1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.G.; Richter, T.O.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson, C.; Zorita, E.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.-A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. Cunningham, L.K. Austin, W.E.N. Knudsen, K.L. Eiríksson, J. Scourse, J.D. Wanamaker, A.D. Butler, P.G. Cage, A.G. Richter, T.O. Husum, K. Hald, M. Andersson, C. Zorita, E. Linderholm, H.W. Gunnarson, B.E. Sicre, M.-A. Sejrup, H.P. Jiang, H. Wilson, R.J.S. earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,period 1000-1974 AD) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,diatom assemblage,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Prahl et al 1988 calibration) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,growth rate,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,from Arctica islandica shell growth increments) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,delta 18O,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|paleoceanography (sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleocean (Vøring Plateau>LATITUDE 66.97>LONGITUDE 7.64) (Ranafjord>LATITUDE 66.15333>LONGITUDE 12.65667) (North Iceland Shelf>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) (Northeast North Atlantic>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) (Malangen Fjord>LATITUDE 69.29>LONGITUDE 18.22) (Norwegian Margin>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) (MD99-2275>LATITUDE 66.551>LONGITUDE -17.699) (HM115-16GC>LATITUDE 60.8667>LONGITUDE 3.7333) (P1-003SC>LATITUDE 63.7622>LONGITUDE 5.2553) (Trawl B05AD03>LATITUDE 66.5265>LONGITUDE -18.1957) (Loch Sunart>LATITUDE 56.66667>LONGITUDE -5.86667) We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. STUDY NOTES: A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Cunningham, L.K. Investigator : Austin, W.E.N. Investigator : Knudsen, K.L. Investigator : Eiríksson, J. Investigator : Scourse, J.D. Investigator : Wanamaker, A.D. Investigator : Butler, P.G. Investigator : Cage, A.G. Investigator : Richter, T.O. Investigator : Husum, K. Investigator : Hald, M. Investigator : Andersson, C. Investigator : Zorita, E. Investigator : Linderholm, H.W. Investigator : Gunnarson, B.E. Investigator : Sicre, M.-A. Investigator : Sejrup, H.P. Investigator : Jiang, H. Investigator : Wilson, R.J.S. 2013-04-10 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nena-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-overview.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-i-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/readme-cunningham2013.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-diatom.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-series.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-channel.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-uk37.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-n-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-margin.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-iceland-shelf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-voring.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-sunart.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-malangen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-ranafjord.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nena-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-overview.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-i-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/readme-cunningham2013.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-diatom.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-series.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-channel.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-uk37.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-n-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-margin.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-iceland-shelf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-voring.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-sunart.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-malangen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-ranafjord.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nena-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-overview.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-i-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/readme-cunningham2013.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-diatom.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-data-series.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-channel.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-uk37.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-n-comp.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-nor-margin.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-iceland-shelf.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-voring.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-sunart.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-malangen.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-ranafjord.txt Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson, C., Zorita, E., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. 2013. Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. The Holocene. DOI:10.1177/0959683613479677. START YEAR: 1000 AD * END YEAR: 1996 AD -18.1957 56.66667 18.36667 69.48333