Vanuatu Fossil Coral Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction for 4200 YrBP ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Vanuatu Fossil Coral SST Reconstruction for 4200 YrBP LAST UPDATE: 9/00 (Original Receipt by WDCA Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Thierry Correge, Thierry Delcroix, Jacques Recy, Warren Beck, Guy Cabioch, and Florence Le Cornec. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2000-060 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Correge, T., et al., 2000, Vanuatu Fossil Coral SST Reconstruction for 4200 YrBP, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2000-060. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Correge, T., Delcroix, T., Recy, J., Beck, W., Cabioch, G., and Le Cornec, F., 2000, Evidence for stronger El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in a mid-Holocene massive coral. Paleoceanography, 15(4), 465-470 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Vanuatu, western equatorial Pacific. PERIOD OF RECORD: 47-year floating series at ~4200 Years Before Present. FUNDING SOURCE: Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, France DESCRIPTION: Vanuatu Fossil Coral SST Reconstruction, 4200 YrBP. Latitude: 15 40'S Longitude: 167 00'E Paleobathymetry estimated at 10-15 m. SST reconstruction is based on the analysis of Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios in corals. For the present study, precision on the Sr/Ca paleothermometer was ±1.3 deg C, and ±0.9 deg C for the U/Ca paleothermometer. The data consist of reconstructed Sea Surface Temperatures extrapolated from analyses of trace element ratios in a fossil coral head. A date of 4166 ±15 calendar yr BP was obtained by the U/Th series technique for the coral. This date corresponds to the cold episode centered around sample #464. A fossil coral from Tasmaloum (Vanuatu) was found between 0.80 and 1.20 m depth in drill core 9A, collected at an altitude of +4.66 m above sea level. Owing to the calculated uplift rate the paleodepth of the Porites can be estimated ~10-15 m. at 4150 years B.P. The surrounding coral assemblages indicate an open shallow marine environment. Sr/Ca and U/Ca analyses were converted to SST, using the following equations: Sr/Ca (10-3 M) = 10.73 - 0.0657SST R = 0.79 U/Ca (10-6 M) = 2.106 - 0.0367SST R = 0.89 In > 98% of the samples analyzed, Sr and U reconstructed SST agree well within error. A 47-year-long composite SST curve was then constructed, and monthly SST values were extrapolated. File vanuatu.4200bp.SrCaU.txt: Raw Sr/Ca and U/Ca data. - sample #1 is the youngest, i.e. the one with an estimated age of 4128±15 BP. - there are some data missing. For U/Ca, it is due to the sample size. When it is too small, we cannot measure U accurrately, and although we got U values, they usually have a %RSD attached to them which is higher than 