Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos 6,000 Year Geochemical and Pollen Data Thompson, D.M.; Conroy, J.L.; Collins, A.; Hlohowskyj, S.; Overpeck, J.T.; Riedinger-Whitmore, M.; Cole, J.E.; Bush, M.B.; Corley, T.L.; Steinitz-Kannan, M. Thompson, D.M. Conroy, J.L. Collins, A. Hlohowskyj, S. Overpeck, J.T. Riedinger-Whitmore, M. Cole, J.E. Bush, M.B. Corley, T.L. Steinitz-Kannan, M. earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (silicon,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (titanium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (arsenic,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (age at sample end,null,null,calendar year before present,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (depth,null,null,centimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,composite was created from the images of the two longest cores to obtain a record free of slumping) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (calcium/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (strontium/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (iron,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sulfur,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (titanium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (evaporation,null,null,millimeter per day,null,instrumental,null,null,N,evaporation at the lake surface in mm/day calculated from local air temperature lake temperature solar radiation and wind speed along with relative humidity from Puerto Ayora using the energy budget equation [Shuttleworth 1993]) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (density,lake water,null,gram per cubic centimeter,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Water Density at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (magnesium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (chlorine,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (vanadium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (depth at sample start,null,null,centimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (event layer,sediment,null,count,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,CaCO3 laminae count per bin) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (principal component,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,"PC #1; Elemental count rates were normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed in MATLAB on the correlation matrix of u-XRF K-normalized count rates; strong positive loadings for S"","" Ca and Sr (eigenvectors: 0.52"","" 0.61"","" 0.41"","" respectively) and negative loadings for Si and Fe (eigenvectors: -0.32 and -0.25"","" respectively)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (titanium/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (calcium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (iron,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (surface downwelling shortwave radiation,null,null,watt per square meter,null,instrumental,null,null,N,total daily solar radiation measured from the weather station) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (air temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,instrumental,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (wind speed,null,null,meter per second,null,instrumental,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (precipitation minus evaporation,null,null,millimeter per day,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Bainbridge Rain- Evaporation) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (depth,null,null,centimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sulfur/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sample identification,null,null,null,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,"Sample: 1=""2010 Sed trap""; 2=""2012 Sed trap""; 3-7=""Bain Rocks""; 8=""Bain Soil""") earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (surface downwelling shortwave radiation,null,null,watt per square meter,null,instrumental,null,null,N,average daytime solar radiation measured from the weather station) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (electrical conductivity,lake water,null,microsiemens,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Actual Conductivity at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (electrical conductivity,lake water,null,microsiemens,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Specific Conductivity at 1 m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (collection date,null,null,null,null,instrumental,null,null,C,Date format: mm/dd/yyyy) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (manganese,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (copper,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (chlorine/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (chlorine,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (precipitation,null,null,millimeter,null,instrumental,null,null,N,total daily rainfall) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (total dissolved solids,lake water,null,parts per thousand,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Total Dissolved Solids at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (phosphorus,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (depth at sample end,null,null,centimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (wind speed,null,null,meter per second,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Average daily gust speed) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (precipitation minus evaporation,null,null,millimeter per day,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Puerto Ayora Rain - Evaporation) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (zinc,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (age at sample start,null,null,calendar year before present,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (strontium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (silicon,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (strontium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (calcium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (strontium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (aluminum,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (iron,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (event layer,sediment,null,count,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,Siliciclastic lamanae count per bin) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (silicon/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (molybdenum,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400). The source contains Mo so these numbers should be interpreted with caution.) