<DIF xmlns="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/ http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/dif_v9.8.4.xsd">
  <Entry_ID>noaa-icecore-12947</Entry_ID>
  <Entry_Title>Vostok Ice Core Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM)</Entry_Title>
  <Data_Set_Citation>
    <Dataset_Creator>Parrenin, F.; Petit, J.-R.; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Basile, I.; Jouzel, J.; Lipenkov, V.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Schwander, J.; Severi, M.; Udisti, R.; Veres, D.; Vinther, B.M.; Wolff, E.W.</Dataset_Creator>
    <Dataset_Title>Vostok Ice Core Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM)</Dataset_Title>
    <Dataset_Release_Date>2012-05-24</Dataset_Release_Date>
    <Dataset_Publisher>NCDC-Paleoclimatology</Dataset_Publisher>
    <Data_Presentation_Form>ONLINE Files</Data_Presentation_Form>
    <Dataset_DOI>Pending</Dataset_DOI>
    <Online_Resource>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12947</Online_Resource>
  </Data_Set_Citation>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>F.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Parrenin</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>J.-R.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Petit</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>V.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Masson-Delmotte</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>I.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Basile</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>J.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Jouzel</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>V.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Lipenkov</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>S.O.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Rasmussen</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>J.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Schwander</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>M.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Severi</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>R.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Udisti</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>D.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Veres</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>B.M.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Vinther</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>E.W.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Wolff</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>ice cores</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>depth,null,null,meter,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>ice cores</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>electrical conductivity,bulk ice,null,relative unit,null,ice cores,averaged,direct current electrical conductivity measurement,N,null</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>ice core</Term>
    <Variable_Level_1>physical properties</Variable_Level_1>
  </Parameters>
  <ISO_Topic_Category>geoscientificInformation</ISO_Topic_Category>
  <Paleo_Temporal_Coverage>
    <Paleo_Start_Date>145000 cal yr BP</Paleo_Start_Date>
    <Paleo_Stop_Date>0 cal yr BP</Paleo_Stop_Date>
  </Paleo_Temporal_Coverage>
  <Data_Set_Progress>Complete</Data_Set_Progress>
  <Spatial_Coverage>
    <Southernmost_Latitude>-78.47</Southernmost_Latitude>
    <Northernmost_Latitude>-78.47</Northernmost_Latitude>
    <Westernmost_Longitude>106.8</Westernmost_Longitude>
    <Easternmost_Longitude>106.8</Easternmost_Longitude>
  </Spatial_Coverage>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>Continent</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>Antarctica</Location_Type>
    <Detailed_Location>Vostok&gt;LATITUDE -78.47&gt;LONGITUDE 106.8</Detailed_Location>
  </Location>
  <Access_Constraints>None</Access_Constraints>
  <Use_Constraints>Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.</Use_Constraints>
  <Data_Set_Language>English</Data_Set_Language>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce </Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>DATA Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>Bruce</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>Bauer</Last_Name>
      <Email>bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov</Email>
      <Email>paleo@noaa.gov</Email>
      <Phone>303-497-6280</Phone>
      <Fax>303-497-6513</Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>325 Broadway, E/NE31</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80305-3328</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Distribution>
    <Distribution_Media>online</Distribution_Media>
    <Distribution_Format>ASCII</Distribution_Format>
  </Distribution>
  <Reference>Parrenin, F., J.-R. Petit, V. Masson-Delmotte, I. Basile-Doelsch, 
J. Jouzel, V. Lipenkov, S. Rasmussen, J. Schwander, M. Severi, 
R. Udisti, D. Veres, B. Vinther, and E. Wolff. 2011. 
Volcanic synchronisation between the EPICA Dome C 
and Vostok ice cores (Antarctica) 0-145 kyr BP. 
Clim. Past Discuss., 7, 4105-4147.</Reference>
  <Summary>
    <Abstract>This study aims at refining the synchronisation between the EPICA 
Dome C (EDC) and Vostok ice cores in the time interval 0-145 kyr BP 
by using the volcanic signatures. 111 common volcanic events were 
identified by using continuous electrical conductivity (ECM), 
di-electrical profiling (DEP) and sulfate measurements while 
trying to minimize the distortion of the glaciological chronologies. 
This is an update and a continuation of previous works performed 
over the 0-45 kyr interval which provided 56 tie points to the 
ice core chronologies (Udisti et al., 2004). This synchronisation 
will serve for the establishment of the next synchronised Antarctic 
dating. A change of slope in the EDC-depth/Vostok-depth diagram 
is probably related to a change of accumulation regime as well as 
to a change of ice thickness upstream of the Vostok lake, but we
did not invoke any significant temporal change of surface 
accumulation at EDC relative to Vostok. A significant phase 
difference is detected between the EDC and Vostok isotopic records 
during the 95-120 kyr interval, but not during Termination II. 
Three possible candidates for the Toba volcanic super-eruption 
~73 kyr ago are suggested in the Vostok and EDC volcanic records. 
However the ECM, DEP and sulfate fingerprints for these three 
events are not significantly larger than many others in the records.
 
          STUDY NOTES: Electrical Conductivity Measurements (ECM) from two ice cores 
collected at Vostok, Antarctica. Data from the shallow VK-BH7 
core are presented to 240m depth, and data from the deep VK-5G 
core from 200m to 2000m depth, both at 1 cm. resolution. 
Raw data collected every millimeter, averaged every 5 centimeters, 
and resampled every centimeter. </Abstract>
  </Summary>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>GET DATA</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.xlsx</URL>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>GET DATA</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok2011ecm.txt</URL>
  </Related_URL>
  <IDN_Node>
    <Short_Name>USA/NOAA</Short_Name>
  </IDN_Node>
  <Metadata_Name>DIF</Metadata_Name>
  <Metadata_Version>Version 9.8.4</Metadata_Version>
  <DIF_Creation_Date>2018-12-11</DIF_Creation_Date>
  <Last_DIF_Revision_Date>2018-12-11</Last_DIF_Revision_Date>
</DIF>
