# AGE_MODEL

AGE_MODEL_DESC:
age model created by author(s)/contributor(s)


AGE_MODEL_DESC:
Direct calib from 14C ages to calib  (s.d. +/-100)


# BIOME_TYPE

BIOME_NAME:
tropical deciduous broadleaf forest and woodland


BIOME_NAME:
warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf and mixed


BIOME_NAME:
temperate sclerophyll woodland and shrubland


BIOME_NAME:
temperate evergreen needleleaf open woodland


# CHARCOAL_UNITS

UNITS:
grams charcoal per 100 gm (10M) Gravimetric - Winkler


UNITS:
cumulative probability (95 % CI) for alluvial fan soil charcoal


UNITS:
<180 um x 10^4 relective graminoid cuticle area


UNITS:
# fragments <125 um percentage of pollen sum


UNITS:
Oxidation Resistant Elemental Carbon OREC % of dry wieght


UNITS:
>25 um fragments %charcoal particles / pollen sum


UNITS:
charcoal part Ided on pollen slides on abundance scale


UNITS:
# fragments >1000µm cm-3 (concentration)


UNITS:
>100 um conc (long axis frag / 50 exotic microspheres)


UNITS:
<100 um conc (long axis frag / 50 exotic microspheres)


UNITS:
> 20 um (% conc of total pollen sum)  *Same as CP20 ?


UNITS:
# fragments >75µm2 (or >10µm) cm-2 yr-1 (influx)


UNITS:
mm2 /g (dry sediment)  (concentration <0.25mm)


UNITS:
# of pixels per 0.05cm3 at 20X magnification >180um (mm2/cm3)


UNITS:
>10 um influx (grains/cm2/a) (Total from 10-50, 50-100, >100 um)


UNITS:
cm2/cm3 (point count method of Clark 1982) on pollen slide char


UNITS:
grains/cm3/year (point count method of Clark 1982) on pollen slide char


UNITS:
<50um (pt count method of Clark 1982) % pollen slide char


UNITS:
>50um (pt count method of Clark 1982) % pollen slide char


UNITS:
<10um per cm3 (pt count method of Clark 1982) % pollen slide char


UNITS:
fragments cm-2 yr-1 (influx) -- pollen slide


# CONTACT

AFFILIATION:
Center for Environmental Sciences & Education


AFFILIATION:
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland


AFFILIATION:
Deparment of Palynology and Climate Dynamics


ADDRESS1:
Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences


ADDRESS1:
Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch


ADDRESS2:
Aven Nelson Building 1000 E. University Ave


AFFILIATION:
Institute of Plant Sciences - University of Bern


AFFILIATION:
Virginia Polytechnic and State University


AFFILIATION:
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences


ADDRESS1:
Department of Environment and Conservation


AFFILIATION:
Institute of Environmental Biology, Palaeoecology


AFFILIATION:
Université de Neuchâtel,  Institut de Botanique


AFFILIATION:
Dept of Geological Sciences,Brown University


ADDRESS1:
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences


AFFILIATION:
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences


AFFILIATION:
Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies


AFFILIATION:
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders


AFFILIATION:
Institut de Préhistoire et Géologie du Quaternaire

ADDRESS1:
CNRS UMR5805 EPOC, EPHE, Université Bordeaux1


AFFILIATION:
Institute for Genomic Biolog, Univ of Illinois


AFFILIATION:
Département de Géologie et Océanographie, UMR-CNRS


AFFILIATION:
Dip to Arboricultura Bontanica e Patologia vegetal

ADDRESS1:
Laboratorio di Storia della vegetazione e Anatomia


# MAT_DATED

MAT_DATED:
bulk sediment, organic lake deposits, diatomite


MAT_DATED:
bulk sediment, organic lake deposits, diatomaceous marl


# METHOD

METHOD:
Acidification of sample using gas chromatography to measure elemental carbon (Verardo etal 1990)


METHOD:
Cumulative probability (95% confidence interval) alluvial soil charcoal


METHOD:
GRAVIMETRIC chemical assay (Winkler method)


METHOD:
Charcoal particles identified by imaging software


METHOD:
charcoal part Ided as opaque phytoclasts/pyrofusinite in palynofacies anlaysis


METHOD:
Charcoal part Ided in thin slides (soil micromorphology)


# PUB

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CITATION:
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CITATION:
Brunelle, A., and Whitlock, C. 2003. Holocene vegetation, fire, and climate history from the Selway Mountains, Idaho.  Quaternary Research 60: 307-318.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Brunelle, A., and Anderson, R.S. 2003. Sedimentary charcoal as an indicator of Late-Holocene drought in the Sierra Nevada, California, and its relevance to the future. The Holocene 13, 21-28.


CITATION:
Daniels, M, Anderson. R, Whitlock. C. 2005. Vegetation and fire history since the Late Pleistocene from the Trinity Mountains, northwestern California, USA. The Holocene 15,7: 1062 /1071


CITATION:
Mohr J.A., Whitlock C., and Skinner C.N. 2000.  Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA.  The Holocene 10, 587-601.


CITATION:
Brunelle-Daines, A. (2002). Holocene changes in fire, climate, and vegetation in the Northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho and western Montana.  Ph.D. Dissertation.  University of Oregon.


CITATION:
Power, M.J., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J., Stevens, L.R. (2005) Fire and vegetation history during the last 3800 years in northwestern Montana. Geomorphology (in press)


CITATION:
Long, C.J., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J., and Millspaugh, S.H.  (1998).  A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study.  Canadian Journal of Forestry 28, 774-787.


CITATION:
Millspaugh, S.H. 1997, Late-glacial and Holocene variations in fire frequency in the Central Plateauand Yellowstone-Lamar Provinces of Yellow-stone National Park. Ph.D. thesis. Eugene, University of Oregon, 262 p.


CITATION:
Cole, K.L., and G.-W. Liu. 1994. Holocene paleoecology of anestuary on Santa Rosa Island, California. Quaternary Research 41:326-335.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Petersen, K.L. 1988. Climate and the Dolores River Anasazi:A paleoenvironmental reconstruction from a 10,000-year pollen record, La Plata Mountains, Southwestern Colorado.University of Utah, Anthropological Papers Number 113,University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.


CITATION:
Petersen, K.L. 1994. A warm and wet Little Climatic Optimum and a cold and dry Little Ice Age in the southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Climatic Change 26:243-269.


CITATION:
Shafer, D.S. 1989. The timing of late Quaternary monsoon precipitation maxima in the southwest United States.Dissertation. University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA.


CITATION:
Luckman, B.H., and M.S. Kearney. 1986. Reconstruction of Holocene changes in alpine vegetation and climate in the Maligne Range, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Quaternary Research 26:244-261.


CITATION:
Larsen, C.P.S. 1994.  Spatial and temporal variations in fire frequency in the boreal forest of northern Alberta. PhD dissertation. Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.


CITATION:
Larsen, C.P.S. and MacDonald, G.M. 1998. Fire and vegetation dynamics in a jack pine and black spruce forest reconstructed using fossil pollen and charcoal. Journal of Ecology 86: 815-828.


CITATION:
Larsen, C.P.S., Morris, W.A. and MacDonald, G.M. 2000. Records of geomagnetic secular variation since 1200 AD and the potential for chronological control of lake sediments in northern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37: 1711-1722.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Lynch, E.A. 1995. Origin of a park-forest vegetation mosaic in the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.


