noaa-ocean-10418 Black Sea Holocene Sediment Geochemical Data Dean, W.E.; Arthur, M.A. Black Sea Holocene Sediment Geochemical Data 2011-01-20 NCDC-Paleoclimatology ONLINE Files Pending https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10418 Investigator W.E. Dean Investigator M.A. Arthur earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography calcium,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography beryllium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography potassium,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography lanthanum,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography neodymium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography iron,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography arsenic,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography strontium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography manganese/aluminum,sediment,null,dimensionless,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography molybdenum,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography vanadium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography aluminum,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography magnesium,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography phosphorus,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography titanium,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography cerium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography gallium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography lithium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography zinc,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography inorganic carbon,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,carbon coulometry,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography calcium carbonate,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography organic carbon,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography barium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography chromium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography niobium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography scandium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography thorium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography yttrium,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography sodium,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography cobalt,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography copper,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography nickel,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography carbon,sediment,null,percent,null,paleoceanography,null,carbon coulometry,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography depth,null,null,centimeter,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography manganese,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography lead,sediment,null,parts per million,null,paleoceanography,null,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleocean geochemistry geoscientificInformation 9000 cal yr BP 0 cal yr BP Complete 41.8222 43.1163 28.8202 40.1902 -2190 -411 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC19>LATITUDE 42.8747>LONGITUDE 31.3743 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC79>LATITUDE 42.3232>LONGITUDE 34.2003 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC38>LATITUDE 42.3553>LONGITUDE 37.5002 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC66>LATITUDE 43.0776>LONGITUDE 34.555 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC71>LATITUDE 42.0777>LONGITUDE 34.2003 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC01>LATITUDE 41.8886>LONGITUDE 28.8202 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC08>LATITUDE 41.9318>LONGITUDE 28.9195 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC59>LATITUDE 41.9756>LONGITUDE 36.555 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC42>LATITUDE 41.8222>LONGITUDE 40.1902 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC09>LATITUDE 41.9373>LONGITUDE 29.0352 Continent Europe Eastern Europe Black Sea GC20>LATITUDE 43.1163>LONGITUDE 32.0142 None Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. English DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data DATA Center Contact Bruce Bauer bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov paleo@noaa.gov 303-497-6280 303-497-6513

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Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA online ASCII Dean, W.E. and M.A. Arthur. 2010. Geochemical characteristics of Holocene laminated sapropel (Unit II) and underlying lacustrine unit III in the Black Sea. U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2010-1323, 29 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1323/

Leg 1 of the 1988 R/V Knorr expeditions to the Black Sea recovered 90 gravity and box cores. The longest recovery by gravity cores was about 3 meters, with an average of about 2.5 meters, recovering all of the Holocene and upper Pleistocene sections in the Black Sea. During the latest Pleistocene glaciation, sea level dropped below the 35-meters-deep Bosporus outlet sill of the Black Sea. Therefore throughout most of its history the Black Sea was a lake, and most of its sediments are lacustrine. The oldest sediments recovered (older than 8,000 calendar years) consist of massive to coarsely banded lacustrine calcareous clay designated as lithologic Unit III, generally containing less than 1 percent organic carbon (OC). The base of overlying Unit II marks the first incursion of Mediterranean seawater into the Black Sea, and the onset of bottom-water anoxia about 7,900 calendar years. Unit II contains as much as 15 percent OC in cores from the deepest part of the Black Sea (2,200 meters). The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) remains of the coccolith Emiliania huxleyi form the distinctive white laminae of overlying Unit I. The composition of Unit III and Unit II sediments are quite different, reflecting different terrigenous clastic sources and increased contributions from hydrogenous and biogenic components in anoxic Unit II sapropel. In Unit II, positive covariance between OC and three trace elements commonly concentrated in OC-rich sediments where sulfate reduction has occurred (molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium) and a nutrient (phosphorus) suggest a large marine source for these elements although nickel and vanadium also have a large terrigenous clastic source. The marine sources may be biogenic or hydrogenous. A large biogenic source is also suggested for copper and cobalt. Because abundant pyrite forms in the water column and sediments of the Black Sea, we expected to find a large hydrogenous iron component, but a strong covariance of iron with aluminum suggests that the dominant source of iron is from terrigenous clastic material. Most elements in lacustrine Unit III sediments have a strong covariance with Al indicating a very dominant terrigenous source. In Unit II, some elements, especially nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and zinc, do not correlate with aluminum and have concentrations well above terrigenous clastic material, indicating a marine source. STUDY NOTES: Leg 1 of the 1988 R/V Knorr expeditions to the Black Sea (Honjo et al. 1988) recovered 28 box cores that provide undisturbed, laminated sequences of late Holocene sediment from the southern half of the Black Sea. A gravity core was attempted at most stations occupied during the cruise. The gravity corer used a standard stainless-steel core cutter attached directly to a 5-m-long section of 4-in (10.2-cm) diameter, thick-walled PVC water-well casing. The core barrel was attached to a 167-kg weight stand, and the entire rig lowered at a winch speed of about 125 m/min at penetration. Average recovery of 62 gravity cores was about 250 cm with maximum length of 500 cm. Cores were recovered in a vertical position, the overlying water was drained off, and the PVC core barrel was cut and capped before lowering to a horizontal position so that core tops were preserved. Cores were cut into 1.0- to 1.5-m sections, capped, sealed, labeled, and stored vertically at 9°C in a refrigerated van. Due to time limitations and lack of facilities, only two gravity cores were opened on board. These cores were sectioned into 50-cm lengths and extruded with a fixed piston into presplit sections of 4-in (10.2-cm) PVC pipe. After the presplit halves were separated, one half was used for pore-water squeezing and the other half was photographed, described, and saved as an archive. Additional gravity-core sections were split longitudinally at Woods Hole into working and archive halves. The archive halves of two gravity cores were shipped to the University of Rhode Island for magnetic secular variation studies (Arthur and others, 1994). Working halves gravity cores were sampled at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for inorganic geochemical analyses at the USGS, Denver, Colorado, and carbon analyses at the University of Rhode Island. Age Model Dating of Unit I was by 32 accelerometer mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates and varve counts on sediments from subcores of box cores (Arthur et al. 1994; Jones and Gagnon 1994; Arthur and Dean, 1998). The unit I/II and II/III boundaries in six gravity cores were dated by AMS (Jones and Gagnon, 1994). A Santorini volcanic ash layer, dated at 3350±75 calendar years, was identified in two gravity cores (Guichard and others, 1993). Finally, geomagnetic secular variation events reflected in inclination and declination data from two cores provide datums that allow us to assign ages to points in Unit II (Arthur et al. 1994; Arthur and Dean, 1998). All calibrated ages are expressed in thousands of calendar years before present (cal. ka BP), where "present" is AD 1950, and ranges of ages are expressed in thousands of years (ky). Geochemical Methods Carbon Analyses Concentration of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) was determined by coulometric titration of CO2 following extraction from the sediment by combustion at 950°C and acid volatilization, respectively (Engleman et al., 1985). Weight percent TIC was converted to weight percent CaCO3 by dividing the fraction of carbon in CaCO3 by 0.12. Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined as the difference between TC and TIC. Inorganic Geochemical Analyses For inorganic geochemical analysis, splits of powdered samples used for carbon analyses were analyzed for major, minor, and trace elements by induction-coupled, argon-plasma emission spectrometry (ICP, Briggs, 2002).

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