noaa-ocean-14193 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.G.; Richter, T.O.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson, C.; Zorita, E.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.-A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean 2013-04-10 NCDC-Paleoclimatology ONLINE Files Pending https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 Investigator L.K. Cunningham Investigator W.E.N. Austin Investigator K.L. Knudsen Investigator J. Eiríksson Investigator J.D. Scourse Investigator A.D. Wanamaker Investigator P.G. Butler Investigator A.G. Cage Investigator T.O. Richter Investigator K. Husum Investigator M. Hald Investigator C. Andersson Investigator E. Zorita Investigator H.W. Linderholm Investigator B.E. Gunnarson Investigator M.-A. Sicre Investigator H.P. Sejrup Investigator H. Jiang Investigator R.J.S. Wilson earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,period 1000-1974 AD earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,diatom assemblage,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Prahl et al 1988 calibration earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,growth rate,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,from Arctica islandica shell growth increments earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,delta 18O,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate climate reconstructions|paleoceanography sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleoceanography age,null,null,year Common Era,null,paleoceanography,null,null,N,null earth science paleoclimate paleocean reconstruction geoscientificInformation 1000 AD 1996 AD 950 cal yr BP -46 cal yr BP Complete 56.66667 69.48333 -18.1957 18.36667 -851 -56 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Norwegian Sea Vøring Plateau>LATITUDE 66.97>LONGITUDE 7.64 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Norwegian Sea Ranafjord>LATITUDE 66.15333>LONGITUDE 12.65667 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean North Iceland Shelf>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Northeast North Atlantic>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Norwegian Sea Malangen Fjord>LATITUDE 69.29>LONGITUDE 18.22 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Norwegian Sea Norwegian Margin>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean MD99-2275>LATITUDE 66.551>LONGITUDE -17.699 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean HM115-16GC>LATITUDE 60.8667>LONGITUDE 3.7333 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Norwegian Sea P1-003SC>LATITUDE 63.7622>LONGITUDE 5.2553 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Trawl B05AD03>LATITUDE 66.5265>LONGITUDE -18.1957 Ocean Atlantic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean Loch Sunart>LATITUDE 56.66667>LONGITUDE -5.86667 None Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. English DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data DATA Center Contact Bruce Bauer bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov paleo@noaa.gov 303-497-6280 303-497-6513

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Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA online ASCII Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson, C., Zorita, E., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. 2013. Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. The Holocene. DOI:10.1177/0959683613479677.

We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. STUDY NOTES: A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010.

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