CITATION:
Jodry, M.A., D.S. Shafer, D.J. Stanford, and O.K. Davis. 1989. Late Quaternary environments and human adaptation in the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado. Pages 189-208 in Water in the valley: a 1989 perspective on water supplies, issues, & solutions in the San Luis Valley,Colorado. Colorado Ground-Water Association Guidebook, Eighth Annual Field Trip, August 19-20, 1989.


CITATION:
Cole, K.L., and R.S. Taylor. 1995. Past and current trends of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed through a multiple-scale history. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:399-410.


CITATION:
Kearney, M.S., and B.H. Luckman. 1983. Holocene timberline fluctuations in Jasper National Park, Alberta. Science 221:261-263.


CITATION:
Kearney, M.S., and B.H. Luckman. 1987. A mid-Holocene vegetational and climatic record from the subalpine zone of the Maligne Valley, Jasper National Park, Alberta (Canada).Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59:227-242


CITATION:
Davis, O.K., and D.S. Shafer. 1992. A Holocene climatic record for the Sonoran Desert from pollen analysis of Montezuma Well, Arizona, USA. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 92:107-119.


CITATION:
Larsen, C.P.S. 1989. A fine-resolution palaeoecological record of boreal forest fire and vegetation dynamics. MSc thesis. Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.


CITATION:
MacDonald, G.M., Larsen, C.P.S., Szeicz, J.M., and Moser, K.A. 1991. The reconstruction of boreal forest fire history from lake sediments: a comparison of charcoal, pollen, sedimentological and geochemical indices. Quaternary Science Reviews 10: 53-71.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Larsen, C.P.S. and MacDonald, G.M. 1998. An 840-year record of fire and vegetation in a boreal white spruce forest.Ecology 79: 106-118.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Petersen, K.L. 1985. Palynology in Montezuma County, southwestern Colorado: the local history of the Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis). AASP Contribution Series No. 16:47-62.


CITATION:
Petersen, K.L. 1984. Man and environment in the Dolores River Valley, SE Colorado: some pollen evidence. American Quaternary Association, Eighth Meeting, Program and Abstracts, 13-15 August 1984, University of Colorado, Boulder, p102.


CITATION:
Petersen, K.L. 1985. The history of the marsh in Sagehen Flats: the pollen record. Pages 229-238 in K.L. Petersen, V.L. Clay, M.H. Matthews, and S.W. Neusius, compilers. Chapter 22. Dolores Archeological Program: Studies in Environmental Archaeology, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Science and Engineering Center,Denver, Colorado, USA.


CITATION:
Davis, O.K. 1992. Rapid climatic change in coastal southern California inferred from pollen analysis of San Joaquin Marsh. Quaternary Research 37:89-100.


CITATION:
Smith, S.J. 1989. Pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis of a sediment core from Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California. Thesis. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona


CITATION:
Smith, S.J., and R.S. Anderson. 1992. Late Wisconsin Paleoecologic record from Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California. Quaternary Research 38:91-102.


CITATION:
Kearney, M.S. 1981. Late Quaternary vegetational and environmental history of Jasper National Park, Alberta. Dissertation. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.


CITATION:
Kearney, M.S., and B.H. Luckman. 1983. Postglacial vegetational history of Tonquin Pass, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 20:776-786.


CITATION:
Luckman, B.H., M.S. Kearney, R.H. King, and A.B. Beaudoin. 1986. Revised 14C age for St. Helens Y tephra at Tonquin Pass, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23:734-736.


CITATION:
Beaudoin, A.B. 1984. Holocene environmental change in the Sunwapta Pass Area, Jasper National Park. Dissertation. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.


CITATION:
Beaudoin, A.B., and R.H. King. 1990. Late Quaternary vegetation history of Wilcox Pass, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80:129-144.


CITATION:
Beaudoin, A.B., and R.H. King. 1986. Using discriminant function analysis to identify Holocene tephras based on magnetite composition: a case study from the Sunwapta Pass area, Jasper National Park. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23:804-812.


CITATION:
Brunelle, A., Whitlock, C., Bartlein, P.J., and Kipfmueller K. 2005. Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews in press.


CITATION:
Briles, C.E, Whitlock, C. and Bartlein, P.J. 2005. Postglacial Vegetation, Fire, and Climate History of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Quaternary Research 64, 44-56.


CITATION:
Anderson, R.S. and S.J. Smith. 1997. The sedimentary record of fire in montane meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: a preliminary assessment. IN Clark, J.S., H. Cachier, J.G. Goldammer and B. Stocks (eds.), "Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change". NATO ASI Series, Vol. I 51: 313-327.


CITATION:
Hallett, D.J. and Walker, R.C. (2000) Paleoecology and its application to fire and vegetation management in Kootenay National Park, British Columbia.  Journal of Paleolimnology 24(4): 401-414.


CITATION:
Hallett, D.J., Lepofsky D.S., Mathewes R.W., Lertzman K.P. 2003. 11 000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rain forests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 292-312


CITATION:
Gavin, D.G., McLachlan, J.S., Brubaker, L.B., Young, K.A., 2001. Postglacial history of subalpine forests, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. The Holocene 11,2:177-188


CITATION:
Burbridge, RE, Mayle, FE, & Killeen, TJ, 2004.  Fifty-thousand-year vegetation and climate history of Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivian Amazon.  Quaternary Research 61: 215-230.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
Mourguiart, P, & Ledru, M-P, 2003.  Last Glacial Maximum in an Andean cloud forest environment (Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia).  Geology 31(3): 195-198.


CITATION:
Colinvaux, PA, Bush, MA, Steinitz-Kannan, M, & Miller, MC, 1997.  Glacial and postglacial pollen records from the Ecuadorian Andes and Amazon.  Quaternary Research 48: 69-78.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Bush, MB, Hansen, BCS, Rodbell, DT, Seltzer, GO, Young, KR, Leon, BL, Abbott, MB, Silman, MR, & Gosling, WD, 2005.  A 17,000-year history of Andean climate and vegetation change from Laguna de Chochos, Peru.  Journal of Quaternary Science 20(7-8): 703-714.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Haberle, SG, 2003.  Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics and human impact on Alexander Selkirk Island, Chile.  J. Biogeogr. 30: 239-255.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
Behling, H, 2001.  Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Lagoa da Curuca region (eastern Amazonia, Brazil) and evidence of Podocarpus in the Amazon lowland.  Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 10: 175-183.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
Behling, H, 1997.  Late Quaternary vegetation, climate and fire history from the tropical mountain region of Morro de Itapeva, SE Brazil.  Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol. 129: 407-422.


CITATION:
Behling, H, 1997.  Late Quaternary vegetation, climate and fire history of the Araucaria forest and campos region from Serra Campos Gerais, Parana State (South Brazil).  Rev. of Palaeobot. & Palynol. 97: 109-121.


CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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CITATION:
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Yang XD, Wang SM, Shen J, Zhu YX, Zhang ZK, Wu YH(2001)Lacustrine environment responses to human activities in the
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Yang XD, Wang SM, Shen J, Zhu YX, Zhang ZK, Wu YH(2002)Lacustrine environment responses to human activities in the
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Huang CC, Pang JL, Chen SE, Su HX, Han J, Cao YF, Zhao WY, Tan ZH(2006) Charcoal records of fire history in the Holocene loess–soil sequences 
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Anderson, R.S., Allen, C.D., Toney, J.L., Jass, R.B. and Bair, A.N. 2004. Holocene vegetation & fire regimes in subalpine & mixed conifer forests, southern Colorado & northern New Mexico, USA. Polen 14, 220. (abstract)


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Brunner Jass, R.M. 1999. Fire occurrence and paleoecology at Alamo Bog and Chihuahueños Bog, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA. MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University.