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (technetium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sulfur,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (chlorine,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (potassium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (titanium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (potassium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sodium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (wind direction,null,null,degree,null,instrumental,null,null,N,average daily wind direction) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (lake water temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Water temperature at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (salinity,lake water,null,practical salinity unit,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Salinity at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (resistivity,lake water,null,ohm centimeter,null,instrumental,null,null,N,Resistivity at 1m depth) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (sulfur,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (potassium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (calcium,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,Measurements of elemental count rates were made on an EDAX Eagle III tabletop scanning micro x-ray fluorescence (u-XRF) analyzer over a 15 second integration time at 100 um spacing along 2 line scans spanning pellets of compressed sample material (keV=40 uA=400).) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (age,null,null,calendar year before present,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (grayscale,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,composited,image analysis,N,Created from composite images of the two longest cores to obtain a record free of slumping; Image J v. 1.0 grayscale analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (iron/potassium,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Median across 7 parallel line scans normalized to potassium to remove variability associated with the thickness of the embedded sediments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (silicon,sediment,null,count per second,null,paleolimnology,null,x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,N,"Mean across 7 parallel line scans of the sediment core at 100um increments; u-XRF over a 15 second integration time (Kev=40"","" uA=400)") earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (precipitation,null,null,millimeter per day,null,instrumental,null,null,N,collected from the Charles Darwin Research Station in Puerto Ayora) earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology earth science/paleoclimate/paleolimnology (Bainbridge Crater Lake>LATITUDE -.35>LONGITUDE -90.57) Finely laminated sediments within Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos provide a record of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the Holocene. Despite the importance of this sediment record, hypotheses for how climate variability is preserved in the lake sediments have not been tested. Here we present results of long-term monitoring of the local climate and limnology and a revised interpretation of the sediment record. Brown-green, organic rich, siliciclastic laminae reflect warm, wet conditions typical of El Niño events, whereas carbonate and gypsum precipitate during cool, dry La Niña events and persistent dry periods, respectively. Applying this new interpretation, we find ENSO events of both phases were generally less frequent during the mid-Holocene (~6100-4000 cal. years BP) relative to the last ~1500 cal. years. Abundant carbonate laminations between 3500 and 3000 cal. years BP imply that conditions in the Galápagos region were cool and dry during this period when the tropical Pacific E-W SST gradient likely strengthened. The frequency of El Niño and La Niña events then intensified dramatically around 1750-2000 cal. years BP, consistent with a weaker SST gradient and an increased frequency of ENSO events in other regional records. This strong interannual variability persisted until ~700 cal. years BP, when ENSO-related variability at the lake decreased as the SST gradient strengthened. Persistent, dry conditions then dominated between 300 and 50 cal. years BP (AD 1650-1900, ± ~100 years), whereas wetter conditions and frequent El Niño events dominated in the most recent century. STUDY NOTES: Multiproxy lake sediment data from Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galapagos, including laminae counts, XRF elemental analysis, sediment grayscale, and pollen counts and classifications. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Thompson, D.M. Investigator : Conroy, J.L. Investigator : Collins, A. Investigator : Hlohowskyj, S. Investigator : Overpeck, J.T. Investigator : Riedinger-Whitmore, M. Investigator : Cole, J.E. Investigator : Bush, M.B. Investigator : Corley, T.L. Investigator : Steinitz-Kannan, M. 2017-06-22 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22274 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollenclass.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017xrf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017sedtrap.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017station.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017laminae.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale-ann.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollenclass.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017xrf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017sedtrap.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017station.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017laminae.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale-ann.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22274 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollenclass.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017xrf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017pollen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017sedtrap.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017station.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017laminae.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/ecuador/galapagos/bainbridge2017grayscale-ann.txt Thompson, D.M.; Conroy, J.L.; Collins, A.; Hlohowskyj, S.; Overpeck, J.T.; Riedinger-Whitmore, M.; Cole, J.E.; Bush, M.B.; Corley, T.L.; Steinitz Kannan, M.2017Tropical Pacific climate variability over the last 6000 years as recorded in Bainbridge Crater Lake, GalápagosPaleoceanography Melanie A. Riedinger, Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, William M. Last, Mark Brenner2002A ~6100 14C yr record of El Niño activity from the Galápagos IslandsJournal of Paleolimnology2711-710.1023/A:1013514408468https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1013514408468 START YEAR: 6000 cal yr BP * END YEAR: -62 cal yr BP -90.57 -.35 -90.57 -.35