Northern Spain 4000 Year Stalagmite d13C and Temperature Reconstruction Martín-Chivelet, J.; Muñoz-García, M.B.; Edwards, R.L.; Turrero, M.J.; Ortega, A.I. Martín-Chivelet, J. Muñoz-García, M.B. Edwards, R.L. Turrero, M.J. Ortega, A.I. Air Temperature Reconstruction earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|speleothems (surface air temperature,delta 13C,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|speleothems,anomalized,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|speleothems (age,null,null,calendar year before present,null,climate reconstructions|speleothems,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (sample identification,null,null,null,null,speleothems,null,null,C,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|speleothems (surface air temperature,delta 13C,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|speleothems,anomalized|smoothed,null,N,10 year running mean) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|speleothems (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions|speleothems,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (delta 13C,calcium carbonate,null,standard deviation unit,null,speleothems,anomalized,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to 380-1280 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (Kaite Cave>LATITUDE 43.04>LONGITUDE -3.6597) (Cueva del Cobre>LATITUDE 42.9872>LONGITUDE -4.3728) (Cueva Mayor>LATITUDE 42.3481>LONGITUDE -3.5164) The surface temperature changes for the last 4000 years in northern inland Iberia (an area particularly sensitive to climate change) are determined by a high resolution study of carbon stable isotope records of stalagmites from three caves (Kaite, Cueva del Cobre, and Cueva Mayor) separated several tens of kilometers away in N Spain. Despite the local conditions of each cave, the isotopic series show a good overall coherence, and resulted to be strongly sensitive to surface temperature changes. The record reflects alternating warmer and colder intervals, always within a temperature range of 1.6 °C. The timing and duration of the intervals were provided by 43 230Th-234U (ICP-MS) ages. Main climatic recognized periods are: (1) 3950-3000 yr BP: warm period punctuated by cool events around ~3950, 3550 and 3250 yr BP; (2) 2850-2500 yr BP cold interval (Iron Age Cold Period); (3) 2500-1650 yr BP moderate warm period (Roman Warm Period), with maximum temperatures between 2150 and 1750 yr BP; (4) 1650-1350 yr BP cold interval (Dark Ages Cold Period), with a thermal minimum at ~1500 yr BP; (5) 1350-750 yr BP warm period (Medieval Warm Period) punctuated by two cooler events at ~1250 and ~850 yr BP; (6) 750-100 yr BP cold period (Little Ice Age) with extremes occurring at 600-500 yr BP, 350-300 yr BP, and 150100 yr BP; and (7) the last 150 years, characterized by rapid but no linear warming (Modern Warming). Remarkably, the presented records allow direct comparison of recent warming with former warm intervals such as the Roman or the Medieval periods. That comparison reveals the 20th century as the time with highest surface temperatures of the last 4000 years for the studied area. Spectral analysis of the time series shows consistent climatic cycles of ~400, ~900 and ~1300 yr, comparable with those recognized in the North Atlantic marine record, the Greenland ice cores, and other terrestrial records for the middle-late Holocene, suggesting common climate forcing mechanisms related to changes in solar irradiance and North Atlantic circulation patterns. STUDY NOTES: Carbon stable isotope stacked series for the last 4000 years derived from three stalagmites of three caves of N Spain (Kaite, Cobre, and Cueva Mayor). Age model is based in 43 230Th absolute ages. Analyses for age-dating were conducted at the University of Minnesota by means of ICP-MS. Carbon isotope data are expressed as absolute deviation values i.e., the absolute difference between that each d13C(V-PDB) value and a reference value for each stalagmite. This reference value is the average d13C of each stalagmite for the time interval between 1570 and 670 yr BP - the longest interval of continuous and simultaneous growing of the three stalagmites. For each measurement, approximately 100ug of powder sample were drilled from petrographical thin sections of the axial part of the stalagmites, and analyzed with an on-line, automated, carbonate preparation system (Kiel III), linked to a Finnigan MAT-252 ratio mass spectrometer at the University of Minnesota Isotope Lab. The 13C data is translated into relative temperature estimates by means of a transfer function based in cross correlation between instrumental series of temperatures and d13C values in stalagmite SLX1 (estimated error ±0.26 °C). NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Martín-Chivelet, J. Investigator : Muñoz-García, M.B. Investigator : Edwards, R.L. Investigator : Turrero, M.J. Investigator : Ortega, A.I. 2011-09-26 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12194 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12194 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt Martín-Chivelet, J., M.B. Muñoz-García, R.L. Edwards, M.J. Turrero, and A.I. Ortega. 2011. Land surface temperature changes in Northern Iberia since 4000 yr BP, based on d13C of speleothems. Global and Planetary Change, Vol. 77, Issues 1-2, May 2011, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.002. START YEAR: -1949 AD * END YEAR: 2000 AD -4.3728 42.3481 -3.5164 43.04