were performed at the University of Washington by G. Shen and L. Linn by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry; only coral LDGO-44 was analyzed for Mn/Ca. Sample treatment procedures are described in Shen et al. (1992). Average departures from duplicate means are 1.6 nmol Mn/mol Ca. Ages for all samples in this file were derived from annual variations in d13C, assumed to correspond with annual rainy seasons as described in Cole and Fairbanks (1990). Density banding confirms these ages for LDGO-44 samples, but coral LDGO-39 did not exhibit clearly annual banding patterns. For Mn/Ca data prior to 1962 in LDGO-44, ages were determined by extrapolation based on density band data, as isotopic data only extends to 1962 in LDGO-44. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cole, J.E.; Fairbanks, R.G.; Shen, G.T. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1993 # Published_Title: The Spectrum of Recent Variability in the Southern Oscillation: Results from a Tarawa Atoll Coral. # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 260 # Edition: # Issue: 5115 # Pages: 1790-1793 # DOI: 10.1126/science.260.5115.1790 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: Cole, J.E., R.G. Fairbanks, and G.T. Shen. 1993. The Spectrum of Recent Variability in the Southern Oscillation: Results from a Tarawa Atoll Coral. Science, Vol. 260, no. 5115, pp. 1790-1793, 18 June 1993. DOI:10.1126/science.260.5115.1790 # Abstract: In the western tropical Pacific, the interannual migration of the Indonesian Low convective system causes changes in rainfall that dominate the regional signature of the El Ni�o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. A 96-year oxygen isotope record from a Tarawa Atoll coral (1�N, 172�E) reflects regional convective activity through rainfall-induced salinity changes. This monthly resolution record spans twice the length of the local climatological record and provides a history of ENSO variability comparable in quality with those derived from instrumental climate data. Comparison of this coral record with a historical chronology of EI Ni�o events indicates that climate anomalies in coastal South America are occasionally decoupled from Pacific-wide ENSO extremes. Spectral analysis suggests that the distribution of variance in this record has shifted among annual to interannual periods during the present century, concurrent with observed changes in the strength of the Southern Oscillation. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cole, J.E.; Fairbanks, R.G. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1990 # Published_Title: The Southern Oscillation recorded in the d18O of corals from Tarawa Atoll. # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 5 # Edition: # Issue: 5 # Pages: 669-683 # DOI: 10.1029/PA005i005p00669 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: Cole, J.E., and R.G. Fairbanks. 1990. The Southern Oscillation recorded in the d18O of corals from Tarawa Atoll. Paleoceanography, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 669-683. doi:10.1029/PA005i005p00669 # Abstract: In the western equatorial Pacific, the El Ni�o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is characterized by precipitation variability associated with the migration of the Indonesian low pressure cell to the region of the date line and the equator. During ENSO events, Tarawa Atoll (1�N, 172�E) experiences heavy rainfall which has an estimated d18O of about -8 to -10� d18OSMOW. At Tarawa, sufficient precipitation of this composition falls during ENSO events to alter the d18O and the salinity of the surface waters. Oxygen isotope records from two corals