1%, and I don't feel they are precise enough to be used. For Sr/Ca, we experienced several problems with our machine. When the Sr data looked dubious (i.e. when we had poor stability in the in-house coral standard we analyze during each run) we re-ran the Sr and Ca analyses. In most cases, the two runs agreed within error. When there was a discrepancy between the two runs, we ran the samples a third time (when sample size permitted). Missing Sr/Ca data are those samples too small to allow for a third run. These are raw data. They were then translated into temperature data using the equations presented in the article, averaged and resampled at monthly interval using the Analyseries program. month # SST (°C) 1 26.267 2 26.779 3 25.247 4 24.315 5 23.382 6 22.853 7 22.324 8 23.039 9 23.754 10 24.569 11 25.385 12 26.168 13 26.951 14 26.613 15 26.39 16 26.511 17 26.448 18 26.202 19 26.22 20 26.326 21 26.488 22 26.65 23 26.855 24 27.061 25 27.097 26 27.133 27 26.878 28 26.624 29 26.535 30 26.445 31 26.31 32 26.175 33 26.501 34 26.827 35 27.121 36 27.399 37 27.692 38 28.017 39 28.341 40 27.586 41 26.607 42 25.795 43 25.641 44 26.407 45 27.552 46 28.072 47 28.135 48 28.377 49 29.018 50 28.57 51 28.713 52 28.234 53 27.301 54 27.08 55 27.141 56 26.175 57 26.033 58 26.456 59 26.86 60 27.345 61 28.26 62 29.196 63 26.939 64 26.494 65 25.309 66 25.879 67 25.906 68 24.386 69 25.268 70 26.062 71 26.68 72 27.411 73 28.199 74 27.302 75 26.406 76 26.892 77 27.377 78 26.653 79 25.93 80 26.727 81 27.524 82 27.973 83 27.726 84 27.478 85 27.768 86 28.327 87 28.886 88 27.893 89 28.114 90 27.477 91 26.696 92 25.375 93 26.406 94 28.138 95 29.175 96 29.229 97 29.12 98 28.111 99 27.712 100 27.947 101 28.25 102 28.187 103 27.621 104 26.889 105 25.945 106 26.773 107 28.305 108 28.563 109 28.894 110 29.53 111 28.459 112 27.781 113 27.497 114 27.108 115 26.851 116 26.726 117 26.945 118 27.517 119 28.026 120 28.577 121 29.141 122 29.693 123 30.044 124 29.598 125 29.152 126 27.651 127 27.851 128 27.709 129 27.877 130 28.354 131 28.387 132 28.63 133 29.081 134 28.487 135 28.984 136 29.016 137 29.175 138 28.519 139 27.494 140 26.759 141 27.06 142 27.509 143 28.105 144 28.112 145 28.199 146 28.366 147 28.147 148 27.928 149 27.787 150 27.8 151 27.813 152 27.691 153 27.5 154 27.309 155 27.628 156 27.947 157 27.906 158 27.866 159 27.979 160 28.092 161 27.779 162 27.467 163 27.604 164 27.74 165 28.004 166 27.976 167 28.216 168 28.503 169 28.551 170 28.438 171 28.324 172 28.221 173 28.135 174 28.05 175 27.986 176 27.931 177 27.877 178 28.289 179 28.554 180 28.099 181 28.73 182 28.352 183 29.137 184 28.885 185 28.633 186 28.381 187 28.128 188 27.876 189 27.624 190 28.058 191 28.16 192 28.309 193 28.877 194 28.463 195 28.05 196 27.906 197 27.898 198 27.785 199 27.463 200 27.141 201 28.232 202 28.51 203 28.357 204 28.644 205 28.54 206 28.665 207 29.276 208 28.799 209 28.322 210 27.845 