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Behling, H, Pillar, VD, & Bauermann, SG, 2005.  Late Quaternary grassland (campos), gallery forest, fire and climate dynamics, studied by pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the Sao Francisco de Assis core in western Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil).  Rev. of Palaeobot. & Palynol. 133: 235-248.


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Ledru, M-P, Mourguiart, P, Ceccantini, G, Turcq, B, & Sifeddine, A, 2002.  Tropical climates in the game of two hemispheres revealed by abrupt climatic change.  Geology 30(3): 275-278.


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M. L. Salgado-Labouriau, V. Casseti, K. R. Ferraz-Vicentini, L. Martin, F. Soubiès, K. Suguio and B. Turcq.  1997.  Late Quaternary vegetational and climatic changes in cerrado and palm swamp from Central Brazil.  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 128, Issues 1-4, February 1997, Pages 215-226


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Carcaillet C. (1998) A spatially precise study of fires, climate and human impact within the Maurienne valley, North French Alps. Journal of Ecology 86: 384-396.


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Carcaillet C., Bergman I., Delorme S., Hörnberg G., Zackrisson O. (in press) Fire palaeo-ecology in northern Swedish boreal forest: long-term low fire frequency controlled by climate. Ecology, in press


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Carcaillet C., Richard P.J.H., Asnong H., Capece L., Bergeron Y. (2006) Fire and soil erosion history in east Canadian boreal and temperate forests. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1499-1500.


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Carcaillet C., Bergeron Y., Richard P.J.H., Fréchette B., Gauthier S., Prairie Y.T. (2001) Change of fire frequency in the eastern Canadian boreal forests during the Holocene: does vegetation composition or climate trigger the fire regime? Journal of Ecology 89: 930-946.


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Carcaillet C., Richard P.J.H. (2000) Holocene changes in seasonal precipitation highlighted by fire incidence in eastern Canada. Climate Dynamics 16: 549-559.


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Minckley, T.A., C. Whitlock, P.J. Bartlein, in prep.  Vegetation, Fire, and Climate history of the northwestern Great Basin during the past 15,000 years.  to be submitted to Quaternary Science Reviews


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Anderson, R.S. 2005. Contrasting vegetation and fire histories on the Point Reyes Peninsula during the pre-settlement and Historic periods.  Final report to the Point Reyes National Seashore, National Park Service


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Rypins, S. et al. 1989. Quaternary Research 32, 72-87.


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Bair, A.N. 2004. A 15,000 Year Vegetation and Fire History Record from the Southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of Northern New Mexico. MS Thesis, Northern Arizona University.


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Toney, J.L. and Anderson, R.S. 2006. A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history. The Holocene 16 (4), 505-517.


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Anderson, R.S., Hallett, D.J., Berg, E., Jass, R.B., Toney, J.L., de Fontaine, C.S. and DeVolder, A. 2006 (in press). Holocene development of boral forests and fire regimes on the Kenai Lowlands of Alaska. The Holocene 16 (6).


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Abarzua AM (2004) Historia deglacial y postglacial de los bosques templado-lluviosos en la Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile. Master Thesis, Universidad de Chile, 65 pp


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Fesq-Martin M, Friedmann A, Peters M, Behrmann J, Killan R (2004) Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Magellanic rain forest in southwestern Patagonia, Chile. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13: 249-255


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François JP, Moreno PI, Villa-Martínez. Unplublished


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Haberle SG, Bennett K (2004) Postglacial formation and dynamics of North Patagonian Rainforest in the Chonos Archipelago, Southern Chile. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 2433-2452


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Haberle SG, Szeicz JM, Bennett KD (2000) Late Holocene vegetation dynamics and lake geochemistry at Laguna Miranda, XI Región, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 73(4): 655-669


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Haberzettl T, Fey M, Lucke A, Maidana N, Mayr C, Ohlendorf C, Schäbitz F, Schleser GH, Wille M, Zolitschka B (2005) Climatically  induced lake level changes during the last two millennia as reflected in sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Journal of Paleolimnology 33: 1-19


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Heusser CJ (1990) Ice age vegetation and climate of subtropical Chile. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80(2): 107-127


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Heusser CJ (1990) Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climate of subantarctic South America. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 65: 9-15


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Heusser CJ (1993) Late quaternary Forest-Steppe contact zone, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Subantarctic South America. Quaternary Science Reviews 12: 169-177.


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Heusser CJ (1994) Quaternary paleoecology of Fuego-Patagonia. Revista do Instituto Geológico 15: 7–26.


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Heusser CJ (1995) Late Holocene forest-steppe interction at Cabo San Pablo, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula 9: 179-188


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Heusser CJ (1995) Palaeoecology of a Donatia-Astelia cushion bog, Magellanic Moorland-Subantarctic Evergreen Forest transition, southern Tierra del fuego, Argentina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 89: 429-440.


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Heusser CJ (1995) Three late Quaternary pollen diagrams from Southern Patagonia and their paleoecological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 118: 1-24


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Heusser CJ (1998) Deglacial paleoeclimate of the American sector of the Southern Ocean: Late Glacial-Holocene from the latitude of Canal Beagle (55ºS), Argentine Tierra del Fuego. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141: 277–301.


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Hubber UM, Markgraf V, Schäbitz F (2004) Geographical and temporal trends in the Late Quaternary fire histories of Fuego-Patagonia, South America. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 1079-1097


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McCulloch R, Davies S (2001) Late-glacial and Holocene paleoenviriomental change in the central Stait of Magellan, southern Patagonia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 173: 143-173


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Moreno PI (2004) Millennial-scale climate variability in northwest Patagonia over the last 15,000 yr. Journal of Quaternary Science 19: 35-47


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Moreno PI, León AL (2003) Abrupt vegetation changes during the last glacial to Holocene transition in mid-latitude South America. Journal of Quaternary Science 18(8): 787-800


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Moreno PI, Lowell TV, Jacobson JR, Denton GH (1999) Abrupt vegetation and climate changes during the last glacial maximum and the last Termination in the Chilean Lake District: A case study from Canal de la Puntilla (41ºS). Geografiska Annaler Series A-Physical Geography 81 A(2): 285-311


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Schäbitz F (1991) Holocene vegetation and climate in southern Santa Cruz, Argentina. Bamberger Geographische Schriften. 11: 235-244


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Villa-Martínez R, Villagran C, Jenny B (2003) The last 7500 cal yr of westerly rainfall in Central Chile inferred from a high resolution pollen record from Laguna Aculeo (34° S). Quaternary Research 60: 284-293


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Villa-Martínez R, Villagran C, Jenny B (2004) Pollen evidence for late Holocene climate variability at Laguna de Aculeo, Central Chile (lat. 34° S). The Holocene 14(3): 361-367


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Whitlock C, Bianchi MM, Bartlein PJ, Markgraf V, Marlon J, Walsh M, McCoy Neil (2006) Postglacial vegetation, climate, and fire history along the east side of the Andes (lat 41–42.5 S), Argentina. Quaternary Research. In Press


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Wang, X., van der Kaars, S., Kershwa, P., Bird, M. and Jansen, F. (1999) A record of fire, vegetation and climate through the last three glacial cycles from Lombok Ridge core G6-4, eastern Indian Ocean, Indonesia. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 147: 241-256.


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Van der Kaars, S., Wang, X., Kershaw, P., Guichard, F. and Setiabudi, D. A. (2000)A late Quaternary palaeoecological record from the Banda Sea, Indonesia: patterns of vegetation, climate and biomass burning in Indonesia and northern Australia. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 155: 135-153.


