Maiana Coral Oxygen Isotope Data --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Maiana Coral Oxygen Isotope Data LAST UPDATE: 10/2000 (Original Receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Frank Urban, University of Colorado, Julia Cole and Jonathan Overpeck, University of Arizona IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2000-063 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Urban, F. et al., 2000, Maiana Coral Oxygen Isotope Data, IGBP PAGES/ World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2000-063. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Urban, F.E., J. E. Cole, and J.T. Overpeck, 2000, Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record. Nature 407, 989-993. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: subtropical western Pacific PERIOD OF RECORD: 1840-1995 AD FUNDING SOURCES: National Science Foundation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA. DESCRIPTION: Maiana bimonthly oxygen isotopic composition, 1840-1995 Notes on the data: File includes columns for Year AD (bimonthly resolution = dec/jan, feb/mar…) and coral d18O (‰). The coral used in this study grew (and still does grow) at Maiana Atoll, Republic of Kiribati (1°N, 173°E). The colony lies at a depth of ~6m (low tide) and is about 4m in height. Annual growth rate is roughly 11mm/yr. Methods: Sampling and isotopic analysis: Cores (8.5 cm diameter) drilled from living coral colonies were slabbed and X-rayed to identify annual density bands and optimal sampling transects. Samples were drilled along the growth axis continuously at 1mm resolution. Stable isotopic analysis (d18O and d13C) of powdered samples was performed on a Micromass Optima with Isocarb automated preparation system at the University of Colorado's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research. Analytical precision is =±0.08 d18O and =±0.05 d13C. The Maiana record is continuous except for a gap from 1901-1905, which we bridged through straight forward comparison and splicing of data from a coral record from nearby Tarawa Atoll. Age model: Seasonally varying d13C values and ephemeral annual density bands provide the basis for annual age assignment. Ages were adjusted subseasonally by comparison to major El Niño and La Niña anomalies in a regional rainfall index (available at http://tao.atmos. washington.edu/datasets/eqpacislandrainindex/); this procedure allows us to align major peaks and troughs that occur within the same calendar year with adjustments that are generally less than 3 months. Because corals grow at variable rates throughout the year, these small chronological adjustments are reasonable and customary (and do not affect estimates of multi-year variability). Near the base of the core, an age adjustment of 1 year was needed, suggesting an age uncertainty on the full record of ±1 year. The Maiana coral grew at a rate of 7-12 mm per year; we interpolated records to a common time step of bimonthly resolution for further analysis. Replication: The record from core MAI95-2-3 is well replicated by additional records of 65-70 years from Maiana and Aranuka, ~75 km southeast of Maiana, (JEC, FEU, and JTO, manuscript in preparation) and by a published 97-year record from Tarawa Atoll, ~30 km north of