noaa-icecore-13219 Polar Ice Cores 19th Century Nitrate Data Wolff, E.W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M.A.J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M.M.; Legrand, M.; McConnell, J.R. Polar Ice Cores 19th Century Nitrate Data 2012-08-10 NCDC-Paleoclimatology ONLINE Files Pending https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13219 Investigator E.W. Wolff Investigator M. Bigler Investigator M.A.J. Curran Investigator J. Dibb Investigator M.M. Frey Investigator M. Legrand Investigator J.R. McConnell earth science paleoclimate ice cores ice age,null,null,year Common Era,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores nitrate,bulk ice,null,microequivalent per liter,null,ice cores,null,ion chromatography,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores black carbon,bulk ice,null,parts per billion,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores sample identification,null,null,null,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores depth,null,null,meter,null,ice cores,null,null,N,water equivalent earth science paleoclimate ice cores nitrate,bulk ice,null,microgram per kilogram,null,ice cores,null,ion chromatography,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores depth,snow,null,meter,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores nitrate,bulk ice,null,microgram per kilogram,null,ice cores,null,continuous flow analysis,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores ammonium,bulk ice,null,microgram per kilogram,null,ice cores,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores vanillic acid,bulk ice,null,parts per billion,null,ice cores,null,electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,N,null earth science paleoclimate ice cores ice age,null,null,calendar year before present,null,ice cores,null,null,N,present is 2000 AD earth science paleoclimate ice core chemistry geoscientificInformation 1839 AD 1881 AD 111 cal yr BP 69 cal yr BP Complete -82 78.83 -123.98 112.83 1390 2730 Continent North America Greenland NEEM>LATITUDE 77.45>LONGITUDE -51.06 Continent North America Greenland D4>LATITUDE 71.4>LONGITUDE -43.9 Continent Antarctica ITASE 00-5>LATITUDE -77.67>LONGITUDE -123.98 Continent North America Greenland NGT B20>LATITUDE 78.83>LONGITUDE -36.5 Continent Antarctica Law Dome>LATITUDE -66.73>LONGITUDE 112.83 Continent Antarctica ITASE 02-1>LATITUDE -82>LONGITUDE -110.01 Continent North America Greenland Zoe>LATITUDE 72.6>LONGITUDE -38.3 None Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. English DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data DATA Center Contact Bruce Bauer bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov paleo@noaa.gov 303-497-6280 303-497-6513

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Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA online ASCII Wolff, E.W., M. Bigler, M.A.J. Curran, J.E. Dibb, M.M. Frey, M. Legrand, and J.R. McConnell. 2012. The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L08503, doi:10.1029/2012GL051603

The Carrington Event of 1859 is considered to be among the largest space weather events of the last 150 years. We show that only one out of 14 well-resolved ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica has a nitrate spike dated to 1859. No sharp spikes are observed in the Antarctic cores studied here. In Greenland numerous spikes are observed in the 40 years surrounding 1859, but where other chemistry was measured, all large spikes have the unequivocal signal, including co-located spikes in ammonium, formate, black carbon and vanillic acid, of biomass burning plumes. It seems certain that most spikes in an earlier core, including that claimed for 1859, are also due to biomass burning plumes, and not to solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We conclude that an event as large as the Carrington Event did not leave an observable, widespread imprint in nitrate in polar ice. Nitrate spikes cannot be used to derive the statistics of SEPs. STUDY NOTES: High-resolution 19th Century nitrate data from 7 polar ice cores, examined for evidence of a nitrate spike resulting from the Carrington solar energetic particle event of 1859. Three Antarctic and 4 Greenland ice cores were examined. Biomass burning indicator variables (ammonium, black carbon, and/or vanillic acid) are also reported for some of the Greenland ice cores. These data files would allow the construction of the previously unpublished curves in figures 2-4 of Wolff et al. 2012. Ice Core Locations: Site Latitude Longitude Law Dome Antarctic 66.78°S 112.82°E ITASE00-5 Antarctic 77.6°S 123.99°W ITASE02-1 Antarctic 82.00°S 110.01°W D4 Greenland 71.4°N 44.0°W Zoe, Summit Greenland 72.6°N 38.3°W NEEM Greenland 77.45°N 51.06°W (NGT)B20 Greenland 78.83°N 36.50°W

GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wolff2012nitrate.xls GET DATA https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wolff2012nitrate.txt USA/NOAA DIF Version 9.8.4 2018-12-11 2018-12-11