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Moss, P. T. & Kershaw, A. P. (2000) The last glacial cycle from the humid tropics of northeastern Australia: comparison of a terrestrial and marine record. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 155: 155-176.


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Kershaw, A.P. (1986) Climatic change and Aboriginal burning in north-east Australia during the last 2 glacial/interglacial cycles, Nature, 322: 47-49.


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Turney, C.S.M., Kershaw, A.P., Moss, P., Bird, M.I., Fifield, L.K., Cresswell, R.G., Santos, G.M., Di Tada, M.L., Hausladen, P.A. and Zhou, Y. (2001) Redating the onset of burning at Lynch's Crater (North Queensland): implications for human settlement in Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 8: 767-771.


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Singh, G., Kershaw, A.P., and Clark, R. (1981) Quaternary vegetation and fire history in Australia, in Gill, A.M., Groves, R.A., and Noble, I.R. (eds) Fire and the Australian Biota, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra: 23-54.


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Singh, G., Geissler, E.A. (1985) Late Cainozoic history of vegetation, fire, lake levels and climate at Lake George, New South Wales, Australia, Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B, 311: 379-447.


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Edney, P. A., Kershaw, A. P. and De Deckker, P. (1990) A late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and environmental record from Lake Wangoom, Western Plains of Victoria, Australia.   Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 80: 325-343.


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Calhoun, E.A., Pola, J.S., Barton, C.E., Heijnis, H. (1999) Late-Pleistocene vegetation and climate history of Lake Selina, western Tasmania, Quaternary International, 57-8, 5: 5-23.


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McKenzie, G.M. (1997) The late Quaternary vegetation history of the south-central highlands of Victoria, Australia:1. Sites above 900m. Australian Journal of Ecology, 22: 19-36.


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D'Costa, D.M., Edney, P., Kershaw, P., De Deckker, P. (1989) Late Quaternary palaeoecology of Tower Hill, Victoria, Australia, Journal of Biogeography, 16: 461-482.


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Black, M. P., Mooney, S. D. and Martin, H. A. (in press) A >43 000 year vegetation and fire history from Lake Baraba, New South Wales, Australia. To appear in Quaternary Science Reviews, early 2007.


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Robbie, A. (1998) The history of the vegetation from the palynology of Mountain Lagoon, Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Unpubl. BSc Thesis, Biological Science, UNSW, Sydney.


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Van de Geer, G., Fitzsimons, S.J., Colhoun, E.A. (1989) Holocene to middle last glaciation vegetation history at Newell Creek, Western Tasmania,  New Phytology, 111: 549-558.


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Colhoun, E.A. (1985) Pre-last glaciation maximum vegetation history at Henty Bridge, western Tasmania. New Phytologist, 100: 681-690.


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Field, J.H., Dodson, J.R., Prosser, I.P. (2002) A late Pleistocene vegetation history from the Australian semi-arid zone, Quaternary Science Reviews, 21,8: 1023-1037.


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Longmore, M.E. (1997) Quaternary Palynological Records from Perched Lake Sediments, Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia: Rainforest, Forest History and Climatic Control, Australian Journal of Botony, 45, 3: 507-526.


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Longmore, M.E., Heijnis, H. (1999) Aridity in Australia: Pleistocene records of paleohydrological and palaeoecological change from the perched lake sediments of Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia, Quaternary International, 57-8, 5: 35-47.


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Van der Kaars, S. and De Deckker, P. (2002) A late Quaternary pollen record from deep sea core Fr10/95, GC17 offshore Cape Range Peninsula, northwestern Western Australia, Review of Palaeobotony and Palynology, 120: 17-39.


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Gajewski, K., S. Payette, and J.C. Ritchie. 1993. Holocene vegetation history at the boreal-forest -- shrub-tundra transition in north-western Québec. Journal of Ecology 81:433-443.


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Lynch, E.A., R. Calcote, and S. Hotchkiss.  2006. Late Holocene vegetation and fire history on a Wisconsin sand plain.  The Holocene 16: 495-504.
Jensen, K., E.A. Lynch, R. Calcote, S. Hotchkiss. (submitted) Charcoal morphotypes in lake sediments: do different fuels produce distinctive charcoal morphotypes? The Holocene.


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Jensen, K., E.A. Lynch, R. Calcote, S. Hotchkiss. (submitted) Charcoal morphotypes in lake sediments: do different fuels produce distinctive charcoal morphotypes? The Holocene.


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Froyd CA (2006) Holocene fire in the Scottish Highlands: evidence from macroscopic charcoal records.  The Holocene 16,2:235-249.


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Athen JS and Ward J (1999) The late Quaternary of the western Amazon: climate, vegetation and humans.  Antiquity 73, 280:287-302


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Clement, R.M. and Horn, S.P.  2001.  Pre-Columbian land-use history in Costa Rica: A 3000-year record of forest clearance, agriculture, and fires from Laguna Zoncho.  The Holocene 11 (4): 419-426.


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Kennedy, L.M., Horn, S.P., and Orvis, K.H.  2006.  A 4000-year record of fire and forest history from Valle de Bao, Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic.  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 231: 279-290.


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Delcourt, P.A. and H.R. Delcourt, 1998.  Forest Dynamics and Fire History at Curt Pond, Pulaski County, Kentucky.  Report submitted to USDA Forest Service, Daniel Boone National Forest, Winchester, Kentucky.


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Delcourt, P.A. and H.R. Delcourt, 1997.  Report of Paleoecological Investigations, Cliff Palace Pond, Jackson County, Kentucky.  Report submitted to USDA Forest Service, Daniel Boone National Forest, Winchester, Kentucky.


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Delcourt, P.A., H.R. Delcourt, C.R. Ison, W. E. Sharp, and K.J. Gremillion, 1998.  Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, The Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky.  American Antiquity 63(2):263-278.


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Declourt, H.R. and P.A. Delcourt, 1997.  Pre-Columbian Native American Use of Fire on Southern Appalachian Landscapes.  Conservation Biology 11:1010-14


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Meeks, S.C., 2005.  Paleoecological Analysis of Sediments from Mound G Pond, Shiloh Indian Mounds, Tennessee.  Report submitted to the National Park Service.


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Meeks, S.C., 2004. The Influence of Pre-EuroAmerican Fires on Long Leaf Pine Forests in the Southern Appalachians:  Evidence from 10,000-Year Pollen and Charcoal Records from the Cahaba Pond Site, East-Central Alabama.  Manuscript on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.


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Delcourt, H.R., P.A. Delcourt, and E.C. Spiker, 1983. A 12,000-Year Record of Forest History from Cahaba Pond, St. Clair County, Alabama. Ecology 64(4):874-887.


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Cridlebaugh, P.A., 1984. American Indian and Euro-American Impact upon Holocene Vegetation in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley, East Tennessee.  Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.


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Delcourt, P.A., H.R. Delcourt, P.A. Cridelbaugh, and J. Chapman, 1986.  Holocene Ethnobotanical and Paleoecological Record of Human Impact on Vegetation in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley, Tennessee.  Quaternary Research 25:330-349.


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Brown, K and Hebda, R.J. (2002) Origin, development, and dynamics of coastal temperate conifer rainforests of southern Vancouver Island, Canada.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 353-372


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Brown, K and Hebda, R.J. (2003) Coastal rainforest connections disclosed through a Late Quaternary vegetation, climate, and fire history investigation from the Mountain Hemlock Zone on southern Vancouver Island, British Colombia, Canada.  Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 123:247-269.


