Gao et al. 2008 1500 Year Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Data Gao, C.-C.; Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M. Gao, C.-C. Robock, A. Ammann, C.M. earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (collection elevation,null,null,kilometer,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,altitude in atmosphere) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,SH stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,Global total stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (notes,null,null,null,null,climate forcing,null,null,C,"*** if different from original file, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/IVI2/IVI2TotalLoading501-2000.txt") earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,NH stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (volcanic sulfate,null,null,kilogram per square kilometer,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (latitude,null,null,degree north,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,10 degree latitude belt) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (Global>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. Our recently collected suite of ice core data, more than double the number of cores ever used before, reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores, which enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-year running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing data set as a function of month, latitude, and altitude for the past 1500 years. We estimated the uncertainties associated with the choice of volcanic signal extraction criteria, ice core sulfate deposition to stratospheric loading calibration factor, and the season for the eruptions without a recorded month. We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing data set, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large-scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and with proxy records for the entire period. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new data set will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate. The new data set of stratospheric sulfate injections from volcanic eruptions for the past 1500 years, as a function of latitude, altitude, and month, is available for download in a format suitable for forcing general circulation models of the climate system. STUDY NOTES: Global and Hemispheric Annual Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Aerosol Injections plus Monthly, Latitudinally, and Height-Dependent Aerosol Loading. A revised dataset has been posted on June 18, 2015. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Gao, C.-C. Investigator : Robock, A. Investigator : Ammann, C.M. 2009-09-11 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/8701 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2TotalInjection_501-2000Version2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/readme-gao2008ivi2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.bin https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/Notes-IVI2Version2.pdf https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/ https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2TotalInjection_501-2000Version2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/readme-gao2008ivi2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.bin https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/Notes-IVI2Version2.pdf https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/ English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/8701 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2TotalInjection_501-2000Version2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/readme-gao2008ivi2.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.bin https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/Notes-IVI2Version2.pdf https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/ Chaochao Gao, Alan Robock and Caspar Ammann2008Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate modelsJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres113D2310.1029/2008JD010239http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1029/2008JD010239/abstract START YEAR: 501 AD * END YEAR: 2000 AD -180 -90 180 90