noaa-forcing-8701 Gao et al. 2008 1500 Year Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Data Gao, C.-C.; Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M. Gao et al. 2008 1500 Year Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Data 2009-09-11 NCDC-Paleoclimatology ONLINE Files Pending https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/8701 Investigator C.-C. Gao Investigator A. Robock Investigator C.M. Ammann earth science paleoclimate climate forcing collection elevation,null,null,kilometer,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,altitude in atmosphere earth science paleoclimate climate forcing volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,SH stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection earth science paleoclimate climate forcing volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,Global total stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection earth science paleoclimate climate forcing notes,null,null,null,null,climate forcing,null,null,C,"*** if different from original file, http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/IVI2/IVI2TotalLoading501-2000.txt" earth science paleoclimate climate forcing volcanic sulfate,null,null,teragram,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,NH stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection earth science paleoclimate climate forcing age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate climate forcing volcanic sulfate,null,null,kilogram per square kilometer,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate climate forcing latitude,null,null,degree north,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,10 degree latitude belt earth science paleoclimate climate forcing volcanic earth science paleoclimate climate forcing geoscientificInformation 501 AD 2000 AD 1449 cal yr BP -50 cal yr BP Complete -90 90 -180 180 Geographic Region Global Global>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE None Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. English DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data DATA Center Contact Bruce Bauer bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov paleo@noaa.gov 303-497-6280 303-497-6513

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Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA online ASCII Chaochao Gao, Alan Robock and Caspar Ammann 2008 Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113 D23 10.1029/2008JD010239 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1029/2008JD010239/abstract

Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. Our recently collected suite of ice core data, more than double the number of cores ever used before, reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores, which enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-year running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing data set as a function of month, latitude, and altitude for the past 1500 years. We estimated the uncertainties associated with the choice of volcanic signal extraction criteria, ice core sulfate deposition to stratospheric loading calibration factor, and the season for the eruptions without a recorded month. We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing data set, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large-scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and with proxy records for the entire period. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new data set will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate. The new data set of stratospheric sulfate injections from volcanic eruptions for the past 1500 years, as a function of latitude, altitude, and month, is available for download in a format suitable for forcing general circulation models of the climate system. STUDY NOTES: Global and Hemispheric Annual Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Aerosol Injections plus Monthly, Latitudinally, and Height-Dependent Aerosol Loading. A revised dataset has been posted on June 18, 2015.

GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2TotalInjection_501-2000Version2.txt Text Data File; Global and Hemispheric Annual Stratospheric Volcanic Sulfate Aerosol Injections GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/readme-gao2008ivi2.txt Text Data File; Data Description GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.txt Text Data File; Monthly, Latitudinally, and Height-Dependent Aerosol Loading GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/IVI2LoadingLatHeight501-2000_Version2_Oct2012.bin Binary Data File; Monthly, Latitudinally, and Height-Dependent Aerosol Loading GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/Notes-IVI2Version2.pdf PDF Information File; Details of October 2012 Update GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/gao2008ivi2/ Data Folder; Original 2009 Versions of Loadings and Injections Files USA/NOAA DIF Version 9.8.4 2018-12-11 2018-12-11