Holmgren et al. 2003 Cold Air Cave Stalagmite 25KYr Stable Isotope Data Holmgren, K.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Cooper, G.R.J.; Lundblad, K.; Partridge, T.C.; Scott, L.; Sithaldeen, R.; Talma, A.S.; Tyson, P.D. Holmgren, K. Lee-Thorp, J.A. Cooper, G.R.J. Lundblad, K. Partridge, T.C. Scott, L. Sithaldeen, R. Talma, A.S. Tyson, P.D. PAGES 2k Network PAGES Africa 2k earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (delta 18O,calcium carbonate,null,per mil PDB,null,speleothems,corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,corrected for aragonite) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (age,null,null,calendar year before present,null,speleothems,null,null,N,present defined as 2000 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (delta 13C,calcium carbonate,null,per mil PDB,null,speleothems,corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,corrected for aragonite) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (delta 13C,calcium carbonate,null,per mil PDB,null,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (delta 18O,calcium carbonate,null,per mil PDB,null,speleothems,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems earth science/paleoclimate/speleothems (Cold Air Cave>LATITUDE -24.02>LONGITUDE 29.11) Data from stalagmites in the Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, document regional climatic change in southern Africa in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. A new TIMS U-series dated stalagmite indicates speleothem growth from 24.4 to 12.7 ka and from 10.2 to 0 ka, interrupted by a 2.5 ka hiatus. High-resolution oxygen and carbon stable isotope data suggest that postglacial warming was first initiated ~17 ka, was interrupted by cooling, probably associated with the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and was followed by strong warming after 13.5 ka. The Early Holocene experienced warm, evaporative conditions with fewer C4 grasses. Cooling is evident from ~6 to 2.5 ka, followed by warming between 1.5 and 2.5 ka and briefly at ~AD 1200. Maximum Holocene cooling occurred at AD 1700. The new stalagmite largely confirms results from shorter Holocene stalagmites reported earlier. The strongest variability superimposed on more general trends has a quasi-periodicity between 2.5 and 4.0 ka. Also present are weaker ~1.0 ka and ~100-year oscillations, the latter probably solar induced. Given similarities to the Antarctic records, the proximate driving force producing millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the Makapansgat record is postulated to be atmospheric circulation changes associated with change in the Southern Hemisphere circumpolar westerly wind vortex. STUDY NOTES: Description & Notes: Stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from TIMS U-series dated stalagmites from Cold Air Cave, Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, document regional climatic change in southern Africa over the past 25,000 years. Hiatuses Indentified: Speleothem growth from 24.4 to 12.7 ka and from 10.2 to 0 ka, interrupted by a 2.5 ka hiatus. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Holmgren, K. Investigator : Lee-Thorp, J.A. Investigator : Cooper, G.R.J. Investigator : Lundblad, K. Investigator : Partridge, T.C. Investigator : Scott, L. Investigator : Sithaldeen, R. Investigator : Talma, A.S. Investigator : Tyson, P.D. 2005-04-01 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5432 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5432 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.txt Holmgren, K., J.A. Lee-Thorp, G.R.J. Cooper, K. Lundblad, T.C. Partridge, L. Scott, R. Sithaldeen, A. Siep Talmaf and P.D. Tyson. 2003. Persistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years in Southern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(21-22), 2311-2326. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00204-X START YEAR: -22428 AD * END YEAR: 1998 AD 29.11 -24.02 29.11 -24.02