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Vanniere B. (in prep) Siev charcoal - long record (and for 4ka) Thevonon, F., Williamson, D., Vincens, A., Taieb, M., Ouassila, M., Decobert, M., and G. Buchet (2003).  A late-Holocene charcoal record from Lake Masoko, SW Tanzania: climatic and anthropogenic implications.  The Holocene 13, 5:785-792


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Finney, B.P. and Krumhardt, A.P. 2004. Sediment, pollen, and charcoal analyses of an unnamed lake in the White Mountains recreational area, interior Alaska of Land Management northern field office, Fairbanks, Alaska. Unpublished  report to the Bureau


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Damblon F. (1991) - Contribution pollenanalytique à l'histoire des forêts de chêne liège au Maroc : la subéraie de Krimda. In : A. Ballouche & J. Maley (eds) - Palaeoecology of Africa, Rotterdam, 22 : 171-183.


CITATION:
Huysecom E., Ballouche A., Cisse L., Gallay A., Konate D., Mayor A., Neumann K., Ozainne S., Perret S., Rasse M., Robert A., Robion C., Sanogo K., Serneels V., Soriano S. & Stokes S. (2004) – Paléoenvironnement et peuplement humain en Afrique de l’Ouest : rapport de la sixième campagne de recherches à Ounjougou (Mali). Jahresbericht 2003 der Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung für archäologische Forschungen im Ausland, Zurich & Vaduz, Editions Tamedia : 27-68.


CITATION:
Huysecom E., Ballouche A., Gallay A., Guindo N., Keïta D., Kouti S., Le Drezen Y., Mayor A., Neumann K., Ozainne S., Perret S., Rasse M., Robion-Brunner C., Schaer K., Serneels V., Soriano S., Stokes S. & Tribolo C. (2005) – La septième campagne de terrain à Ounjougou (Mali) et ses apports au programme interdisciplinaire Paléoenvironnement et peuplement en Afrique de l’Ouest. Jahresbericht 2004 der Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung für archäologische Forschungen im Ausland, Zurich & Vaduz, Editions Tamedia : 57-142.


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Huysecom E., Ozainne S., Raeli F., Ballouche A., Rasse M. & Stokes S. (2004) - Ounjougou (Mali): A history of Holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara. Antiquity, 78 (301): 579-593.


CITATION:
Huysecom E., Ozainne S., Schaer K., Ballouche A., Blench R., Gallay A., Douyon D., Guindo N., Keïta D., Le Drezen Y., Neumann K., Perret S., Rasse M., Robion-Brunner C., Serneels V., Soriano S. & Tribolo C. (2006) – Peuplement humain et paléoenvironnement en Afrique de l’Ouest  : apports de la huitième année de recherches interdisciplinaires. Jahresbericht 2005 der Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung für archäologische Forschungen im Ausland, Zurich & Vaduz, Editions Tamedia : .


CITATION:
Rasse M., Ballouche A., Huysecom E, Tribolo C., Ozainne S., Le Drezen Y., Stockes S. & Neumann K. (2006) - Évolution géomorphologique, enregistrements sédimentaires et dynamiques paléoenvironnementales holocènes à Ounjougou (Plateau dogon, Mali, Afrique de l’Ouest). Quaternaire, 17 (1) : 61-74.


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Salzmann U., Hoelzmann P. & Morczineck I. (2002) - Late Quaternary Climate and Vegetation of the Sudanian zone of NE-Nigeria. - Quat. Res. 58 : 73-83.


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Tinner, W., Hubschmid, P., Wehrli, M., Ammann, B., and Conedera, M., 1999: Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland. Journal of Ecology, 87: 273-289.


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Tinner, W., Conedera, M., Ammann, B., and Lotter, A. F., 2005: Fire ecology north and south of the Alps since the last ice age. Holocene, 15: 1214-1226.


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van der Knaap, W. O. and Ammann, B., 1997: Depth-age relationships of 25 well-dated Swiss Holocene pollen sequences archived in the Alpine palynological data-base. Revue paléobiologie, Genève, 16: 433-480


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Lotter, A. F., 1999: Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation history and dynamics as evidenced by pollen and plant macrofossil analyses in annually laminated sediments from Soppensee (Central Switzerland). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 8: 165-184


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Ammann, B., 1989: Late-Quaternary palynology at Lobsigensee. Regional vegetation history and local lake development. Dissertationes Botanicae, 137: 1-157.


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Geiss, C E,  Umbanhowar Jr, C E, Camill, P, and Banerjee, 2003. Sediment magnetic properties reveal Holocene climate change along the Minnesota prairie-forest ecotone. Journal of Paleolimnology 30:151-166.


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Camill, P, Umbanhowar Jr, C E, Teed, R, Geiss, C E, Aldinger, J, Dvorak, L, Kenning, J, Limmer, J, and Walkup, K, 2003.  Late-glacial and Holocene climatic effects on fire and vegetation dynamics at the prairie-forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota. Journal of Ecology 91: 822-836.


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Umbanhowar Jr, C E, Camill, P, Geiss, C E, and Teed, R, 2006. Asymmetric vegetation responses to mid-Holocene aridity at the prairie-forest ecotone in south-central Minnesota. Quaternary Research 66: 53-66.


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Umbanhowar Jr, C E, 2004.  Interactions of climate and fire at two sites in the northern Great Plains, USA.  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 208: 141– 152.


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Higuera-Gundy, A., Brenner, M., Hodell, D.A., Curtis, J.H., Leyden, B.W., and M.W. Binford (1999).  A 10,300 14C yr record of climate and vegetation change from Haiti.  Quaternary Research, 52:159-170


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Penny, D. (2001) A 40,000 year palynological record from north-east Thailand; implications for biogeography and palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 171, 97-128.


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Wick, L., 1994. Early-Holocene reforestation and vegetation change at a lake near the alpine forest limit: Lago Basso (2250 m a.s.l.), northern Italy. Dissertaniones Botanicae 234. 555-563


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Finsinger W, Tinner W, van der Knaap WO, Ammann B (2006) The expansion of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) in the southern Alps: A key for understanding its early Holocene history in Europe?. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 612-631


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Finsinger W, Tinner W (2006) Holocene vegetation and land-use changes in the forelands of the southwestern Alps, Italy. Journal of Quaternary Science 21: 243-258


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Schneider R (1985) Palynological research in the southern and southeastern Alps between Torino and Trieste. Dissertationes Botanicae 87: 83-103


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Scott, L. 2000. Microscopic charcoal in sediments: Quaternary fire history of the grassland and savanna regions in South Africa. Journal of Quaternary Science 17(1) 77-86


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Scott, L. 2002 Microscopic charcoal in sediments: Quaternary fire history of the grassland and savanna regions. Journal of Quaternary Science 17, 77-86.


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Clark JS, Royall PD. 1996. Local and regional sediment charcoal evidence for fire regimes in presettlement northeastern North America. Journal of Ecology 84:365–382.


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Brown K.J., Clark J.S., Grimm E.C., Donovan J.J., and Mueller PG. 2005. Fire cycles in North American interior grasslands and their relation to prairie droughts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102:8865-8870.


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Lynch, A. J., J.S. Clark, and B.J. Stocks 2004.  Charcoal produciton, dispersal, and depostion from the Fort Providence experimenta Fire:  interpreting fire regimes from charcoal records in boreal forests.  Can J. For Res. 34: 1642-1656.


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Sarmaja-Korjonen, K. (1998). Latitudinal differences in the influx of microscopic charred particles to take sediments to Finland. The Holocene 8, 589-597.


