<DIF xmlns="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/ http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Aboutus/xml/dif/dif_v9.8.4.xsd">
  <Entry_ID>noaa-lake-12584</Entry_ID>
  <Entry_Title>Lake Challa, Kenya Holocene and LGM Varve Thickness Data</Entry_Title>
  <Data_Set_Citation>
    <Dataset_Creator>Wolff, C.; Haug, G.H.; Timmermann, A.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Brauer, A.; Sigman, D.M.; Cane, M.A.; Verschuren, D.</Dataset_Creator>
    <Dataset_Title>Lake Challa, Kenya Holocene and LGM Varve Thickness Data</Dataset_Title>
    <Dataset_Release_Date>2012-02-24</Dataset_Release_Date>
    <Dataset_Publisher>NCDC-Paleoclimatology</Dataset_Publisher>
    <Data_Presentation_Form>ONLINE Files</Data_Presentation_Form>
    <Dataset_DOI>Pending</Dataset_DOI>
    <Online_Resource>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12584</Online_Resource>
  </Data_Set_Citation>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>C.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Wolff</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>G.H.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Haug</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>A.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Timmermann</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>J.S.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Sinninghe Damsté</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>A.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Brauer</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>D.M.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Sigman</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>M.A.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Cane</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Personnel>
    <Role>Investigator</Role>
    <First_Name>D.</First_Name>
    <Last_Name>Verschuren</Last_Name>
  </Personnel>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>notes,null,null,count,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,varve number</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>depth,null,null,centimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>varve thickness,sediment,null,millimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>age,null,null,year Common Era,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,null</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>varve thickness,sediment,null,millimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,varve mineral layer thickness</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Detailed_Variable>varve thickness,sediment,null,millimeter,null,paleolimnology,null,null,N,varve organic layer thickness</Detailed_Variable>
  </Parameters>
  <Parameters>
    <Category>earth science</Category>
    <Topic>paleoclimate</Topic>
    <Term>paleolimnology</Term>
    <Variable_Level_1>physical properties</Variable_Level_1>
  </Parameters>
  <ISO_Topic_Category>geoscientificInformation</ISO_Topic_Category>
  <Keyword>ENSO</Keyword>
  <Paleo_Temporal_Coverage>
    <Paleo_Start_Date>21023 cal yr BP</Paleo_Start_Date>
    <Paleo_Stop_Date>-55 cal yr BP</Paleo_Stop_Date>
  </Paleo_Temporal_Coverage>
  <Data_Set_Progress>Complete</Data_Set_Progress>
  <Spatial_Coverage>
    <Southernmost_Latitude>-3.3167</Southernmost_Latitude>
    <Northernmost_Latitude>-3.3167</Northernmost_Latitude>
    <Westernmost_Longitude>37.7</Westernmost_Longitude>
    <Easternmost_Longitude>37.7</Easternmost_Longitude>
    <Minimum_Altitude>880</Minimum_Altitude>
    <Maximum_Altitude>880</Maximum_Altitude>
  </Spatial_Coverage>
  <Location>
    <Location_Category>Continent</Location_Category>
    <Location_Type>Africa</Location_Type>
    <Location_Subregion1>Eastern Africa</Location_Subregion1>
    <Location_Subregion2>Kenya</Location_Subregion2>
    <Detailed_Location>Lake Challa&gt;LATITUDE -3.3167&gt;LONGITUDE 37.7</Detailed_Location>
  </Location>
  <Access_Constraints>None</Access_Constraints>
  <Use_Constraints>Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.</Use_Constraints>
  <Data_Set_Language>English</Data_Set_Language>
  <Data_Center>
    <Data_Center_Name>
      <Short_Name>DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI</Short_Name>
      <Long_Name>National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce </Long_Name>
    </Data_Center_Name>
    <Data_Center_URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data</Data_Center_URL>
    <Personnel>
      <Role>DATA Center Contact</Role>
      <First_Name>Bruce</First_Name>
      <Last_Name>Bauer</Last_Name>
      <Email>bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov</Email>
      <Email>paleo@noaa.gov</Email>
      <Phone>303-497-6280</Phone>
      <Fax>303-497-6513</Fax>
      <Contact_Address>
        <Address>325 Broadway, E/NE31</Address>
        <City>Boulder</City>
        <Province_or_State>CO</Province_or_State>
        <Postal_Code>80305-3328</Postal_Code>
        <Country>USA</Country>
      </Contact_Address>
    </Personnel>
  </Data_Center>
  <Distribution>
    <Distribution_Media>online</Distribution_Media>
    <Distribution_Format>ASCII</Distribution_Format>
  </Distribution>
  <Reference>Wolff, C., G.H. Haug, A. Timmermann, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, 
A. Brauer, D.M. Sigman, M.A. Cane, and D. Verschuren. 2011. 
Reduced Interannual Rainfall Variability in East Africa 
During the Last Ice Age. 
Science, Vol. 333, pp. 743 - 747 
DOI: 10.1126/science.1203724</Reference>
  <Summary>
    <Abstract>Interannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Africa 
are tightly linked to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 
with more rain and flooding during El Niño and droughts in 
La Niña years, both having severe impacts on human habitation 
and food security. Here we report evidence from an annually 
laminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for 
interannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall 
variability during the last three millennia and for reductions 
in both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East 
Africa during the Last Glacial period. Climate model simulations 
support forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data 
that future warming will intensify the interannual variability 
of East Africa&apos;s rainfall. 
 
          STUDY NOTES: Varve thickness data from Lake Challa, Kenya/Tanzania for two, 
~3,000-year intervals, 21 KYrBP - 18 KYrBP and 3000 YrBP to the present.</Abstract>
  </Summary>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>GET DATA</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/challa2011varve.txt</URL>
  </Related_URL>
  <Related_URL>
    <URL_Content_Type>
      <Type>GET DATA</Type>
    </URL_Content_Type>
    <URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/challa2011varve.xls</URL>
  </Related_URL>
  <IDN_Node>
    <Short_Name>USA/NOAA</Short_Name>
  </IDN_Node>
  <Metadata_Name>DIF</Metadata_Name>
  <Metadata_Version>Version 9.8.4</Metadata_Version>
  <DIF_Creation_Date>2018-12-11</DIF_Creation_Date>
  <Last_DIF_Revision_Date>2018-12-11</Last_DIF_Revision_Date>
</DIF>