Maiana. Correlation coefficients among coral and instrumental data over the common period 1950-89 are consistently high (Maiana_correlations.txt), adding confidence to single-core reconstruction of regional variability in western Kiribati. We focus on the MAI95-2-3 record for further analysis because it extends the record of ENSO into pre-instrumental periods and avoids nonstationarity that may be introduced through inclusion of records that differ in length. The 4-coral average correlates slightly better with instrumental data than most individual coral records, but only Mai 2-3 extends the instrumental record of ENSO. Linear correlation coefficients demonstrate a strong agreement between the Maiana record and ENSO variability (Table 1), and decadal averages of the Maiana record correlate significantly over the past century (>95% confidence) with those from the Tarawa coral record and regional rainfall indices, substantiating the reality of these more subtle low-frequency signals (JEC, FEU, and JTO, manuscript in preparation). "Table 1. Linear, zero-lag correlations among bimonthly coral and climate records, 1950-89." 2. Mai 1-1 3. Ara 2-1 4. Tar 89 5. Avg. 6. MEI 7. Niño 3.4 8. CP Rain 9. DSLP 10. TSLP 11. SOI 1. Mai 2-3 0.78 0.7 0.67 0.88 -0.76 -0.58 -0.68 -0.5 0.4 0.53 2. Mai 1-1 0.86 0.66 0.93 -0.75 -0.65 -0.82 -0.58 0.46 0.61 3. Ara 2-1 0.66 0.91 -0.75 -0.66 -0.79 -0.62 0.46 0.63 4. Tar 89 0.84 -0.71 -0.59 -0.66 -0.51 0.36 0.49 5. 4-coral avg. -0.82 -0.7 -0.83 -0.62 0.47 0.63 6. MEI 0.89 0.84 0.8 -0.67 -0.86 7. Niño 3.4 0.77 0.73 -0.56 -0.73 8. CP Rain 0.67 -0.51 -0.67 9. DSLP -0.46 -0.84 10. TSLP 0.84 "Explanation of abbreviations and sources: 1 = coral data from this study; 2 and 3 = from JEC, FEU, and JTO, ms. in prep.; 4 = Tarawa coral data4; 5 = average of 4 previous coral records; 6 = Multivariate ENSO index22; 7 = Niño 3.4 SST9; 8 = Central Pacific Rainfall (available at http://tao.atmos.washington.edu/datasets/eqpacislandrainindex/); 9 = Darwin sea level pressure anomaly; 10 = Tahiti sea level pressure anomaly; 11 = Southern Oscillation Index29 (updated by P. Jones, pers. commun.) All correlations are significant at >99%." Year Mai d18O 1840.00 -4.69144142 1840.17 -4.783369055 1840.33 -4.592702 1840.50 -4.361517025 1840.67 -4.314968435 1840.83 -4.27523916 1841.00 -4.26358115 1841.17 -4.23649095 1841.33 -4.352532575 1841.50 -4.267474995 1841.67 -4.235363015 1841.83 -4.23880303 1842.00 -4.267784335 1842.17 -4.255130145 1842.33 -4.28571372 1842.50 -4.33083023 1842.67 -4.415690565 1842.83 -4.39296217 1843.00 -4.391010045 1843.17 -4.35963579 1843.33 -4.337429 1843.50 -4.340836865 1843.67 -4.416145105 1843.83 -4.548318995 1844.00 -4.48641541 1844.17 -4.417766125 1844.33 -4.30936226 1844.50 -4.354261655 1844.67 -4.276312955 1844.83 -4.15607644 1845.00 -4.11232012 1845.17 -4.145897445 1845.33 -4.33724155 1845.50 -4.560930665 1845.67 -4.717666605 1845.83 -4.671185995 1846.00 -4.64852332 1846.17 -4.603599075 1846.33 -4.71371964 1846.50 -4.43076981 1846.67 -4.27174784 1846.83 -4.231663205 1847.00 -4.25714237 1847.17 -4.247165215 1847.33 -4.10298197 1847.50 -4.029958825 1847.67 -4.13411791 1847.83 -4.289000865 1848.00 -4.334726165 1848.17 -4.262449035 1848.33 -4.241208035 1848.50 -4.31697449 1848.67 -4.294088875 1848.83 -4.20666213 1849.00 -4.203629325 1849.17 -4.19192893 1849.33 -4.32477973 1849.50 -4.500697595 1849.67 -4.526188905 1849.83 -4.544064925 1850.00 -4.466221175 1850.17 -4.460007435 1850.33 -4.35585126 1850.50 -4.30937795 1850.67 -4.339518435 1850.83 -4.407167985 1851.00 -4.517697285 1851.17 -4.66379481 1851.33 -4.820901835 1851.50 -4.630634515 1851.67 -4.525464305 1851.83 -4.46985219 1852.00 -4.455457445 1852.17 -4.55776304 1852.33 -4.53621306 1852.50 -4.482869175 1852.67 -4.480503005 1852.83 -4.50310721 1853.00 -4.402606035 1853.17 -4.39528663 1853.33 -4.399594585 1853.50 -4.36105775 1853.67 -4.27042122 1853.83 -4.23562242 1854.00 -4.31626323 1854.17 -4.405890005 1854.33 -4.447739435 1854.50 -4.305460495 1854.67 -4.1868309 1854.83 -4.274283705 1855.00 -4.272238585 1855.17 -4.000237625 1855.33 -4.12790965 1855.50 -4.37961853 1855.67 -4.32601033 1855.83 -4.20963366 1856.00 -4.18770282 1856.17 -4.207468465 1856.33 -4.23194519 1856.50 -4.256421845 1856.67 -4.16682869 1856.83 -4.039211705 1857.00 -3.911595105 1857.17 -3.97137439 1857.33 -4.09362134 1857.50 -4.16855981 1857.67 -4.180415765 1857.83 -4.17650173 1858.00 -4.24250859 1858.17 -4.328990995 1858.33 -4.40603347 1858.50 -4.427893505 1858.67 -4.379951445 1858.83 -4.19170832 1859.00 -3.921564465 1859.17 -3.909110285 1859.33 -3.96685981 1859.50 -4.033967445 1859.67 -4.106443655 1859.83 -4.08618014 1860.00 -4.04945197 1860.17 -4.013796105 1860.33 -4.04938864 1860.50 -4.1004728 1860.67 -4.144667365 1860.83 -4.19467399 1861.00 -4.209772755 1861.17 -4.220181705 1861.33 -4.258766115 1861.50 -4.3087088 1861.67 -4.308470795 1861.83 -4.264817235 1862.00 -4.24321449 1862.17 -4.26142891 1862.33 -4.28828976 1862.50 -4.30187626 1862.67 -4.20816964 1862.83 -4.108692505 1863.00 -4.216369425 1863.17 -4.321814245 1863.33 -4.35807152 1863.50 -4.382323275 1863.67 -4.44862126 1863.83 -4.456289755 1864.00 -4.41690284 1864.17 -4.38878003 1864.33 -4.40596747 1864.50 -4.474672635 1864.67 -4.57491409 1864.83 -4.611681765 1865.00 -4.49266166 1865.17 -4.507514125 1865.33 -4.58086016 1865.50 -4.43084136 1865.67 -4.39373588 1865.83 -4.42090261 1866.00 -4.499024785 1866.17 -4.58317608 1866.33 -4.605894465 1866.50 -4.510125105 1866.67 -4.404833295 1866.83 -4.301864235 1867.00 -4.209441885 1867.17 -4.22781018 1867.33 -4.28668593 1867.50 -4.384352645 1867.67 -4.41590721 1867.83 -4.382431635 1868.00 -4.334978735 1868.17 -4.285166875 1868.33 -4.15045338 1868.50 -4.145591035 1868.67 -4.289007035 1868.83 -4.439282435 1869.00 -4.515872815 1869.17 -4.44112336 1869.33 -4.29274061 1869.50 -4.23111643 1869.67 -4.192448435 1869.83 -4.15843454 1870.00 -4.134780135 1870.17 -4.255058995 1870.33 -4.36139653 1870.50 -4.345113945 1870.67 -4.31095483 1870.83 -4.30636699 1871.00 -4.28637199 1871.17 -4.28322814 1871.33 -4.2908213 1871.50 -4.304277975 1871.67 -4.324435545 1871.83 -4.348781105 1872.00 -4.327427465 1872.17 -4.316213015 1872.33 -4.28183364 1872.50 -4.235348955 1872.67 -4.2242555 1872.83 -4.176116325 1873.00 -4.18337678 1873.17 -4.201697705 1873.33 -4.230109315 1873.50 -4.25935003 1873.67 -4.27286472 1873.83 -4.27584698 1874.00 -4.273943745 1874.17 -4.209580505 1874.33 -4.359068975 1874.50 -4.58667143 1874.67 -4.491416275 1874.83 -4.335331225 1875.00 -4.34499006 1875.17 -4.399987085 1875.33 -4.44510302 1875.50 -4.54543862 1875.67 -4.468385935 1875.83 -4.46200842 1876.00 -4.50104879 1876.17 -4.462443195 1876.33 -4.39795501 1876.50 -4.37424224 1876.67 -4.36412128 1876.83 -4.38454633 1877.00 -4.41515328 1877.17 -4.4988757 1877.33 -4.6003047 1877.50 -4.62481975 1877.67 -4.62369525 1877.83 -4.63717355 1878.00 -4.65551952 1878.17 -4.64429381 1878.33 -4.628713275 1878.50 -4.552787155 1878.67 -4.50021262 1878.83 -4.488154345 1879.00 -4.43643068 1879.17 -4.32959736 1879.33 -4.219701925 1879.50 -4.150312945 1879.67 -4.118164825 1879.83 -4.032396675 1880.00 -3.828739765 1880.17 -3.87436808 1880.33 -4.02762929 1880.50 -4.025223945 1880.67 -4.06260854 1880.83 -4.121687475 1881.00 -4.140140005 1881.17 -4.14051875 1881.33 -4.13068099 1881.50 -4.122111495 1881.67 -4.117596515 1881.83 -4.105492455 1882.00 -4.08843673 1882.17 -4.15021548 1882.33 -4.234180015 1882.50 -4.122691575 1882.67 -3.96706295 1882.83 -3.83880725 1883.00 -3.87485686 1883.17 -4.039256255 1883.33 -4.23891304 1883.50 -4.275864505 1883.67 -4.24128533 1883.83 -4.185121965 1884.00 -4.20207444 1884.17 -4.250993855 1884.33 -4.245497985 1884.50 -4.21205685 1884.67 -4.17560236 1884.83 -4.157672715 1885.00 -4.167741145 1885.17 -4.21850853 1885.33 -4.28275134 1885.50 -4.319364815 1885.67 -4.318030845 1885.83 -4.32693899 1886.00 -4.25039727 1886.17 -4.20919293 1886.33 -4.25850759 1886.50 -4.235213195 1886.67 -4.176716715 1886.83 -4.11370511 1887.00 -4.10761499 1887.17 -4.12087545 1887.33 -4.134136865 1887.50 -4.199428405 1887.67 -4.28206273 1887.83 -4.3705267 1888.00 -4.46676322 1888.17 -4.56494273 1888.33 -4.528179235 1888.50 -4.488261755 1888.67 -4.60213052 1888.83 -4.76250917 1889.00 -4.8032205 1889.17 -4.51040442 1889.33 -4.43350357 1889.50 -4.3281186 1889.67 -4.21668655 1889.83 -4.160603375 1890.00 -4.09855718 1890.17 -4.14866323 1890.33 -4.27523858 1890.50 -4.2717967 1890.67 -4.249346795 1890.83 -4.204652085 1891.00 -4.21178778 1891.17 -4.33085605 1891.33 -4.426256635 1891.50 -4.50364175 1891.67 -4.486889975 1891.83 -4.45189639 1892.00 -4.41450769 1892.17 -4.35169904 1892.33 -4.276454525 1892.50 -4.21813499 1892.67 -4.157773075 1892.83 -4.16185495 1893.00 -4.268837465 1893.17 -4.33362268 1893.33 -4.33245257 1893.50 -4.321592975 1893.67 -4.35819491 1893.83 -4.348531065 1894.00 -4.317707755 1894.17 -4.33076838 1894.33 -4.339704125 1894.50 -4.366765695 1894.67 -4.411321855 1894.83 -4.430250525 1895.00 -4.44100423 1895.17 -4.426440915 1895.33 -4.336217995 1895.50 -4.26730411 1895.67 -4.313077975 1895.83 -4.412016845 1896.00 -4.315098585 1896.17 -4.069293075 1896.33 -3.948422415 1896.50 -4.266952915 1896.67 -4.548327975 1896.83 -4.68395453 1897.00 -4.61128075 1897.17 -4.47912199 1897.33 -4.34665444 1897.50 -4.245472325 1897.67 -4.201819795 1897.83 -4.155750195 1898.00 -4.09157414 1898.17 -3.94485852 1898.33 -3.75234205 1898.50 -4.009303765 1898.67 -4.198658435 1898.83 -4.269784715 1899.00 -4.26099305 1899.17 -4.311435135 1899.33 -4.393805685 1899.50 -4.557114925 1899.67 -4.650400715 1899.83 -4.711536455 1900.00 -4.755497555 1900.17 -4.793733785 1900.33 -4.698259805 1900.50 -4.558215625 1900.67 -4.418171575 1900.83 -4.19629772 1901.00 -3.95319176 1901.17 -4.17910094 1901.33 -4.40591509 1901.50 -4.377534375 1901.67 -4.385159355 1901.83 -4.45234691 1902.00 -4.348596955 1902.17 -4.381357945 1902.33 -4.54612016 1902.50 -4.703926855 1902.67 -4.78966515 