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Anshari, G., Kershaw, A. P., and Van der Kaars, S. (2001). A Late Pleistocene and Holocene pollen and charcoal record from peat swamp forest, Lake Sentarum Wildlife Reserve, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Palaeogeography, Palaeclimatology, Palaeoecology 171, 213-228.


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Stevenson, J. (2004).  A late-Holocene record of human impact from the southwest coast of New Caledonia. The Holocene, 14(6): 888-898


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Hope,G.S., Coddington,J., & O'Dea, D. (in press) Estuarine development and human occupation at Bobundara Swamp, Tilba Tilba, New South Wales, Australia. in Wetlands Archaeology and Environments: Regional Issues, Global Perspective. ed. Lillie, M. Routledge, London.


CITATION:
Cupper, M. (2005) Last Glacial to Holocene evolution of semi-arid rangelands in southeastern Australia. The Holocene 15, 4: 541-553 (Geoff Hope - QUAVIDA)


CITATION:
Hope, G. and Macphail, M. (2005). Rock Arch and Gallaher's Swamps: CORE SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE AVON/ROBERTSON CATCHMENTS 17 MARCH 2005. Unpublished field and laboratory report. Department of Archaeology and Natural History. RSPAS, ANU.


CITATION:
Hope, G. (2005) Cotter Source Bog. Unpublished Field Report. Department of Archaeology and Natural History, RSPAS, ANU.


CITATION:
Hope, G. (2005) Tom Gregory Bog: an infilled meander of the upper Cotter River, Australian Capital Territory. Unpublished Report. Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University, Canberra.


CITATION:
Kemp,J.(1994) Pleistocene-Holocene transition in southern New South Wales.Unpublished BA thesis,Dept. of Geography,ANU.


CITATION:
Martin,A.R.H. (1986) Palaeoecology, Palaeolimnology, Palynology and Coastal Environment-areas of neglect in coastal studies? , in Recent Sediments in eastern Australia; Marine through Terrestrial. ed. Frankel,E. et al. Geol. Soc. Aust.


CITATION:
Moss, P.T., Ian, A., Thomas, B. and Macphail M. (2007) Late Holocene vegetation and environments of the Mersey Valley, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany, 55, 74–82


CITATION:
Pola, J. (1993) Late Pleistocene pollen and vegetation history from Lake Selina, western Tasmania.  Unpublished BSc thesis (Honours), University of Newcastle, NSW.


CITATION:
Kodela,P.G. and Dodson,J.R.(1988) A late Holocene Vegetation and Fire Record from Ku-ring-gai Chase national park,NSW. Proc. Linn.Soc.N.S.W, 110: no.4, 317-326.


CITATION:
Rogers, J. and Hope, G. (2005) The Holocene infill of Nursery Swamp, a large sedgeland in the AustralianCapital Territory. MOUNTAIN OCCUPATION PROJECT MIRES OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY. Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australian National University.


CITATION:
Rowe, C. (2006) A Holocene history of vegetation change in the western Torres Strait region, Queensland, Australia. Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University.


CITATION:
Rowe, C. (2006) Landscapes in western Torres Strait history. In David, B., Barker, B. and McNiven, I. (eds) The Social Archaeology of Indigenous Societies. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. pp 270-287.


CITATION:
Rowe, C. (2007) A palynological investigation of Holocene vegetation change in Torres Strait, seasonal tropics of northern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology. 25 (1), 83-103.


CITATION:
Worthy, M. et al. (2005) MOUNTAIN OCCUPATION PROJECT MIRES OF THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Environmental change of the alluvial infill of Muellers Rock Creek, Upper Cotter Valley. Unpublished report. Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Australia National University


CITATION:
Ali, A (unpublished) Universite du Quebec a Montreal


CITATION:
Premathilake, R (2006) Relationship of enivronmental changes in central Sri Lanka to possible prehistoric land-use and climate changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240:468-496.


# SITE

LOCAL_VEG:
by Artemisia tridentata (sagebrush) and isolated stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii


LOCAL_VEG:
Larix lyallii (subalpine larch), Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) and Abies bifolia (subalpine fir)


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus contorta and Pseudotsuga menziesii


LOCAL_VEG:
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, and Larix occidentalis


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus monticola (western white pine), P. albicaulis (whitebark pine), P. contorta (lodgepole pine), P. Jefferyi (Jeffery pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies magnifica (red fir), Abies concolor (white fir), Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar)


LOCAL_VEG:
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta, Abies bifolia, and Picea engelmannii


LOCAL_VEG:
Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) and Alnus rubra (red alder)


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Picea glauca


REGIONAL_VEG:
Ecotone between sub-Andean forest and sub-paramo


LOCAL_VEG:
Forest wetlands and fire-scorched paramo


LOCAL_VEG:
Grasses & herbs, with small patches of forest


REGIONAL_VEG:
Ecotone between timberline forest and puna alpine vegetation


LOCAL_VEG:
humid semi-deciduous terra-firme forests before clearance

REGIONAL_VEG:
Cleared lowland rainforest, now xeric grassland


LOCAL_VEG:
Cereal cultivation, Typha, Juncus, Cyperaceae,'Salix, Populus; Quercus pubescens and Carpinus orientalis on slopes.


REGIONAL_VEG:
N Patagonian rainforest, evergreen broadleaf and conifers


LOCAL_VEG:
Deforested, dominated by sugar-cane crops


LOCAL_VEG:
Deforested, dominated by secondary forest and coffee plantations


REGIONAL_VEG:
Largely deforested, but relics of semi-deciduous forest on hilltops


LOCAL_VEG:
Mixture of savanna, gallery forest, and Mauritia palm swamp

REGIONAL_VEG:
Open savanna, with trees confined to gallery forest along the river


LOCAL_VEG:
mixture of grassland, Araucaria forest, and Atlantic rainforest

REGIONAL_VEG:
mixture of grassland, Araucaria forest, and Atlantic rainforest


LOCAL_VEG:
Pasture, but formerly a mosaic of grassland, Araucaria forest, and rainforest

REGIONAL_VEG:
Pasture, but formerly a mosaic of grassland, Araucaria forest, and rainforest


LOCAL_VEG:
disturbed coastal vegetation -- herbs, shrubs, mangrove, saltmarshes, grassland

REGIONAL_VEG:
Coastal dune vegetation, plus rainforest and Mauritia palm further inland


LOCAL_VEG:
Pre-settlement veg: mosaic of grassland and Araucaria forest patches

REGIONAL_VEG:
Pre-settlement veg: mosaic of grassland and Araucaria forest patches


LOCAL_VEG:
Prior to deforestation, semi-deciduous tropical forest

REGIONAL_VEG:
Prior to deforestation, semi-deciduous tropical forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Mosaic of herbs, small shrubs, Sphagnum & Polytrichum moss

REGIONAL_VEG:
Prior to settlement: mosaic of Araucaria forest and grassland


REGIONAL_VEG:
"tropical seasonal rain forest
or rain forest"


LOCAL_VEG:
Artificial deciduous broad-leaved forest and agricultural field

REGIONAL_VEG:
deciduous broad-leaved forest in warm temperature zone


LOCAL_VEG:
wetland vegetation dominated by grass and Carex

REGIONAL_VEG:
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in temperature zone


LOCAL_VEG:
"Sandy plants(dominated by Artemisia
ordosic)"


SITE_NAME:
loess-palaeosoil profile at Jiangyang Village


LOCAL_VEG:
aquatic plants dominated by Vallisneria,Hydrocharitaceae,Potamogeton maackianus,Azolla and Myriophyllum et al.


