Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia PAGES 2k Network PAGES 2k Network Air Temperature Reconstruction Little Ice Age (LIA) Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) Medieval Warm Period PAGES 2k Network PAGES Africa 2k PAGES Antarctica 2k PAGES Arctic 2k PAGES Asia 2k PAGES Australasia 2k PAGES Euro-Med 2k PAGES LOTRED SA2k PAGES NAmerica 2k PAGES Ocean 2k centennial resolution decadal resolution temperature trends earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); North America pollen; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two root mean square error lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Asia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America tree ring) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; North America trees; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Asia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); Arctic; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Arctic) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,95% confidence interval upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Europe) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Europe; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Arctic; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Europe) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; South America) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Asia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Asia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Arctic; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); South America; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Australasia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; South America) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Australasia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); South America; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Antarctica; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Arctic; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Europe; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); Asia; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Europe; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Antarctica) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Antarctica) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Asia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Australasia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,95% confidence interval lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Europe) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America pollen) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); South America; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); North America pollen; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); North America pollen; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Antarctica; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); Australasia; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); South America; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Australasia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); North America trees; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen|tree ring (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions|pollen|tree ring,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,90% confidence interval upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Arctic) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Australasia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; Arctic; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); North America trees; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Antarctica; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); Asia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); North America pollen; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); North America trees; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,90% confidence interval lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Arctic) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,two standard error lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America pollen) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,percentile,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,5th percentile; anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America tree ring; lower 5% bootstrap bound) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Antarctica; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Arctic; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative basic composites; Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; Australasia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; North America pollen; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the PAGES 2k Network reconstructions; South America; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Asia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Australasia; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); Australasia; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate reconstructions,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); Antarctica; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,"Alternative reconstructions based on the Bayesian hierarchical model of Li et al. (2010; aka ""LNA""); Europe; relative to 1961-1990") earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized|averaged,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (LNA); North America trees; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (PaiCo); South America; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,Alternative reconstructions based on the pairwise comparison of Hanhijärvi et al. (in press; PaiCo); Europe; relative to 1961-1990) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error lower bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Antarctica) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two root mean square error upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; Asia) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|pollen (temperature,null,two standard error upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|pollen,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America pollen) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions|tree ring (temperature,null,percentile,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|tree ring,anomalized,null,N,95th percentile; anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; North America tree ring; upper 5% bootstrap bound) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,two standard error upper bound,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions,anomalized,null,N,anomalies relative to 1961-1990 reference period in °C; South America) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); Europe; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/climate reconstructions (temperature,multiple proxies,null,standard deviation unit,null,climate reconstructions,averaged|normalized,null,N,30-year averages of the alternative reconstructions (basic composites); North America trees; relative to 1205-1955 CE) earth science/paleoclimate/reconstructions (Global>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions during the past one to two millennia. The most coherent feature in nearly all of the regional temperature reconstructions is a long-term cooling trend, which ended late in the nineteenth century. At multi-decadal to centennial scales, temperature variability shows distinctly different regional patterns, with more similarity within each hemisphere than between them. There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between ad 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period ad 1971-2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years. NCDC-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data - Bauer Bruce Investigator : PAGES 2k Network 2013-05-01 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14188 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/auxiliary-information https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS1-All-proxy-records.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS2-Regional-Temperature-Reconstructions.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/auxiliary-information https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS1-All-proxy-records.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS2-Regional-Temperature-Reconstructions.xlsx English https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14188 https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/auxiliary-information https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS1-All-proxy-records.xlsx https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/DatabaseS2-Regional-Temperature-Reconstructions.xlsx PAGES 2k Consortium. 2013. Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 6, pp. 339-346, May 2013. www.nature.com/naturegeoscience DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1797 START YEAR: 0 AD * END YEAR: 2000 AD -180 -90 180 90