Eastern Equatorial Pacific LGM-Holocene G. ruber d18O Data Koutavas, A.; Joanides, S. Koutavas, A. Joanides, S. ENSO earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,from G. ruber white) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (age,null,null,calendar kiloyear before present,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,sample serial number) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (delta 18O,Globigerinoides ruber white,null,per mil VSMOW,null,paleoceanography,corrected,null,N,ice volume corrected) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (sample identification,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,C,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (delta 18O,Globigerinoides ruber white,null,per mil VPDB,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,300-355 microns) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (magnesium/calcium,Globigerinoides ruber,null,millimole per mole,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (delta 13C,Globigerinoides ruber,null,per mil PDB,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,250-355 micron) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,C,Core Name) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (depth,null,null,centimeter,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (delta 18O,Globigerinoides ruber white,null,per mil VPDB,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,250-355 microns) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (delta 13C,Globigerinoides ruber,null,per mil PDB,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,250-355 microns) earth science/paleoclimate/paleocean (V21-30>LATITUDE -1.22>LONGITUDE -89.68) (V28-134>LATITUDE 6.9>LONGITUDE -85.433) (V19-28>LATITUDE -2.37>LONGITUDE -84.65) The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest engine of interannual climate variability on the planet, yet its past behavior and potential for future change are poorly understood and vigorously contested. Reconstructions of past ENSO are indispensable for testing climate models tasked with predicting future ENSO activity in a warming world, but suitable geologic archives are scarce, especially for the last glacial period. Here we reconstruct mean climate and ENSO variability in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from oxygen isotopic ratios (d18O) of individual foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediments. Our results document coordinated adjustments of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system between two diametrically opposite states: an "amplified ENSO" state in the LGM associated with a reduced zonal temperature gradient, and a "damped ENSO" state in the Mid-Holocene with enhanced gradient. Orbital precession provided the switch between these states and acted as the dominant external driver of the tropical Pacific/ENSO system in the past 25,000 years. The linked response of the mean state and variability to orbital forcing provides an integrated framework for testing ENSO theory and models. STUDY NOTES: Globigerinoides ruber (white) individual d18O spanning the Holocene and LGM from sediment core V21–30 in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) near the Galapagos Islands NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Koutavas, A. Investigator : Joanides, S. 2012-12-19 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13667 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012individuals.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v28-134.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v19-28.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v21-30.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012individuals.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v28-134.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v19-28.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v21-30.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13667 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012individuals.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v28-134.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v19-28.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/koutavas2012/koutavas2012v21-30.txt Athanasios Koutavas and Stephan Joanides. 2012. El Niño-Southern Oscillation extrema in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, Vol. 27, No. 4. DOI: 10.1029/2012PA002378 START YEAR: 32840 cal yr BP * END YEAR: 770 cal yr BP -89.68 -2.37 -84.65 6.9