REGIONAL_VEG:
Evergreen broad-leaves forest and mixed deciduous and evergreen forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Coastal Brazilian steppe, cerrado, and gallery forest with rainforest species


LOCAL_VEG:
conifer forest with ericoides sunderstorey

REGIONAL_VEG:
northern boreal, Pinus sylvestris dominant


REGIONAL_VEG:
whitebark pine zone of Sierran vegetation series (Billings 1951)


LOCAL_VEG:
white fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, western white pine, incense cedar, western juniper


LOCAL_VEG:
lodgepole pine, western white pine, whitebark pine

REGIONAL_VEG:
lodgepole pine-mountain hemlock zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1988)


LOCAL_VEG:
Cyperaceace-dominated peats (Cladium mariscus, Phragmites)


REGIONAL_VEG:
Transition between evergreen and deciduous Quercus


REGIONAL_VEG:
Sclerophyllous forest (400-1250 asl), Sclerophyllous mountain matorral (1250-1900 asl), Nothofagus deciduos relict pach forest (1900-2000 asl)


REGIONAL_VEG:
Valdivian rainforest (<400 asl), North Patagonian rainforest (400-1000 asl), Decidous Subantartic Forest (1000-1200 asl)


LOCAL_VEG:
Pilgerodendron uviferum, Nothofagus betuloides, Tepuaria stipularis, Desfontainia spinosa,  Gevuina avellana forest. Sphagnum dominate the mires,


LOCAL_VEG:
Gramineae and Cyperacea dominate the bog. In the edge occurs a Nothofagus antarctica and N. pumilio disturbed pach forest, with Acaena sp, Mullinum spinosum, Anarthrophyllum sp, Berberis buxifolia, and Discaria serratifolia


LOCAL_VEG:
Festuca gracillima, Poa sp, Stipa sp,  Acaena sp, and Adesmia boronoides,


LOCAL_VEG:
Empetrum rubrum and scattered, 1-2 m tall Nothofagus betuloides.

REGIONAL_VEG:
Chiliotrichum-Berberis matorral, adjacent to Mixed Nothofagus pumilio-N. betuloides


LOCAL_VEG:
Empetrum rubrum and Sphagnum malleganicum

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mixed Nothofagus pumilio-N. betuloides forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus sylvestris woodland and non-native Pinus contorta


LOCAL_VEG:
Betula woodland, open, grazed grasslands/Calluna vulgaris/sphagnum


LOCAL_VEG:
Betula woodland on hillslopes, blanket mire


LOCAL_VEG:
agricultural land: remnant tropical premontane rain forest, crops, ornamental plants

REGIONAL_VEG:
cattle pastures and remnant premontane rain forest


LOCAL_VEG:
surrounded by high elevation grassland in valley, with Pinus occidentalis on slopes


REGIONAL_VEG:
Appalachian oak forest (formerly oak-chestnut)


LOCAL_VEG:
Pseudotsuga, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Pinus contorta


LOCAL_VEG:
Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Abies amabilis


LOCAL_VEG:
Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis


LOCAL_VEG:
pasture and secondary forest, but formerly rainforest

REGIONAL_VEG:
pasture and secondary forest, but formerly rainforest


REGIONAL_VEG:
Zambezian woodland and Afromontane formations in highlands


LOCAL_VEG:
Mixed black and white spruce, with dense Salix, Alnus, Betula around lake shore

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mixed interior spruce forest with successional hardwoods


LOCAL_VEG:
Cyperaceace-dominated peats, with small Betula; peat-cutting current


REGIONAL_VEG:
Complex mesophyll vine forest/lowland tropical rainforest


LOCAL_VEG:
Open parkland savannah with scattered trees and shrubs (Acacia, Terminalia, Combretum, Isoberlinia) and intensive farming


LOCAL_VEG:
Cyperaceae/Poaceae-dominated peat, with Osmunda, Erica scoparia, E. ciliaris


LOCAL_VEG:
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata,Tsuga heterophylla, Abies grandis, Alnus rubra, Acer macrophyllum, Corylus cornuta, Cornus nuttallii, Rhamnus purshiana

REGIONAL_VEG:
southern limit of the Tsuga Heterophylla Zone (Franklin and Dyrness, 1973)


REGIONAL_VEG:
Cultural landscape, relict temperate Abies-Fagus forests


REGIONAL_VEG:
Cultural landscape, relict temperate Fagus-Quercus forests


LOCAL_VEG:
Forests of Picea schrenkiana and meadows


LOCAL_VEG:
Elm-Maple-Basswood with much oak in 1850s

REGIONAL_VEG:
Elm-Maple-Basswood-Forest and Open Mesic Grassland


LOCAL_VEG:
Elm-Maple-Basswood with some oak in 1850s


LOCAL_VEG:
Mangifera indica, Persea americana, and Cocos nucifiera and secondary forests


REGIONAL_VEG:
Sub-alpine fir, hemlock, Engelman spruce


LOCAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus pauciflora, E. dalrympleana dominated open forest with Acacia spp. and Poa sieberana grassland

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus pauciflora, E. dalrympleana dominated open forest with Acacia spp. and Poa sieberana grassland


LOCAL_VEG:
Sphagnum bog with Eucalyptus fatigata, E.campanulata, E. dalrympleana,and E.pauciflora, E.obliqua, and E.viminalis dominated open forest with Acacia spp. and Poa sieberana-Lomandra longifolia grassland

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus dominated open forest around Sphagnum swamp with Acacia spp. and Poa sieberana-Lomandra longifolia grassland


LOCAL_VEG:
Mixed open forest Eucalyptus obliqua E dalrympleana, E. viminalis, E.fastigata, E. pauciflora and understory Leptospermum myrsinoides, Poa sieberana, and few Nothofagus

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mixed open Eucalyptus forest and grassland around sphagnum bog


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Picea abies

REGIONAL_VEG:
Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Picea abies


LOCAL_VEG:
mountain birch woodland with scattered pine

REGIONAL_VEG:
mountain birch woodland with scattered pine


LOCAL_VEG:
savanna dominated by Imperata cylindrica and Melaleuca quinquenervia

REGIONAL_VEG:
savanna, lowland rainforest, cultivated ridges, swamp, mangrove


LOCAL_VEG:
Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris dominant


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus nigra, P. pinaster, Quercus rotundifolia, Juniperus sp. Thorny scrubs (Berberis hispanica, Rhamnus saxatilis, Erinacea)


LOCAL_VEG:
Melaleuca swamp forest (M. leucadendron) and sedges Eleocharis dulcis

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus exserta, Corymbia intermedia, and C. Tessellaris woodland and forest around swamp


CHRON_REF:
Tolonen & Ruuhijarvi, 1976; Tolonen, 1980


LOCAL_VEG:
Baumea rubiginosa on swamp and Eucalyptus nitida open forest and heath/scrub

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus globulus widespread with Eleocharis and saltmarsh vegetation


LOCAL_VEG:
Heath of epacridaceous shrubs and limit of lowland temperate rainforest

REGIONAL_VEG:
Rainforest, closed-scrub and N.cunninghammii, Eucalyptus forest and Alpine veg


LOCAL_VEG:
Sphagnum bog with Mixed forest of E. delegatensis and E. regnans, E. nitens and E. viminalis

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mixed forest of E. delegatensis and E. regnans, E. nitens and E. viminalis


LOCAL_VEG:
Sphagnum hummocks and shrubs in bog (Richea contenentis, Epacris paludosa and Baeckea gunniana

REGIONAL_VEG:
Subalpine area at tree-line with Prostanthera cuneata and E. pauciflora woodland