211 27.368 212 26.891 213 27.467 214 28.046 215 28.108 216 27.95 217 28.06 218 28.937 219 29.041 220 28.73 221 28.419 222 28.108 223 27.826 224 27.543 225 27.261 226 28.387 227 28.133 228 28.409 229 29.354 230 29.407 231 29.248 232 28.804 233 28.032 234 28.732 235 28.495 236 27.506 237 27.273 238 27.383 239 27.493 240 27.538 241 27.582 242 28.215 243 28.848 244 28.584 245 28.321 246 27.681 247 27.042 248 26.754 249 26.466 250 26.762 251 27.058 252 27.354 253 27.519 254 27.683 255 27.848 256 27.775 257 27.047 258 26.071 259 24.574 260 25.654 261 26.146 262 26.637 263 27.05 264 27.306 265 27.562 266 27.883 267 28.236 268 28.59 269 27.012 270 26.625 271 26.372 272 26.127 273 25.929 274 26.491 275 26.911 276 27.189 277 28.125 278 28.703 279 28.922 280 28.793 281 28.663 282 28.534 283 28.209 284 27.885 285 27.56 286 27.968 287 28.375 288 28.594 289 28.813 290 29.098 291 29.384 292 28.743 293 28.812 294 28.872 295 28.655 296 28.002 297 28.149 298 28.297 299 28.446 300 28.596 301 28.759 302 28.949 303 29.138 304 28.275 305 28.709 306 28.612 307 28.418 308 28.383 309 28.394 310 28.83 311 29.01 312 28.821 313 29.252 314 29.726 315 29.888 316 29.213 317 28.562 318 28.931 319 28.622 320 27.706 321 28.328 322 28.894 323 29.295 324 29.655 325 29.972 326 29.939 327 29.79 328 28.949 329 28.382 330 28.263 331 28.313 332 28.095 333 28.175 334 28.264 335 28.412 336 28.77 337 28.971 338 29.07 339 29.076 340 28.839 341 28.602 342 28.365 343 28.129 344 27.892 345 27.655 346 28.271 347 28.562 348 28.684 349 28.794 350 28.586 351 28.379 352 28.171 353 27.993 354 27.815 355 27.637 356 27.701 357 27.765 358 27.829 359 27.957 360 28.408 361 28.997 362 28.98 363 29.343 364 28.889 365 28.278 366 27.68 367 27.173 368 26.747 369 27.469 370 27.586 371 27.933 372 29.478 373 28.618 374 28.319 375 29.137 376 29.281 377 28.762 378 28.278 379 27.536 380 26.44 381 25.777 382 26.508 383 27.663 384 26.941 385 26.825 386 27.166 387 28.044 388 28.161 389 27.559 390 27.33 391 27.12 392 26.372 393 25.808 394 25.83 395 26.842 396 27.412 397 27.408 398 27.827 399 28.195 400 27.296 401 27.196 402 26.519 403 25.851 404 25.593 405 25.411 406 25.291 407 25.68 408 26.193 409 27.407 410 28.415 411 28.535 412 27.934 413 27.28 414 27.552 415 27.724 416 27.252 417 26.583 418 27.245 419 27.907 420 28.235 421 28.563 422 28.752 423 28.941 424 28.394 425 27.903 426 27.47 427 27.371 428 27.072 429 26.574 430 27.464 431 27.779 432 28.079 433 28.26 434 28.247 435 28.538 436 27.925 437 27.771 438 27.558 439 27.221 440 26.764 441 25.857 442 26.259 443 27.215 444 28.499 445 28.968 446 28.078 447 27.891 448 28.821 449 27.957 450 28.592 451 26.866 452 26.854 453 25.219 454 25.594 455 26.517 456 26.705 457 26.66 458 26.746 459 28.155 460 28.699 461 27.351 462 26.132 463 24.866 464 23.017 465 24.385 466 24.971 467 25.125 468 25.164 469 26.494 470 27.335 471 27.128 472 26.922 473 27.012 474 27.102 475 26.354 