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  <dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Vostok Ice Core Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM)</dc:title>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Parrenin, F.; Petit, J.-R.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Basile, I.; Jouzel, J.; Lipenkov, V.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Schwander, J.; Severi, M.; Udisti, R.; Veres, D.; Vinther, B.M.; Wolff, E.W.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Parrenin, F.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Petit, J.-R.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Masson-Delmotte, V.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Basile, I.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Jouzel, J.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Lipenkov, V.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Rasmussen, S.O.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Schwander, J.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Severi, M.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Udisti, R.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Veres, D.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Vinther, B.M.</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Wolff, E.W.</dc:creator>
  <dc:subject xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">earth science/paleoclimate/ice cores (depth,null,null,meter,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null)</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">earth science/paleoclimate/ice cores (electrical conductivity,bulk ice,null,relative unit,null,ice cores,averaged,direct current electrical conductivity measurement,N,null)</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">earth science/paleoclimate/ice core</dc:subject>
  <dc:subject xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows"> (Vostok&gt;LATITUDE -78.47&gt;LONGITUDE 106.8)</dc:subject>
  <dc:description xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">This study aims at refining the synchronisation between the EPICA 
Dome C (EDC) and Vostok ice cores in the time interval 0-145 kyr BP 
by using the volcanic signatures. 111 common volcanic events were 
identified by using continuous electrical conductivity (ECM), 
di-electrical profiling (DEP) and sulfate measurements while 
trying to minimize the distortion of the glaciological chronologies. 
This is an update and a continuation of previous works performed 
over the 0-45 kyr interval which provided 56 tie points to the 
ice core chronologies (Udisti et al., 2004). This synchronisation 
will serve for the establishment of the next synchronised Antarctic 
dating. A change of slope in the EDC-depth/Vostok-depth diagram 
is probably related to a change of accumulation regime as well as 
to a change of ice thickness upstream of the Vostok lake, but we
did not invoke any significant temporal change of surface 
accumulation at EDC relative to Vostok. A significant phase 
difference is detected between the EDC and Vostok isotopic records 
during the 95-120 kyr interval, but not during Termination II. 
Three possible candidates for the Toba volcanic super-eruption 
~73 kyr ago are suggested in the Vostok and EDC volcanic records. 
However the ECM, DEP and sulfate fingerprints for these three 
events are not significantly larger than many others in the records.
 
          STUDY NOTES: Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM) from two ice cores 
collected at Vostok, Antarctica. Data from the shallow VK-BH7 
core are presented to 240m depth, and data from the deep VK-5G 
core from 200m to 2000m depth, both at 1 cm. resolution. 
Raw data collected every millimeter, averaged every 5 centimeters, 
and resampled every centimeter. </dc:description>
  <dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">NCDC-Paleoclimatology</dc:publisher>
  <dc:publisher xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce</dc:publisher>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Parrenin, F.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Petit, J.-R.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Masson-Delmotte, V.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Basile, I.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Jouzel, J.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Lipenkov, V.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Rasmussen, S.O.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Schwander, J.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Severi, M.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Udisti, R.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Veres, D.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Vinther, B.M.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Investigator : Wolff, E.W.</dc:contributor>
  <dc:date xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">2012-05-24</dc:date>
  <dc:type xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">ONLINE Files</dc:type>
  <dc:format xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">online, ASCII</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12947</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.xlsx</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.txt</dc:identifier>
  <dc:source xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.xlsx</dc:source>
  <dc:source xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.txt</dc:source>
  <dc:language xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">English</dc:language>
  <dc:relation xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12947</dc:relation>
  <dc:relation xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.xlsx</dc:relation>
  <dc:relation xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.txt</dc:relation>
  <dc:relation xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">Parrenin, F., J.-R. Petit, V. Masson-Delmotte, I. Basile-Doelsch, 
J. Jouzel, V. Lipenkov, S. Rasmussen, J. Schwander, M. Severi, 
R. Udisti, D. Veres, B. Vinther, and E. Wolff. 2011. 
Volcanic synchronisation between the EPICA Dome C 
and Vostok ice cores (Antarctica) 0-145 kyr BP. 
Clim. Past Discuss., 7, 4105-4147.</dc:relation>
  <dc:coverage xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ows="http://www.opengis.net/ows">START YEAR: 145000 cal yr BP  * END YEAR: 0 cal yr BP</dc:coverage>
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   <ows:UpperCorner>106.8  -78.47</ows:UpperCorner>
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