REGIONAL_VEG:
originally sclerophyllous forests with Uapaca bojerii and Ericaceae bushes


LOCAL_VEG:
Disturbed by settlement and agriculture- pre-disturb mallee scrub

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mallee eucalypts and patches of Calistris preissii


LOCAL_VEG:
Heavily grazed steppe with Artemisia as dominant vegetation


LOCAL_VEG:
Grasses and sedges in the basin; riparian tree cover (Barringtonia agutanguia) around the basin margin


LOCAL_VEG:
Montane forest, Entandrophragma, Parinari, Prunus sp

REGIONAL_VEG:
Montane forests, adjacent hills fieldcrops, sweet potatos, beans, manihot


REGIONAL_VEG:
Seasonally flooded swamp grasses and ferns


LOCAL_VEG:
Wooded grassland Hyparrhenia sp. And trees of Combretaceae

REGIONAL_VEG:
Gradient from Pygeum moist forest to Hagenia-Rapanea moist montane bamboo forest to Ericaceae/Asteraceae heath and moorland


REGIONAL_VEG:
Ericaceae belt above treeline on Mt Kenya


LOCAL_VEG:
evergreen needleleaf x deciduous broadleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
deciduous broadleaf x evergreen needleleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Evergreen needleleaf & deciduous needleleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
hillslopes dominated by Quercus, Castanea and Robinia; on the flat valley-bottom agricultural fields and Populus


LOCAL_VEG:
mixed Broadleaf and Evergreen needleleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
mixed Broadleaf x Evergreen needleleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
deciduous broadleaf x Evergreen needleleaf forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Olea and Vitis culture and evergreen mixed oaks forest


LOCAL_VEG:
subalpine Forest with Larix decidua und Pinus cembra


LOCAL_VEG:
heavily disturbed macchia, with agricultural fields nearby

REGIONAL_VEG:
evergreen mediterrenean vegetation (forest and shrublands)


REGIONAL_VEG:
Blanket bog vegetation  with herbs and sedges


REGIONAL_VEG:
Tussock grassland with introduced species


LOCAL_VEG:
open mixed forest with Juniperus, Picea, Abies, Juglans and Acer


LOCAL_VEG:
temperate deciduous forests with mediterranean elements/cultivated

REGIONAL_VEG:
temperate deciduous forests with mediterranean elements/cultivated


LOCAL_VEG:
Swamp Forest, dominated by trees Myrica salicifolia, Miscanthus violaceum, Cyperus, ferns


REGIONAL_VEG:
evergreen broadleaved forest (Cyclobalanopsis, Castanopsis)


LOCAL_VEG:
Salicornia europaea, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Phragmites australis

REGIONAL_VEG:
Semidesert-steppes dominated by Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia spp.


LOCAL_VEG:
Some Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia at lake margins


LOCAL_VEG:
Wetland vegetation dominated by Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Carex vesicaria

REGIONAL_VEG:
Forests of Quercus iberica and Carpinus orientalis, and grass-dominated steppes


LOCAL_VEG:
Wetland dominated by Typha latifolia and Scirpus lacustris


REGIONAL_VEG:
Agricultural land; some remnant Alnus swamps


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus contorta ssp murrayana and Abies magnifica, P. monticola, and Tsuga mertensiana


LOCAL_VEG:
Disturbed Eucalyptus forest around swamp


REGIONAL_VEG:
Nothofagus moorei temperate rainforest, Eucalyptus woodlands, grasslands and wetlands


LOCAL_VEG:
Open Eucalyptus botryoides forest and Banksia integrifolia-Acacia shurbland


REGIONAL_VEG:
Gymnostoma maquis with mixed forest in isolated patches


LOCAL_VEG:
Bog vegetation and disturbed pastureand secondary forest


LOCAL_VEG:
human fire induced grassland local to core site


LOCAL_VEG:
restiad bog surrounded by subalpine podocarp and beech forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Gymnostoma -Dacridium maquis; deforested on eastern side. Stumps of Retrophyllum minor found local to core site, deforested on east side


LOCAL_VEG:
Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea excelsa forest

REGIONAL_VEG:
Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea excelsa forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Chenopod (Maireana pyramidata; M. sedifolia) low shrublands

REGIONAL_VEG:
mosaic of eucalypt low shrubland and Casuarina low open woodland


REGIONAL_VEG:
dune woodland with E.botryoides, E.gummifera, A.costata.


LOCAL_VEG:
coniferous-hardwood of Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, P. banksiana, B. papyrifera, P. tremuloides


LOCAL_VEG:
Pinus and Ericaceae (Colluna vulgaris), Betula pubescens, Juncus, Carex

REGIONAL_VEG:
Picea parkland and some open grazed areas


LOCAL_VEG:
Alpine grasses, Pinus sp. Quercus sp. And Abies forest, but recently distrubed


LOCAL_VEG:
Vaccinium myrtillus, Juniperus nana, Pinus sylvestris forests around the understorey of Erica arborea, E. australis, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus


LOCAL_VEG:
River valley with Alnus and surrounding fen


LOCAL_VEG:
humid forest of Matagne d'Ambre (Ambohitra)


LOCAL_VEG:
Banksia robur- Gymnoschoenus-Lepyrodia wet heath


LOCAL_VEG:
mosaic of low Epacris shrubland, Sphagnum hummocks, Empodisma bog

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. divas woodland


LOCAL_VEG:
low shrubland of Richea, Eparis, Breckia; with Sphagnum


REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalyptus dalrympleana and E. dives forest


LOCAL_VEG:
rock shelter Vine thicket with Capparis and Similax species

REGIONAL_VEG:
Eucalypt woodland with mixed undergrowth


LOCAL_VEG:
Mixed Melaleuca with herbaceous undergrowth

REGIONAL_VEG:
Rhizophora dominated mangrove and eucalypt dominated open forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Mixed Rhizophoraceae and Avicennia dominated mangrove backed by sparse eucalypt woodland

REGIONAL_VEG:
Mixed Rhizophoraceae and Avicennia dominated mangrove backed by sparse eucalypt woodland


REGIONAL_VEG:
Rhizophoraceae dominated mangrove. Melaleuca stands and eucalypt woodland


LOCAL_VEG:
Melaleuca swamp forest with sedge undergrowth and surrounded by eucalypt dominated open forest

REGIONAL_VEG:
Melaleuca swamp forest with sedge undergrowth and surrounded by eucalypt dominated open forest


LOCAL_VEG:
Melaleuca swamp forest with sedge undergrowth


LOCAL_VEG:
Pandanus with mixed herbaceous undergrowth

REGIONAL_VEG:
sparse inland islet vegetation and strand vegetation seaward


LOCAL_VEG:
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea,
Larix laricina ,
Betula payrifera


LOCAL_VEG:
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea,
Betula payrifera


LOCAL_VEG:
Picea mariana, Abies balsamea,
Larix laricina ,
Betula payrifera, Pinus banksiana


LOCAL_VEG:
Picea mariana, Larix laricina , Abies balsamea


# SITE_TYPE

SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin, cirque lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, volcanic lake, explosion crater


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, fluvial origin (e.g. oxbow lake)


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin, glacial meltwater channel


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin, glacial scour lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin, kettle lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, glacial origin, morainally dammed lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, periglacial lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, solution hollow


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, artificial open-water, stock pond


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, tectonic lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
lacustrine, natural open-water, thermokarst lake


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
terrestrial, mire, fen, flood plain mire


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
terrestrial grassland swamp, seasonally flooded


SITE_TYPE_DESC:
terrestrial, mire (i.e. peatland, >30cm peat)