476 25.605 477 25.57 478 25.535 479 25.677 480 26.098 481 26.546 482 26.764 483 26.637 484 26.51 485 26.356 486 26.177 487 25.998 488 26.116 489 26.262 490 26.531 491 27.213 492 27.567 493 27.789 494 27.938 495 27.419 496 26.9 497 26.509 498 26.118 499 25.876 500 25.634 501 25.754 502 27.392 503 28.533 504 28.227 505 28.476 506 28.727 507 29.369 508 28.306 509 27.273 510 26.445 511 26.654 512 25.84 513 28.181 514 27.619 515 27.694 516 28.266 517 28.827 518 29.986 519 29.268 520 28.47 521 27.261 522 26.878 523 25.983 524 26.213 525 26.343 526 26.177 527 26.406 528 27.029 529 27.064 530 26.902 531 27.056 532 27.211 533 26.985 534 26.568 535 26.317 536 26.396 537 26.475 538 26.854 539 27.312 540 28.025 541 28.314 542 27.979 543 27.902 544 27.841 545 28.307 546 27.516 547 26.164 548 25.14 549 26.032 550 26.925 551 27.152 552 27.378 553 28.205 554 29.031 555 26.968 556 26.503 557 26.41 558 26.507 559 26.065 560 26.177 561 26.392 562 26.786 563 27.359 564 27.09 565 27.186 566 27.647 567 26.834 568 26.022 File vanuatu.4200bp.SrCaU.txt: Correge Sr/Ca and U/Ca Data notes: Sample #1 is the youngest U/Ca data missing: sample size too small to allow precise measurement of U Sr/Ca data missing: poor repeatability between two runs and sample size too small to allow for third run sample# Sr/Ca (10-3 molar) U/Ca (10-6 molar) 1 9.144 2 8.842 3 9.013 4 9.048 5 9.025 6 8.960 7 9.077 8 9.152 9 9.310 10 9.276 11 8.884 12 9.004 13 8.982 14 8.995 15 8.965 16 9.063 17 8.960 18 8.904 19 8.986 20 8.946 21 9.000 22 9.019 1.072 23 8.997 1.087 24 8.857 1.061 25 8.898 1.064 26 8.855 1.053 27 8.968 1.095 28 9.020 1.114 29 9.039 1.089 30 9.049 1.138 31 9.028 1.132 32 8.922 1.104 33 8.834 1.044 34 8.921 1.034 35 8.855 1.076 36 8.781 1.046 37 8.941 1.037 38 8.818 1.070 39 8.899 1.094 40 9.048 1.131 41 8.850 1.073 42 1.125 43 9.036 1.095 44 8.992 1.143 45 8.971 1.152 46 8.945 1.093 47 8.912 1.108 48 8.817 1.066 49 1.101 50 1.138 51 8.964 1.086 52 8.923 1.126 53 9.131 1.119 54 9.124 1.125 55 8.833 1.055 56 9.081 1.065 57 9.167 1.192 58 9.104 1.080 59 8.805 1.078 60 8.974 1.058 61 8.857 1.065 62 9.141 1.066 63 8.792 1.097 64 9.129 1.097 65 8.743 1.073 66 8.915 1.053 67 8.849 1.068 68 8.964 1.081 69 8.741 1.085 70 9.094 1.126 71 8.910 1.065 72 8.814 1.045 73 8.740 1.064 74 8.885 1.095 75 8.839 1.098 76 8.942 1.051 77 8.850 1.065 78 8.968 1.078 79 8.866 1.120 80 8.844 1.101 81 8.866 1.062 82 8.938 1.060 83 8.911 1.089 84 8.983 1.077 85 9.017 1.144 86 9.059 1.118 87 8.898 1.087 88 8.843 1.079 89 8.830 1.059 90 8.911 1.033 91 8.761 1.021 92 8.830 1.045 93 8.962 1.043 94 8.976 1.129 95 8.940 1.121 96 8.997 1.091 97 8.959 1.087 98 8.884 1.065 99 8.909 1.073 100 8.884 1.052 101 8.854 1.065 102 8.794 1.009 103 1.038 104 1.048 105 8.764 1.055 106 8.875 1.101 107 8.951 1.082 108 8.875 1.103 109 8.915 1.057 110 8.817 1.025 111 8.830 1.087 112 8.903 1.097 113 8.743 1.045 114 8.875 1.034 