noaa-recon-12034
MARGO Project Last Glacial Maximum SST Reconstructions
Waelbroeck, C.
MARGO Project Last Glacial Maximum SST Reconstructions
2010-03-01
NCDC-Paleoclimatology
ONLINE Files
Pending
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12034
Investigator
C.
Waelbroeck
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
number of samples,null,null,count,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,number of different proxies
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range upper bound,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
instrumental
sea water temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,instrumental,null,null,N,WOA (1998) 10-m temperature
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,propagated error
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,total error
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
instrumental
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,null,instrumental,null,null,N,WOA (?) warm SST (deg C)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
notes,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,C,Caloric hemisphere (N or S)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,total error
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range upper bound,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
instrumental
sea water temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,instrumental,null,null,N,WOA (1998) 10-m temperature
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sample identification,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,C,core label
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,diatom assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,diatom assemblage,null,dimensionless,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,sea ice presence (0 or 1)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,radiolarian assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,range upper bound,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
number of samples,null,null,count,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,number of records
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
longitude,null,null,degree east,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,diatom assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,diatom assemblage,null,percent,Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,one root mean square error,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Root-mean squared error of prediction (annual deg C)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,one root mean square error,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Root-mean squared error of prediction (JAS deg C)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range lower bound,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range lower bound,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
notes,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,C,reference
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
notes,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Reliability level (1-3)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,diatom assemblage,null,month,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,months per year
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,radiolarian assemblage,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,one root mean square error,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Root-mean squared error of prediction (JFM deg C)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range lower bound,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
instrumental
sea water temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,annual,instrumental,null,null,N,WOA (1998) 10-m temperature
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
notes,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Chronostratigraphic quality level (1-4)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
number of samples,null,null,count,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,No. of samples index (1-3)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,diatom assemblage,null,percent,Feb,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,diatom assemblage,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,Standard deviation of residuals
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,radiolarian assemblage,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,foraminifer assemblage,null,dimensionless,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,sea ice presence (0 or 1)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea ice cover,foraminifer assemblage,null,dimensionless,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,sea ice presence (0 or 1)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
notes,null,null,null,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,normalized Reliability level (1-3)
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,unspecified margin of error,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,total error
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,range upper bound,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
latitude,null,null,degree north,null,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,foraminifer assemblage,range lower bound,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,alkenone unsaturation index,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,magnesium/calcium,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,annual,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jan-Mar,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,null,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
climate reconstructions|paleoceanography
sea surface temperature,null,null,degree Celsius,Jul-Sep,climate reconstructions|paleoceanography,anomalized,null,N,null
earth science
paleoclimate
reconstructions
sea surface temperature
geoscientificInformation
Last Glacial Maximum
Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction
23000 cal yr BP
19000 cal yr BP
Complete
-90
90
-180
180
Geographic Region
Global
Global>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE
None
Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.
English
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI
National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data
DATA Center Contact
Bruce
Bauer
bruce.a.bauer@noaa.gov
paleo@noaa.gov
303-497-6280
303-497-6513
325 Broadway, E/NE31
Boulder
CO
80305-3328
USA
online
ASCII
MARGO Project Members. 2009.
Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling
at the Last Glacial Maximum.
Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, pp. 127-132, February 2009.
DOI: 10.1038/NGEO411
Observation-based reconstructions of sea surface temperature
from relatively stable periods in the past, such as the Last
Glacial Maximum, represent an important means of constraining
climate sensitivity and evaluating model simulations. The first
quantitative global reconstruction of sea surface temperatures
during the Last Glacial Maximum was developed by the Climate
Long-Range Investigation, Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) project
in the 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, several shortcomings
of that earlier effort have become apparent. Here we present
an updated synthesis of sea surface temperatures during the
Last Glacial Maximum, rigorously defined as the period between
23 and 19 thousand years before present, from the Multiproxy
Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface
(MARGO) project. We integrate microfossil and geochemical
reconstructions of surface temperatures and include assessments
of the reliability of individual records. Our reconstruction
reveals the presence of large longitudinal gradients in sea
surface temperature in all of the ocean basins, in contrast to
the simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate available
at present.
STUDY NOTES: An updated synthesis of sea surface temperature reconstructions
at the Last Glacial Maximum (23 - 19 KYrBP), from the Multiproxy
Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO)
project. Microfossil and geochemical reconstructions of SST are
included, plus assessments of the reliability of individual records.
These data are also archived at PANGEA:
http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406
MARGO Project Members:
C. Waelbroeck, A. Paul, M. Kucera, A. Rosell-Melé, M. Weinelt,
R. Schneider, A.C. Mix, A. Abelmann, L. Armand, E. Bard, S. Barker,
T.T. Barrows, H. Benway, I. Cacho, M.-T. Chen, E. Cortijo, X. Crosta,
A. de Vernal, T. Dokken, J. Duprat, H. Elderfield, F. Eynaud,
R. Gersonde, A. Hayes, M. Henry, C. Hillaire-Marcel, C.-C. Huang,
E. Jansen, S. Juggins, N. Kallel, T. Kiefer, M. Kienast, L. Labeyrie,
H. Leclaire, L. Londeix, S. Mangin, J. Matthiessen, F. Marret,
M. Meland, A.E. Morey, S. Mulitza, U. Pflaumann, N.G. Pisias,
T. Radi, A. Rochon, E.J. Rohling, L. Sbaffi, C. Schäfer-Neth,
S. Solignac, H. Spero, K. Tachikawa, and J.-L. Turon.
NGS-2008-09-00905 Supplementay Information
Definition of the quality flags used in the computation of the
mean reliability index.
