noaa-cave-18235 Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 2,200 Year Stalagmite Flood Layer Data Denniston, R.F.; Villarini, G.; Gonzales, A.N.; Wyrwoll, K-H.; Polyak, V.J.; Ummenhofer, C.C.; Lachniet, M.S.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Humphreys, W.F.; Woods, D.; Cugley, J. Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 2,200 Year Stalagmite Flood Layer Data 2015-03-30 NCDC-Paleoclimatology ONLINE Files Pending https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18235 Investigator R.F. Denniston Investigator G. Villarini Investigator A.N. Gonzales Investigator K-H. Wyrwoll Investigator V.J. Polyak Investigator C.C. Ummenhofer Investigator M.S. Lachniet Investigator A.D. Wanamaker Investigator W.F. Humphreys Investigator D. Woods Investigator J. Cugley earth science paleoclimate speleothems event layer,calcium carbonate,null,count,null,speleothems,raw,null,N,flood layers earth science paleoclimate speleothems age,null,null,year Common Era,null,speleothems,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate speleothems lithology geoscientificInformation ENSO -222 AD 1986 AD 2172 cal yr BP -36 cal yr BP Complete -15.18 -15.18 128.37 128.37 100 100 Continent Australia/New Zealand Australia Western Australia Cave KNI-51>LATITUDE -15.18>LONGITUDE 128.37 None Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. English DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data DATA Center Contact Bruce Bauer bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov paleo@noaa.gov 303-497-6280 303-497-6513

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Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA online ASCII Rhawn F. Denniston, Gabriele Villarini, Angelique N. Gonzales, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, Victor J. Polyak, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Matthew S. Lachniet, Alan D. Wanamaker, Jr, William F. Humphreys, David Woods, and John Cugley 2015 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10.1073/pnas.1422270112 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/03/24/1422270112.abstract

Assessing temporal variability in extreme rainfall events before the historical era is complicated by the sparsity of long-term "direct" storm proxies. Here we present a 2,200-y-long, accurate, and precisely dated record of cave flooding events from the northwest Australian tropics that we interpret, based on an integrated analysis of meteorological data and sediment layers within stalagmites, as representing a proxy for extreme rainfall events derived primarily from tropical cyclones (TCs) and secondarily from the regional summer monsoon. This time series reveals substantial multicentennial variability in extreme rainfall, with elevated occurrence rates characterizing the twentieth century, 850-1450 CE (Common Era), and 50-400 CE; reduced activity marks 1450-1650 CE and 500-850 CE. These trends are similar to reconstructed numbers of TCs in the North Atlantic and Caribbean basins, and they form temporal and spatial patterns best explained by secular changes in the dominant mode of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the primary driver of modern TC variability. We thus attribute long-term shifts in cyclogenesis in both the central Australian and North Atlantic sectors over the past two millennia to entrenched El Niño or La Niña states of the tropical Pacific. The influence of ENSO on monsoon precipitation in this region of northwest Australia is muted, but ENSO-driven changes to the monsoon may have complemented changes to TC activity. STUDY NOTES: Stalagmite flood layer data from 7 stalagmites collected in cave KNI-51, Western Australia, at annual resolution for the past 2,200 years. Flood events are identified as mud layers in the stalagmites. The data denote presence/absence of flood layers (0 = no flood layer; 1 = flood layer) and corresponding age. Stalagmites were measured at 0.5 mm intervals.

GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-p-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite P Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-i-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite I Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-11-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite 11 Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-10-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite 10 Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-f-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite F Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-g-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite G Flood Layer Data GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-o-2015flood.txt Data File; Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite O Flood Layer Data USA/NOAA DIF Version 9.8.4 2018-12-11 2018-12-11