Bering Sea and Western Arctic Coretop Reflectance Database Nwaodua, E.C.; Ortiz, J.D. Nwaodua, E.C. Ortiz, J.D. earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,C,Cruise ID) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 5; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (blue-yellow contrast,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Minolta CM2600D with UV boost and specular component excluded) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,420 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,440 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,500 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,570 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 520 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 530 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 5; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,principal component analysis,N,Variance (percent) explained by each eigenvalue) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (wavelength,null,null,nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,C,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,460 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 1; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,null,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,derivative spectrum of chlorite and muscovite used to identify VPCA Component 1) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 4; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,null,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,derivative spectrum of chlorophyll a + illite used to identify VPCA Component 4) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,470 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,480 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,700 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 450 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 480 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 650 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 2; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,principal component analysis,N,Rotated egienvalues scaled to sums of squares of number of variables (unitless)) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,610 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 410 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 500 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 540 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 560 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 590 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 700 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (sample identification,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,C,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 3; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (longitude,null,null,degree east,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (red-green contrast,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Minolta CM2600D with UV boost and specular component excluded) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,410 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,510 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,680 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 460 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 470 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 610 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 670 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,670 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 660 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,null,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,derivative spectrum of calcite + dolomite used to identify VPCA Component 4) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,400 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,450 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,490 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,550 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,560 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,630 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,640 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 420 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 440 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 510 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 620 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 640 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 4; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 6; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the eigenvalue for VPCA 2; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (chroma,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Minolta CM2600D with UV boost and specular component excluded) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (hue,sediment,null,degree,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Minolta CM2600D with UV boost and specular component excluded) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,430 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,520 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,620 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,690 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 400 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 580 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 600 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 680 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (wavelength,null,communality,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,null,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,derivative spectrum of smectite used to identify VPCA Component 3) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (lightness,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Minolta CM2600D with UV boost and specular component excluded) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,530 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,540 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 490 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 550 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 570 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 630 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 3; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,component rank of principal component analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,null,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,derivative spectrum of phycocyanin + phycoerythrin + goethite used to identify VPCA Component 2) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (latitude,null,null,degree north,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,580 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,590 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,600 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,650 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,660 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 430 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (reflectance,sediment,null,percent per nanometer,null,paleoceanography,averaged,null,N,Derivative of 690 nm reflectance measurement) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 1; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (principal component,null,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,Principal component associated with the VPCA Loading for 7; Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis) earth science/paleoclimate/paleoceanography (notes,null,null,null,null,paleoceanography,null,principal component analysis,N,Sum of variance explained by individual components (percent)) earth science/paleoclimate/paleocean (Bering Sea and Western Arctic>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) derivative spectroscopy of diffuse spectral reflectance (DSR) data can be a potent method to extract lithological information from sediment cores. However, synthesis of multiple DSR data sets collected with different instruments from sediment obtained at different times could subject the DSR measurements to errors arising from disparity in depositional environment, sample processing methods, and storage conditions. Here we apply a quotient normalization technique to set these data in a common reference frame as a first step in our VNIR derivative spectroscopic analysis. The effectiveness of the quotient normalization technique is illustrated with samples from the Bering and west Arctic Sea shelves; this is because of access to sediment samples collected by several coring expeditions at different times in the past over a range of locations. DSR measurements were obtained from eleven groups of core samples processed under two conditions. Under one of the conditions, they were quotient normalized, while in the other, they were not. Lithological proxies in these cores, from both conditions, were extracted using varimax-rotated, principal-component analysis (VPCA). These lithologies are chlorite + muscovite, goethite + phycoerythrin + phycocyanin, smectite, calcite + dolomite, and illite + chlorophyll a. These lithological proxies were then plotted spatially using GIS kriging software. The spatial distributions of the VPCA extracted lithologies, under the two conditions, were compared with lithologies obtained by previous workers in the study site. The lithologies after quotient normalization were found to be more consistent with previously published results for clay mineralogy determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quotient normalized data also showed a lower variance in the interpolated data sets relative to the second processing condition, which is the norm, used for comparison. We conclude that the quotient normalization technique is an effective scaling tool for minimizing errors from combining DSR data sets collected during multiple coring expeditions. STUDY NOTES: These are the reflectance data and varimax rotated principle component analysis from the coretop dataset in publications. Magnitudes of the correlations between each component spectrum and the derivative spectrum for a known assemblage: Correlation r-value VPCA1 vs. Chlorite+Muscovite 0.856 VPCA2 vs. Geothite+phycoerythrin+phycocyanin 0.838 VPCA3 vs. Smectite 0.753 VPCA4 vs. Calcite+Dolomite 0.909 VPCA5 vs. Illite+chl_a -0.891 Provided Keywords: Bering Sea, Western Arctic, Diffuse spectral reflectance , visible derivative spectroscopy, varimax-rotated principal component analysis, sediment provenance NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Nwaodua, E.C. Investigator : Ortiz, J.D. 2015-12-09 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19560 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-variance.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-scores.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/NSF_Bering_W_Arctic_Nwaodua_Ortiz_2014.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-loadings.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-reflect.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-variance.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-scores.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/NSF_Bering_W_Arctic_Nwaodua_Ortiz_2014.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-loadings.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-reflect.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19560 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-variance.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-scores.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/NSF_Bering_W_Arctic_Nwaodua_Ortiz_2014.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-loadings.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/nwaodua2014/nwaodua2014-reflect.txt Nwaodua, Emmanuel C. and Joseph D. Ortiz2014Application of quotient normalization technique to minimize errors in diffuse spectral reflectance data collected under various conditionsJournal of Sedimentary Research84729-74210.2110/jsr.2014.57 Nwaodua, Emmanuel C., Joseph D. Ortiz, and Elizabeth M. Griffith2014Diffuse spectral reflectance of surficial sediments indicates sedimentary environments on the shelves of the Bering Sea and western Arctic Marine Geology355218-23310.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.023 * END YEAR: 2008 AD -135 50 130 80