1. Quality flag for number of samples, qnum
qnum = 1 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is > 4
= 2 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is 2 to 4
= 3 when there is only 1 sample within the LGM interval
2. SST reconstruction reliability flag, qrel
2.a. Planktonic foraminifera abundances
qrel = 1 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques < 2°C
= 2 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques is 2 to 4°C
= 3 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques > 4°C or
when samples are dominated by only one species (relative abundance > 95%)
2.b. Diatoms and radiolarians abundances
The full definition is given in 1. It can be summarized as follows.
For Imbrie and Kipp2 derived SST estimates based on diatom and radiolarian assemblages
three quality levels have been defined using the communality value obtained for the downcore
samples.
qrel = 1 communality >0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and
diatom based estimate <1.5°C
= 2 communality = 0.7 to 0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between
radiolarian and diatom based estimate <1.5°C
= 3 communality <0.7. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and
diatom based estimate > 1.5°C
For Modern Analog Technique3 derived estimates of SST and sea ice extent based on the
diatom record three quality levels have been defined taking into account the dissimilarity
index.
qrel = 1 dissimilarity < 0.1
= 2 dissimilarity = 0.1 to 0.2
= 3 dissimilarity = 0.2 to 0.25
Samples with dissimilarity values above 0.25 indicate no-analog situations and have been
discarded.
2.c. Dinoflagellate cysts abundances
The full definition is given in 4. It can be summarized as follows.
qrel = 1 distance between sample and best analog < 37
= 2 distance between sample and best analog = 37 to 74
= 3 distance between sample and best analog > 74
2.d. Alkenones unsaturation ratio
qrel = 3 for core depths shallower than 100m, or sites with present day annual mean SST
higher than 28.5°C, or colder than 4°C
= 2 for core depths shallower than 1000m, or Mediterranean Sea sites, or sites with
present day annual mean SST higher than 27.5°C
= 1 in other cases
2.e. Planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca
qrel = 1 for near-surface dwelling species (G. ruber, G. sacculifer, N. pachyderma s.) AND
core depth shallower than 3000m in Atlantic or shallower than 2000m elsewhere
= 2 for non-near surface dwelling species OR core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic or
larger than 2000m elsewhere
= 3 for non-near surface dwelling species AND core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic
or larger than 2000m elsewhere
DATA:
Supplementary data tables S1 through S9, archived in text and Excel format.
Data files archived at WDC Paleo and PANGEA:
ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/margo2009/
http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406
Table S1. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM)
for key regions.
Table S2. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST
anomalies (modern - LGM) for Southern Ocean key regions.
Table S3. Diatoms-based LGM SST anomalies. The file header contains a
description of the columns content. All SST proxies in the MARGO compilation
have been calibrated to pre-1998 long-term average SST (ref.7) and the LGM SST
anomalies are here calculated as the differences between WOA98 climatology (ref.5)
and the reconstructed values.
Table S4. Radiolarians-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.
Table S5. Dinocysts-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.
Table S6. Foraminifera-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.
Table S7. Alkenone-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.
Table S8. Mg/Ca-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1.
Table S9. 5°x5° block weighted mean values. The file header contains
a description of the columns content. By convention (International
Hydrographic Bureau 1953), the meridian of Cape Agulhas (20°E) was taken
as the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the meridian of
the southern cape of Tasmania (147°E) was taken as the boundary between
the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the meridian of Cape Horn (68°W) was
taken as the boundary between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Nordic
Seas and Arctic Ocean were included in the Atlantic Ocean.
Supplementary figures, archived in PDF format.
Fig. S1. Map of reconstructed minimum LGM SST anomalies.
Anomalies are computed as LGM - WOA985 values.
(a) Northern hemisphere summer (July-August-September).
(b) Northern hemisphere winter (January-February-March).
(c) Annual mean. Symbols show the location and proxy-type
of the original available data (see Fig. 1).
Note the uneven spacing of the diverging colour scheme 6 and isotherms.
Fig. S2. Map of reconstructed maximum LGM SST anomalies. (a), (b), (c) As in Figure S1.
Fig. S3. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM).
Fig. S4. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST
anomalies (modern - LGM).
Fig. S5. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere summer SST
anomalies (modern - LGM).
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s4.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s6.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s9.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s7.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s3.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/ngs-2008-09-00905-table-s8.txt
GET DATA
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/margo/readme-margo2009.txt
USA/NOAA
DIF
Version 9.8.4
2018-12-11
2018-12-11