collected off the reef crest of Tarawa reflect rainfall variations associated with both weak and strong ENSO conditions, with approximately monthly resolution. Coral skeletal d18O variations due to small sea surface temperature (SST) changes are secondary. These records demonstrate the remarkable ability of this technique to reconstruct variations in the position of the Indonesian Low from coral d18O records in the western equatorial Pacific, a region which has few paleoclimatic records. The coral isotopic data correctly resolve the relative magnitudes of recent variations in the Southern Oscillation Index. Combining the Tarawa record with an oxygen isotopic history from a Gal�pagos Islands coral demonstrates the ability to distinguish the meteorologic (precipitation) and oceanographic (SST) anomalies that characterize ENSO events across the Pacific Basin over the period of common record (1960�1979). Comparison of the intensity of climatic anomalies at these two sites yields insight into the spatial variability of ENSO events. Isotope records from older corals can provide high-resolution, Pacific-wide reconstructions of ENSO behavior during periods of different climate boundary conditions. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Shen, G.T.; Linn, L.J.; Campbell, T.M.; Cole, J.E. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1992 # Published_Title: A chemical indicator of trade wind reversal in corals from the western tropical Pacific. # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research # Volume: 97 # Edition: # Issue: C8 # Pages: 12,689-12,697 # DOI: 10.1029/92JC00951 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Historical levels of manganese have been measured in the annual rings of a reef coral from Tarawa atoll (1�30'N, 173�E) in order to assess the temporal variability of this trace element in surface waters of the western tropical Pacific. Seasonal variability associated with vertical mixing is not apparent as is the case in the eastern Pacific; however, Mn/Ca ratios are highly perturbed during three El Ni�o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (1965, 1972, 1976) that occurred within the growth period 1960�1977. For approximately 6 months during each of these events, Mn/Ca ratios increase by 50-80% from a background of 27 nmol Mn/mol Ca. These features co-occur with negative d18O pulses recorded in the same coral which result from anomalously abundant rainfall. Wet deposition of Mn, however, does not appear to be an adequate source to account for the inferred surface ocean enrichments. The most plausible explanation has to do with the transient appearance of westerly winds along the equator during ENSO periods. Particularly vigorous westerly wind "bursts" (sometimes averaging 10 m/sec or more over 16 hours) during the aforementioned years may have generated wind waves of sufficient strength to create an aura of particulate and diagenetically remobilized Mn from within the shallow westward facing lagoon of Tarawa. This interpretation is supported by relatively high Mn concentrations measured in pore waters of Tarawa lagoon sediments. The results suggest a useful new chemical tracer of historical ENSO conditions in the western Pacific basin. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati # Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Central Pacific Ocean>Kiribati # Country: Republic of Kiribati # Northernmost_Latitude: 1 # Southernmost_Latitude: 1 # Easternmost_Longitude: 172 # Westernmost_Longitude: 172 # Elevation: -3 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: 93kiri03a # Earliest_Year: 1960 # Most_Recent_Year: 1977 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Coral LDGO-44 #------------------ # Species # Species_Name: Hydnophora microconos # Common_Name: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##depth depth, , ,mm, , , , ,N ##age age, , , years AD, , , , ,N ##d18O delta 18O, Hydnophora microconos, , permil PDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , Finnigan MAT-251 mass spectrometer,N ##d13C delta 13C, Hydnophora microconos, , permil PDB, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , Finnigan MAT-251 mass spectrometer,N ##mnca Manganese/Calcium, Hydnophora microconos, , nmol/mol, , Corals and Sclerosponges, , ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: NAN # depth age d18O d13C mnca 1 1977.5 -4.818 0.403 NAN 2 1977.444 -4.983 -0.096 NAN 3 1977.389 -4.709 -0.335 NAN 4 1977.333 -4.878 0.21 38.4 5 1977.278 -4.814 0.076 NAN 6 1977.222 -4.746 -0.328 20.7 7 1977.167 -5.055 -0.216 NAN 8 1977.111 -4.578 -0.521 NAN 9 1977.056 -4.792 -0.815 NAN 10 1977 -5.035 -1.05 34.4 11 1976.889 -4.965 -0.675 NAN 12 1976.778 -5.02 -0.897 NAN 13 1976.667 -4.942 -0.656 NAN 14 1976.556 -5.065 -0.816 36.8 15 1976.444 -5.129 -0.774 NAN 16 1976.333 -4.957 -0.569 NAN 17 1976.222 -5.064 -0.829 NAN 18 1976.111 -5.016 -0.93 30.8 19 1976 -4.857 -1.065 NAN 20 1975.95 -4.58 -0.827 NAN 21 1975.9 -4.958 -1.001 NAN 22 1975.85 -4.732 -0.573 25.6 23 1975.8 -4.741 -0.1 NAN 24 1975.75 -4.548 0.288 NAN 25 1975.7 -4.596 0.538 NAN 26 1975.65 -4.617 -0.044 NAN 27 1975.6 -4.394 -0.248 22.5 28 1975.55 -4.473 0.212 NAN 29 1975.5 -4.39 0.491 20.4 30 1975.45 -4.412 0.595 NAN 31 1975.4 -4.632 0.384 NAN 32 1975.35 -4.427 0.639 25.5 33 1975.3 -4.348 0.599 NAN 34 1975.25 -4.567 -0.009 NAN 35 1975.2 -4.544 -0.12 21.4 36 1975.15 -4.562 0 NAN 37 1975.1 -4.641 -0.056 NAN 38 1975.05 -4.749 -0.69 24.3 39 1975 -4.844 -0.811 NAN 40 1974.929 -4.664 -0.329 NAN 41 1974.857 -4.563 -0.224 23.9 42 1974.786 -4.645 -0.201 NAN 43 1974.714 -4.367 -0.146 NAN 44 1974.643 -4.585 0.018 NAN 45 1974.571 -4.595 0.171 26.8 46 1974.5 -4.499 0.67 NAN 47 1974.429 -4.726 0.221 NAN 48 1974.357 -4.67 -0.083 26.8 49 1974.286 -4.75 -0.483 NAN 50 1974.214 -4.904 -0.464 NAN 51 1974.143 -4.966 -0.563 NAN 52 1974.071 -4.825 -0.552 27.6 53 1974 -4.439 -0.584 NAN 54 1973.941 -4.531 -0.501 NAN 55 1973.882 -4.699 -0.392 NAN 56 1973.823 NAN NAN 34.2 57 1973.765 NAN NAN NAN 58 1973.706 -4.863 -0.287 NAN 59 1973.647 -4.522 0.262 NAN 60 1973.588 -4.817 0.325 NAN 61 1973.529 -4.45 1.051 26.5 62 1973.471 -4.363 0.713 NAN 63 1973.412 -4.185 0.432 NAN 64 1973.353 NAN NAN 20.7 65 1973.294 -4.538 -0.369 NAN 66 1973.235 -4.691 -0.509 NAN 67 1973.177 -4.695 -0.629 NAN 68 1973.118 -4.78 -0.843 30.6 69 1973.059 -4.968 -1.093 NAN 70 1973 -5.134 -1.337 NAN 71 1972.947 -5.163 -1.053 NAN 72 1972.895 -5.182 -0.848 NAN 73 1972.842 -5.184 -0.774 39.8 74 1972.789 -5.025 -0.734 NAN 75 1972.737 -5.175 -0.693 NAN 76 1972.684 -5.185 -0.496 NAN 77 1972.632 -5.126 -0.308 39.2 78 1972.579 -5.01 -0.146 NAN 79 1972.526 -5.002 0.15 NAN 80 1972.474 -4.915 0.174 NAN 81 1972.421 NAN NAN 26.7 82 1972.368 -4.739 -0.274 NAN 83 1972.316 -4.786 -0.371 NAN 84 1972.263 -4.456 -0.486 NAN 85 1972.21 -4.507 -0.516 27.5 86 1972.158 -4.553 -0.672 NAN 87 1972.105 -4.566 -0.692 NAN 88 1972.053 -4.559 -0.808 NAN 89 1972 -4.629 -0.826 21.1 90 1971.9 -4.477 -0.436 NAN 91 1971.8 -4.505 0.311 NAN 92 1971.7 -4.598 0.073 NAN 93 1971.6 -4.372 0.345 25.7 94 1971.5 -4.382 0.366 NAN 95 1971.4 -4.55 0.177 NAN 96 1971.3 -4.646 -0.582 NAN 97 1971.2 -4.586 -1.077 26.5 98 1971.1 -4.347 -0.949 NAN 99 1971 -4.374 -1.066 NAN 100 1970.95 -4.319 -0.956 23.8 101 1970.9 -4.395 -0.901 NAN 102 1970.85 -4.365 -1.028 NAN 103 1970.8 -4.324 -0.954 NAN 104 1970.75 NAN NAN 24.2 105 1970.7 NAN