1902.83 -4.780471755 1903.00 -4.71813089 1903.17 -4.601653855 1903.33 -4.45413114 1903.50 -4.43949486 1903.67 -4.47159728 1903.83 -4.531835415 1904.00 -4.45554638 1904.17 -4.344671965 1904.33 -4.319472285 1904.50 -4.360572105 1904.67 -4.61007097 1904.83 -4.730721835 1905.00 -4.772772045 1905.17 -4.785121995 1905.33 -4.739591585 1905.50 -4.590159585 1905.67 -4.607605245 1905.83 -4.5973031 1906.00 -4.480573485 1906.17 -4.40082715 1906.33 -4.386691785 1906.50 -4.270406445 1906.67 -4.208696895 1906.83 -4.494244 1907.00 -4.46336033 1907.17 -4.289813775 1907.33 -4.207409525 1907.50 -4.249556825 1907.67 -4.24452434 1907.83 -4.308758515 1908.00 -4.24671439 1908.17 -4.07559188 1908.33 -4.11483731 1908.50 -4.19621667 1908.67 -4.16890716 1908.83 -4.109173995 1909.00 -4.07321387 1909.17 -4.04517807 1909.33 -4.126963585 1909.50 -4.303975495 1909.67 -4.44025229 1909.83 -4.411243175 1910.00 -4.282192565 1910.17 -4.179264085 1910.33 -4.16669098 1910.50 -4.192508415 1910.67 -4.21125503 1910.83 -4.10432941 1911.00 -3.994527205 1911.17 -4.355668655 1911.33 -4.671180185 1911.50 -4.722514555 1911.67 -4.70722634 1911.83 -4.689095885 1912.00 -4.66115873 1912.17 -4.596629115 1912.33 -4.52143715 1912.50 -4.45984786 1912.67 -4.48216285 1912.83 -4.63754151 1913.00 -4.770396115 1913.17 -4.62459794 1913.33 -4.412965555 1913.50 -4.41849419 1913.67 -4.46773519 1913.83 -4.51701138 1914.00 -4.6037033 1914.17 -4.733638705 1914.33 -4.856041235 1914.50 -4.888336755 1914.67 -4.876776975 1914.83 -4.7819868 1915.00 -4.799757695 1915.17 -4.85314875 1915.33 -4.774578605 1915.50 -4.63586089 1915.67 -4.48918793 1915.83 -4.38777399 1916.00 -4.339450355 1916.17 -4.3332528 1916.33 -4.342987085 1916.50 -4.295579685 1916.67 -4.194342845 1916.83 -4.10132657 1917.00 -4.081622005 1917.17 -4.100346965 1917.33 -4.133043315 1917.50 -4.184183305 1917.67 -4.263101965 1917.83 -4.343177375 1918.00 -4.39145498 1918.17 -4.40955442 1918.33 -4.40999262 1918.50 -4.662398535 1918.67 -4.914930635 1918.83 -4.96418116 1919.00 -4.95512293 1919.17 -4.946064615 1919.33 -4.78501605 1919.50 -4.655162745 1919.67 -4.912546905 1919.83 -4.8884911 1920.00 -4.67606927 1920.17 -4.518980975 1920.33 -4.523256235 1920.50 -4.54124002 1920.67 -4.51770731 1920.83 -4.46431373 1921.00 -4.397928975 1921.17 -4.332689685 1921.33 -4.276559595 1921.50 -4.37543165 1921.67 -4.446363615 1921.83 -4.483631675 1922.00 -4.47789998 1922.17 -4.47413475 1922.33 -4.477413135 1922.50 -4.445779205 1922.67 -4.461481395 1922.83 -4.41981511 1923.00 -4.36609195 1923.17 -4.366257705 1923.33 -4.40012238 1923.50 -4.452636555 1923.67 -4.521902525 1923.83 -4.64323955 1924.00 -4.704587285 1924.17 -4.552246825 1924.33 -4.408758945 1924.50 -4.339257055 1924.67 -4.39816872 1924.83 -4.502157985 1925.00 -4.430639875 1925.17 -4.44553228 1925.33 -4.509019615 1925.50 -4.58065718 1925.67 -4.65908646 1925.83 -4.731191635 1926.00 -4.785370495 1926.17 -4.83442754 1926.33 -4.640936025 1926.50 -4.51263217 1926.67 -4.44858043 1926.83 -4.387484845 1927.00 -4.317586925 1927.17 -4.21796808 1927.33 -4.208758805 1927.50 -4.36314295 1927.67 -4.39672206 1927.83 -4.3893256 1928.00 -4.488447135 1928.17 -4.359696145 1928.33 -4.325685905 1928.50 -4.34751252 1928.67 -4.362292705 1928.83 -4.378590915 1929.00 -4.36130997 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