115 8.815 1.076 116 8.779 1.096 117 9.025 1.110 118 8.989 1.092 119 8.892 1.071 120 1.056 121 8.877 1.075 122 8.891 1.100 123 8.837 1.073 124 8.986 1.102 125 8.885 1.088 126 8.932 1.068 127 8.867 1.058 128 8.904 1.071 129 8.945 1.052 130 8.874 1.057 131 8.906 1.068 132 8.860 1.036 133 8.930 1.082 134 8.820 1.089 135 8.889 1.094 136 8.859 1.077 137 8.847 1.091 138 8.864 1.087 139 8.916 140 8.882 1.080 141 8.864 1.078 142 8.824 1.086 143 8.967 1.081 144 8.746 1.082 145 8.894 1.090 146 8.935 1.078 147 8.822 1.065 148 8.894 1.067 149 8.793 1.034 150 9.003 1.077 151 8.887 1.070 152 8.812 1.063 153 8.918 1.057 154 8.812 1.059 155 8.961 1.099 156 8.899 1.098 157 8.818 1.098 158 8.916 1.078 159 8.947 1.073 160 8.822 1.059 161 8.826 1.080 162 8.943 1.083 163 8.932 1.125 164 8.802 1.104 165 8.884 1.094 166 8.882 1.074 167 8.849 1.045 168 8.796 1.038 169 8.817 1.016 170 8.807 1.020 171 8.821 1.033 172 8.811 1.070 173 8.784 1.127 174 8.818 1.035 175 9.021 1.035 176 8.872 1.062 177 9.052 1.110 178 8.863 1.078 179 8.949 1.100 180 1.023 181 8.811 1.077 182 8.895 1.147 183 8.978 1.185 184 8.833 1.119 185 8.898 1.091 186 8.933 1.072 187 8.959 1.103 188 8.960 1.127 189 9.116 190 8.975 1.146 191 9.022 1.120 192 8.871 1.115 193 8.847 1.104 194 8.845 1.111 195 9.028 1.168 196 8.962 1.202 197 8.965 1.165 198 8.983 1.141 199 9.017 1.142 200 8.940 1.185 201 9.048 1.173 202 8.946 1.148 203 9.053 1.190 204 8.925 1.136 205 9.084 1.092 206 8.895 1.069 207 8.846 1.075 208 8.821 1.081 209 8.895 1.076 210 8.942 1.059 211 8.766 1.053 212 8.813 1.064 213 8.836 1.089 214 8.888 1.138 215 8.792 1.085 216 8.827 1.095 217 8.943 1.090 218 8.903 1.070 219 8.763 1.098 220 8.877 1.096 221 1.051 222 8.871 1.090 223 8.823 1.064 224 8.865 1.100 225 8.907 1.072 226 8.830 1.100 227 8.863 1.061 228 8.821 1.060 229 1.017 230 1.028 231 8.840 1.035 232 1.020 233 8.759 1.038 234 8.791 1.030 235 8.769 1.044 236 8.907 1.052 237 8.756 1.111 238 8.928 1.071 239 8.794 1.053 240 8.782 1.080 241 8.952 1.072 242 1.034 243 8.867 1.051 244 8.816 1.100 245 8.710 1.061 246 8.764 1.047 247 8.865 1.069 248 8.813 1.058 249 8.854 1.070 250 8.929 1.078 251 8.841 1.090 252 8.854 1.071 253 8.888 1.088 254 8.921 1.050 255 8.847 1.046 256 8.867 1.092 257 8.896 1.055 258 8.753 1.050 259 1.015 260 8.895 1.049 261 8.930 1.041 262 8.759 1.057 263 8.863 1.088 264 8.903 1.106 265 8.876 1.121 266 8.963 1.078 267 8.867 1.035 268 8.852 1.058 269 8.879 1.074 270 8.757 1.072 271 8.855 1.035 272 8.811 1.036 273 8.863 1.055 274 9.010 1.096 275 8.935 1.086 276 8.963 1.079 277 8.873 1.082 278 8.943 1.044 279 8.840 1.081 280 8.758 1.086 281 8.956 1.088 282 1.027 283 8.815 1.071 284 8.782 1.068 285 8.837 1.071 286 8.906 1.093 287 8.813 1.137 288 9.001 1.132 289 8.974 1.126 290 9.036 1.098 291 9.080 1.120 292 8.888 1.073 293 8.916 1.089 294 8.907 1.077 295 9.030 1.079 296 8.981 1.095 297 8.873 1.081 298 9.001 1.085 299 8.806 1.098 