NAN NAN 106 1970.65 -4.568 -0.595 NAN 107 1970.6 -4.544 -0.071 22.8 108 1970.55 -4.599 0.043 NAN 109 1970.5 -4.437 -0.126 NAN 110 1970.45 -4.547 -0.475 NAN 111 1970.4 -4.807 -0.314 24.2 112 1970.35 -4.89 -0.78 NAN 113 1970.3 -4.566 -0.952 NAN 114 1970.25 -4.763 -1.189 NAN 115 1970.2 -4.605 -1.03 21.6 116 1970.15 -4.656 -1.068 NAN 117 1970.1 -4.734 -0.968 NAN 118 1970.05 -4.878 -1.362 NAN 119 1970 -4.848 -1.408 23.2 120 1969.923 -4.83 -1.147 NAN 121 1969.846 -4.877 -0.936 NAN 122 1969.769 -4.939 -0.505 NAN 123 1969.692 -4.867 -0.197 20.7 124 1969.615 -4.683 0.021 NAN 125 1969.538 -4.885 -0.025 NAN 126 1969.462 -4.777 -0.367 NAN 127 1969.385 -4.698 -0.367 23.2 128 1969.308 -4.631 -0.899 NAN 129 1969.231 -4.734 -0.924 NAN 130 1969.154 -4.762 -0.724 NAN 131 1969.077 -4.918 -1.089 28.6 132 1969 -4.911 -1.09 NAN 133 1968.938 -4.992 -0.874 NAN 134 1968.875 -5.034 -0.91 24.9 135 1968.813 -5.049 -0.663 NAN 136 1968.75 -4.743 -0.674 NAN 137 1968.687 -4.632 -0.261 26.3 138 1968.625 -4.767 0.046 NAN 139 1968.562 -4.729 0.319 NAN 140 1968.5 -4.651 0.314 NAN 141 1968.438 -4.653 0.07 23.9 142 1968.375 -4.753 -0.55 NAN 143 1968.312 -4.646 -0.412 NAN 144 1968.25 -4.671 -0.562 NAN 145 1968.187 -4.686 -0.606 23.3 146 1968.125 -4.765 -0.553 NAN 147 1968.063 -4.753 -0.392 NAN 148 1968 -4.91 -0.812 NAN 149 1967.923 -4.735 -0.697 28.2 150 1967.846 -4.561 -0.27 NAN 151 1967.769 -4.792 -0.439 NAN 152 1967.692 -4.572 0.156 NAN 153 1967.615 -4.525 0.301 28.6 154 1967.538 -4.697 0.398 NAN 155 1967.462 -4.36 0.641 NAN 156 1967.385 -4.644 0.155 23.2 157 1967.308 -4.628 -0.188 NAN 158 1967.231 -4.547 -0.246 NAN 159 1967.154 -4.503 -0.456 NAN 160 1967.077 -4.463 -0.577 23.6 161 1967 -4.571 -0.666 NAN 162 1966.9 -4.76 -0.465 NAN 163 1966.8 -4.765 -0.525 NAN 164 1966.7 -4.808 -0.5 NAN 165 1966.6 -4.785 0.175 27.3 166 1966.5 -4.882 0.302 NAN 167 1966.4 -4.94 0.041 NAN 168 1966.3 -4.714 0.096 NAN 169 1966.2 -4.856 -0.193 NAN 170 1966.1 -4.883 -0.636 26 171 1966 -4.857 -0.951 NAN 172 1965.909 -4.776 -0.522 27.5 173 1965.818 -4.965 -0.531 NAN 174 1965.727 -5.063 -0.466 28.6 175 1965.636 -5.008 -0.516 NAN 176 1965.545 -4.996 -0.386 44.7 177 1965.455 -5.077 -0.065 NAN 178 1965.364 -5.139 0.39 NAN 179 1965.273 -5.215 0.143 47 180 1965.182 -5.039 -0.393 NAN 181 1965.091 -4.775 -0.683 NAN 182 1965 -5.022 -0.935 26.5 183 1964.947 -4.834 -0.854 NAN 184 1964.895 -4.461 -0.699 NAN 185 1964.842 -4.831 -0.92 NAN 186 1964.789 -4.649 -0.617 32.1 187 1964.737 -4.471 -0.548 NAN 188 1964.684 -4.374 -0.764 NAN 189 1964.632 -4.448 -0.411 28.6 190 1964.579 -4.524 -0.381 NAN 191 1964.526 -4.574 -0.226 NAN 192 1964.474 -4.43 0.1 24.6 193 1964.421 -4.55 0.157 NAN 194 1964.368 -4.473 -0.021 NAN 195 1964.316 -4.501 -0.034 NAN 196 1964.263 -4.6 -0.196 17.8 197 1964.21 -4.691 -0.506 NAN 198 1964.158 -4.802 -0.551 NAN 199 1964.105 -4.825 -0.651 23.3 200 1964.053 -4.934 -0.979 NAN 201 1964 -4.985 -1.203 NAN 202 1963.923 -5.115 -1.039 31.8 203 1963.846 -4.853 -0.682 NAN 204 1963.769 -4.77 -0.364 NAN 205 1963.692 -4.632 0.155 28.9 206 1963.615 -4.497 0.369 NAN 207 1963.538 -4.207 -0.168 NAN 208 1963.462 -4.48 -0.094 25.5 209 1963.385 -4.579 -0.431 NAN 210 1963.308 -4.671 -0.523 NAN 211 1963.231 -4.561 -0.577 NAN 212 1963.154 -4.925 -0.975 27.3 213 1963.077 -4.63 -0.858 NAN 214 1963 -4.734 -0.976 NAN 215 1962.886 -4.769 -0.479 NAN 216 1962.771 -4.573 -0.703 22.8 217 1962.657 -4.685 -0.051 NAN 218 1962.543 -4.211 0.386 NAN 219 1962.428 -4.37 0.551 28 220 1962.314 -4.805 -0.141 NAN 221 1962.2 -4.812 -0.707 NAN NAN 1962.1 NAN NAN 19.9 NAN 1961.625 NAN NAN 25.8 NAN 1961.4 NAN NAN 28.6 NAN 1961.2 NAN NAN 25.4 NAN 1961.9 NAN NAN 27.7 NAN 1960.7 NAN NAN 30.7 NAN 1960.5 NAN NAN 28.8 NAN 1960.2 NAN NAN 30.6