Stockholm Winter/Spring 500 Year Temperature Reconstruction Leijonhufvud, L.; Wilson, R.J.S.; Moberg, A.; Söderberg, J.; Retsö, D.; Söderlind, U. Leijonhufvud, L. Wilson, R.J.S. Moberg, A. Söderberg, J. Retsö, D. Söderlind, U. Air Temperature Reconstruction earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|historical (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Apr,climate reconstructions|historical,normalized,null,N,scaled to have same mean and standard deviation as instrumental; Post 1893 is represented by instrumental data) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|historical (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Apr,climate reconstructions|historical,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/historical (temperature,null,null,dimensionless,Jan-Apr,historical,null,null,N,from a variety of documentary evidence related to shipping activity) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|historical (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Apr,climate reconstructions|historical,normalized,null,N,scaled to have same mean and standard deviation as instrumental; Post 1756 is represented by instrumental data) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|historical (temperature,null,two standard deviations,degree Celsius,Jan-Apr,climate reconstructions|historical,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/instrumental (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Apr,instrumental,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|historical (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions|historical,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/reconstructions (Stockholm>LATITUDE 59.15>LONGITUDE 18) Historical documentary sources, reflecting different port activities in Stockholm, are utilised to derive a 500-year winter/spring temperature reconstruction for the region. These documentary sources reflect sea ice conditions in the harbour inlet and those series that overlap with the instrumental data correlate well with winter/spring temperatures. By refining dendroclimatological methods, the time-series were composited to a mean series and calibrated (1756–1841; r2 = 66%) against Stockholm January-April temperatures. Strong verification was confirmed (1842-1892; r2 = 60%; RE/CE = 0.55). By including the instrumental data, the quantified (QUAN) reconstruction indicates that recent two decades have been the warmest period for the last 500 years. Coldest conditions occurred during the 16th/17th and early 19th centuries. An independent qualitative (QUAL) historical index was also derived for the Stockholm region. Comparison between QUAN and QUAL shows good coherence at inter-annual time-scales, but QUAL distinctly appears to lack low frequency information. Comparison is also made to other winter temperature based annually resolved records for the Baltic region. Between proxy coherence is generally good although it decreases going back in time with the 1500-1550 period being the weakest period - possibly reflecting data quality issues in the different reconstructions. STUDY NOTES: Reconstruction of winter and early spring (January-April) temperatures for Stockholm, Sweden, based on documentary evidence of shipping activity. Documentary sources are used to determine the date when the sailing season started each year. The sailing season in spring is related to the ice cover of the Baltic, which is, in turn, closely related to the annual mean winter air temperature. Dates are transformed into days after New Year according to the Gregorian calendar for 1500 AD onwards, and then used to reconstruct Stockholm winter/spring temperatures. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : Leijonhufvud, L. Investigator : Wilson, R.J.S. Investigator : Moberg, A. Investigator : Söderberg, J. Investigator : Retsö, D. Investigator : Söderlind, U. 2010-05-13 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10429 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.txt https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.txt English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10429 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.xls https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/europe/stockholm2010temperature.txt Leijonhufvud, L., R. Wilson, A. Moberg, J. Söderberg, D. Retsö, and U. Söderlind. 2010. Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations. Climatic Change, Published online 28 August 2009. DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9650-y START YEAR: 1502 AD * END YEAR: 2008 AD 18 59.15 18 59.15