300 8.848 1.098 301 8.990 1.108 302 8.911 1.112 303 8.894 1.114 304 9.002 1.126 305 8.973 1.144 306 9.058 1.120 307 9.064 1.105 308 8.958 1.127 309 8.978 1.132 310 8.881 1.106 311 8.940 1.056 312 8.903 1.074 313 8.957 1.087 314 8.823 1.080 315 8.854 1.130 316 9.020 1.095 317 8.947 1.086 318 9.083 1.099 319 9.083 1.123 320 8.990 1.105 321 9.109 1.125 322 9.014 1.136 323 8.969 1.097 324 8.910 1.126 325 8.834 1.124 326 8.823 1.110 327 8.916 1.087 328 8.920 1.097 329 8.986 1.076 330 8.878 1.091 331 8.869 1.113 332 8.975 1.099 333 8.988 1.086 334 8.976 1.116 335 8.727 1.090 336 8.865 1.090 337 8.905 1.109 338 8.881 1.073 339 8.987 1.053 340 8.933 1.078 341 9.021 1.091 342 8.822 1.078 343 8.925 1.083 344 8.863 1.082 345 8.920 1.081 346 8.800 1.087 347 8.916 1.083 348 8.857 1.075 349 8.938 1.124 350 8.924 1.076 351 8.990 1.067 352 9.060 1.171 353 8.937 1.116 354 9.005 1.073 355 8.933 1.098 356 8.861 1.066 357 8.804 1.064 358 8.816 1.090 359 8.954 1.060 360 8.987 1.088 361 8.802 1.108 362 8.970 1.095 363 8.747 1.080 364 8.964 1.061 365 8.851 1.047 366 9.071 1.089 367 8.967 1.109 368 9.157 1.126 369 8.966 1.090 370 9.048 1.112 371 8.901 1.121 372 8.977 1.084 373 9.014 1.144 374 8.859 1.103 375 8.872 1.077 376 8.812 1.082 377 8.816 1.067 378 8.963 1.141 379 9.085 1.107 380 8.967 1.131 381 8.970 1.121 382 9.089 1.185 383 9.127 1.212 384 9.005 1.175 385 9.248 1.274 386 9.182 1.153 387 9.178 1.185 388 9.046 1.169 389 9.100 1.179 390 9.081 1.143 391 9.061 1.213 392 9.111 1.131 393 9.008 1.124 394 8.881 1.103 395 8.979 1.121 396 8.938 1.183 397 8.957 1.125 398 9.125 1.174 399 9.054 1.141 400 8.921 1.131 401 8.985 1.097 402 8.999 1.133 403 8.981 1.094 404 9.069 1.144 405 8.968 1.153 406 8.937 1.100 407 8.890 1.102 408 8.897 1.144 409 8.898 1.113 410 9.085 1.154 411 9.043 1.158 412 8.989 1.150 413 8.988 1.126 414 9.131 1.110 415 8.941 1.071 416 8.873 1.058 417 8.857 1.061 418 1.040 419 1.049 420 1.078 421 1.077 422 8.885 1.079 423 8.842 1.054 424 8.848 1.056 425 8.859 1.053 426 8.825 1.038 427 8.767 1.028 428 8.831 1.087 429 8.801 1.133 430 8.883 1.137 431 1.125 432 1.158 433 1.139 434 1.066 435 8.873 1.077 436 8.904 1.073 437 8.955 1.088 438 8.886 1.093 439 8.905 1.072 440 8.926 1.068 441 8.914 1.069 442 8.842 1.063 443 8.868 1.045 444 8.898 1.041 445 8.817 1.059 446 8.739 1.053 447 8.771 1.053 448 8.791 1.107 449 8.873 1.122 450 8.921 1.115 451 9.018 1.127 452 8.945 1.146 453 9.089 1.105 454 8.943 1.101 455 9.000 1.096 456 8.884 1.075 457 8.996 1.075 458 8.932 1.110 459 9.066 1.138 460 8.961 1.119 461 8.927 1.123 462 8.933 1.084 463 8.942 1.101 464 8.846 1.077 465 8.828 1.061 466 8.941 1.082 467 8.856 1.063 468 8.934 1.083 469 8.902 1.134 470 8.868 1.131 471 8.846 1.143 472 9.051 1.187 473 9.121 1.180 474 9.038 1.100 475 1.118 476 1.101 477 1.041 478 1.116 479 1.133 480 1.137 481 1.133 482 1.149 483 1.145 484 1.134 485 1.102 486 1.117 487 1.091 488 1.136